INDEX. California State University, Fullerton, v-vi, 263, 280 Cannibalism, 47 Celebes black macaque (Macaca nigra), see primates,

Transcription

1 INDEX Action Plan for Asian Primate Conservation, 23, 24; see also International Union for the Conservation of Nature, species survival commission Africa, 45, 252 African apes, see primates, Agenda Twenty One, 41 Aggression, see orangutan, aggressive behavior Alas Valley, 24, 124 Alford, c., 11 Allee effect, Alliance of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum, 26 American Association of Zoos and Aquaria Orangutan Species Survival Plan, 83, 217, 271; see also orangutan, conservation American Sign Language (ASL), 200, 202; see also orangutan, sign language American Zoological Association (AZA), 247 Animal Protection Ordinance (Indonesia and Malaysia),62 Anthropocentrism, 67 Anthropoid, see primates, Anthropomorphism, 6, 36 Ape, see primates, Aquinas, T., 3, 7 Arboreal, see orangutan, arboreality Argentina, 26 Aristotle, 3 Arthur, J., 7 Asia, 24-26, 261; see also Burma; China; Hong Kong; Indochina; Laos; Taiwan; Thailand; Vietnam; Yunnan Province Asian ape, see primates, Audubon Park and Zoological Garden, 239, 241, Australia, 6, 86, 280, 291 Baboon (Papio), see primates, Bako National Park, see orangutan, field sites Balikpapan Orangutan Society, 20, 70, 72-75; see also orangutan, conservation Bangkok Six, see orangutan, illegal trade Barito River, Bats, 145 Beccari, J., 8 Beeckman, D., 5 Bible, 6; see also Christianity Biological species concept, Biophilia, 31 Birds, 145 Bohorok, see orangutan, field sites Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), see primates, Bonobo (Pan paniscus), see primates, Borneo, v, 7,14,18,30,33,46-48,51,77,80--83, 112, ,121,123, ,130, 145, ,164,184,191,201, , 289; see also Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia; Kalimantan; Malaysia; Sabah; Sarawak; Southeast Asia Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygrnaeus ahelii), see orangutan, Bornean subspecies Brachiation, see orangutan, locomotion Brookfield Zoo, 258 Brunei Darussalam, 26; see also Borneo Buffer zones, 48, 125 Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya, see orangutan, field sites Bukit Lawang, see orangutan, field sites Burma (Myanmar), 25-26; see also Asia; Indochina Burroughs, E., 8 California State University, Fullerton, v-vi, 263, 280 Cannibalism, 47 Celebes black macaque (Macaca nigra), see primates, Chamberlain, H., 7 Chantek, see orangutan, sign language Chereme, Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), see primates, China, ; see also Asia; Hong Kong; Taiwan; Yunnan Province Christianity, 7, 32; see also Bible Civet, 145 Clinton, B.,

2 294 Cognition, see orangutan, cognition Comparative anatomy, 251, 253, 261; see also orangutan, anatomy Comparative morphology, ; see also orangutan, morphology Conservation (general), I, 14-16, 19,26-27,30, 32,35,37,41-42,47,61,66-67,79,86, 97,118,131,145, ,268,275, 277,279,289,291; see also orangutan, conservation Consort, see orangutan, consort behavior Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), v,25-26,42,47 Copulation, see orangutan, copulation D' Alember, J., 4 Danum Valley, 48 Darwin, c., 5, 7, 252; see also epigamic selection; natural selection, fitness Dayak,70 Demes, see orangutan, demes Density, see orangutan, density Development, see orangutan, development Dialectic model, 6, II Diderot, D., 4 Dipterocarp, 47, 65, 73,142,145,202; see also orangutan, habitats Disney Corporation, 30 Distribution, see orangutan, distribution DNA, see orangutan, genetic variability Dolphins, I Dominance, see orangutan, dominance behavior Dryopithecus, see primates, Earth Island Institute, 25; see also orangutan, conservation Economic growth, 25 Ecotourism, 14, 16,21,24-25,32,61-62,66-67, 69,72,88, 112, 114; see also orangutan, conservation Effective population size, 268 Elephants, 1 Empedocles, 3 Enclosure design, see orangutan, enclosures Endangered species, v, 13, 16-18,25,30,41,62, 79,213,221, ,289 Endangered species act (United States), v, 24 Engles, F., II Epigamic selection, 160; see also Darwin, C.; natural selection, fitness; sociobiology Epiphany (in primate research), Erythrocebus patas (patas monkey), see patas monkey Estrogen, see orangutan, reproduction Estrus, see orangutan, estrus Eugenics, 9 Europe, v, 261, 280; see also France Ex-captive orangutans, see orangutan, ex-captive Extinction (general), 2,79,98,213; see also orangutan, extinction Index Ficus (figs), see figs Field sites, see orangutan, field sites Figs (Ficus), 47, 65, 73, 135, 142; see also fruit; orangutan, feeding behavior Fitness (Darwinian), see natural selection, fitness Flagship species, 41-42, 289; see also orangutan, conservation Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), see orangutan, reproduction France, 25, 280; see also Europe French Revolution, 4 Freud, S., 8-9 Frugivore, 145 Fruit, 46, 74-76,103,129,135, , 145, 176, ,202; see also figs (Ficus); orangutan, feeding behavior FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), see follicle stimulating hormone G7 countries, 41 Galago senegalensis(lesser bushbaby), see primates, lesser bushbaby Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT), see orangutan, reproduction Genetic drift, 267 Geographic information systems (GIS), vi, 80, , 94, 110, 116; see also orangutan, conservation; population habitat viability analysis Gibbon (Hylobates), see primates, Gilgil,173 GIFT, see gamete intra-fallopian transfer GIS, see geographic information systems Gobineau, C., 7 Golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), see primates, Golding, w., 9 Gombe,l72 Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), see primates, Gorillla gorilla (Gorilla), see gorilla Great apes, see primates, Great Ape Project, 6 Grooming (general), 171; see also orangutan, grooming behavior Growth, see orangutan, growth Gunung Bentaung-Karimum, see orangutan, field sites Gunung Leuser National Park, see orangutan, field sites Gunung Loton, see orangutan, field sites Gunung Nyuit, see orangutan, field sites Gunung Palung, see orangutan, field sites Haeckel, E., 9 Harrisson, B., II, 61

3 Index 295 HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), see human chorionic gonadotropin Herder, 1., 5 Hobbes, T., 4, 8 Hogle Zoo, 263 Hominid, see primates, Hominoid, see primates, Hong Kong, 25, 77; see also Asia, China Hornaday, 8 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), see orangutan, reproduction Huxley, T., 252 Hylobates (gibbon), see gibbon Illegal wildlife trade (general), 16,20,23,25-26, 42, 70; see also orangutan, illegal trade of Inbreeding, 104,268 Indochina, 130; see also Asia; Burma; Laos; Thailand; Vietnam Indonesia, v, 1 ~ 21, 5 ~ 19,24-27,35,69-70, 1 7, 72,77,81, 119, ~ 130, ,, 164, 183,191,196,201,212,261,282,289; see also Borneo; Kalimantan; Jakarta; Java; Southeast Asia; Sumatra Indonesian Orangutan Action Plan, v, 83, ~ ; see also orangutan, conservation Industrial revolution, 6-7, 9 II ~ Infanticide, 35, 154, 159, 160 Intelligence, see orangutan, intelligence Interbirth interval, see orangutan, interbirth interval International Conference on Orangutans: The Neglected Ape, v, 13,21,32,45,48,263, 280,291 International Great Ape Conference, v International Primatological Society, 3 1 ~ , International Studbook for Orangutans, 105,274 International Union for the Conservation ofnature, 16, 26; see also Action Plan for Asian Primate Conservation; population habitat viability analysis Captive Breeding Specialist Group, 79, 81, 83, 9 5, , ~ 9116, 8, 122, 128,291 Reintroduction Advisory Group, 82, 125 Species Survival Commission, 16,20,41-42,47, 81-83,95,107,116,122,128,157,291 In vitro fertilization (IVF), see orangutan, reproduction IVF (in vitro fertilization) see in vitro fertilization Jakarta, 16,25,212; see also Indonesia; Java; Southeast Asia Java, 130; see also Indonesia; Jakarta; Southeast Asia Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 83, 214, 279, ,287,289,291 Kalimantan, v, 13, 16-17, 20, 2 3 ~ 48, 2 462,, 69-71,74,76-77,82,97,99,102,104, ,121,157, 164, 191,201; see also Borneo; Indonesia; Southeast Asia Karisoke, 33 Kendawangan, see orangutan, field sites Ketambe, see orangutan, field sites Ketamine, see orangutan, translocation Keystone habitats, 41, 129 Kinabalu, see orangutan, field sites Kipling, R., 30 Klein, M., 9, II Kluet Reserve, see orangutan, field sites Kunming Zoo, 26 K-selection, 82, 97, 103 Kutai, see orangutan, field sites Language, 5, 6,34, 192,200 Langurs (Presby tis), see primates, Lanjak Entimau, see orangutan, field sites Laos, 2 5 ~ see 2 6 also ; Asia; Indochina Lau Kawar, see orangutan, field sites Leontopithecus rosalia (golden lion tamarin), see golden lion tamarin Lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis), see primates, lesser bush baby Lethmate, 1., II Leutinizing hormone (LH), see orangutan, reproduction Leutinizing hormone release hormone (LHRH), see orangutan, reproduction LH (Ieutinizing hormone), see leutinizing hormone LHRH (Ieutinizing hormone release hormone), see leutinizing hormone release hormone Life history, see orangutan, life history Lincoln Park Zoological Garden, 258 Line transects, 80, 129, ~ 1 3 2, ~ 1 3 6, 142, 144, 165; see also orangutan, nest counts (census) Linguistics, 200 Linnaeus, C., 9 Lion Country Safari Florida, 34 Locke, J., 4, 7 ~ 8 Locomotion, see orangutan, locomotion Long call, see orangutan, long call Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), see primates, Lufengpithecus, see primates, Macaca (macaque), see macaque Macacafascicularis (long-tailed macaque), see long-tailed macaque Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque), see rhesus macaque Macaca nemestrina (pigtail macaque), see pigtail macaque Macaca nigra (Celebes black macaque), see Celebes black macaque Macaca radiata (bonnet macaque), see bonnet macaque Macaque (Macaca), see primates, Mahakam River, 70 Mahale Mountains, 172

4 296 de Maillet, B., 5 Malaysia, 25-26, 61, ; see also Borneo, Sabah, Sarawak, Southeast Asia Mammals (non-primate), 14,99, 101, 103, 130, 145,155,160,164,177,224,274,281 Manggala, see orangutan, field sites Mekong River, Meliaceae, 47, 65 Mentoko, see orangutan, field sites Meratus, see orangutan, field sites Metapopulation, 79, 83, 119, 125 Metropolitan Calgary Zoo, 271 Minimum viable population size, 79 Minnesota Zoo, 95 Monboddo,L.,5-6 Monkeys, see primates, Monogamy, 160 More, T., 5 Muslim, 47 Natural selection, 155, 164,252,181; see also Darwin, c.; epigamic selection fitness (Darwinian), 150, 154, 156, 158, 160, 178 Nature. human views of, 3-11, 29-38; see also orangutan, human views of Noble savage, 1, 5 Nazi ideology, 9 Nest, see orangutan, nest-building behavior of Netherlands, 14, 16, 188 North America, v, 35, 197,200; see also United States Nycticebus pygmaeus (pygmy slow loris), see pygmy slow loris Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) aggressive behavior, 64, 66, 168, 170, , 188,224,226,240, ; see also anatomy, , , 262; see also comparative anatomy arboreality, 14,30,46,64, 116, , 173, 241,277,281,287 Bornean subspecies (Pongo pygmaeus abelii), 13,23-24,80-81,83,99, ,153, 217,231, , ,280 cognition, vi, 34, 63,150,192,196,200; see also orangutan, intelligence conservation, v-vi, 1, 13-14, 18-21,23,29,31, 38,42,45-48,61-62,66,69-70,79-82, 85,94--95, , ,129,290; see also American Association of Zoos and Aquaria Orangutan Species Survival Plan; Balikpapan Orangutan Society; conservation (general); Earth Island Institute; ecotourism; flagship species; geographic information systems (GIS); Orangutan Foundation International; Orangutan Foundation Taiwan; population habitat viability analysis; Sumatran Orangutan Action Plan; wildlife management Index Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) (cont.) consortship, 36, 149, , 163, 166, 168, , ,231,235; see also orangutan, sexual behavior copulation, 36, 150, , 163, 170, , , , , ; see also orangutan, sexual behavior demes, 214, demography, v-vi, , 164,281; see also population habitat viability analysis; VOR TEX density, 42, 45-48,80,85-87,91-92,99-100, 103, ,110,112, ,121, 125, , , , 156,247 development, 164,214, , , distribution, 19,30,46,70-71,81-82,86-90,92-93,95, , 115, 117, 123 dominance behavior, 29, 35-37,155,158,160, 170,173, , , , ,235, ; see also enclosure design. vi, 214, , estrus, 36, 149, , ,213, , , ; see also orangutan, sexual behavior ex-captive, vi, 33, 35,42,62-63,71,77,83, ,150,192,202 extinction, v, 1, 10, 13-18,20,79,82,97, , 115, 125,213; see also extinction (general) feeding behavior, 46-47, 51, 63-65, 69-70, 72-73,75,77,100,103,135,155,163,166, 170, , ,214,247;see also figs (Ficus); fruits; Meliaceae; field sites Bako National Park, 61 Bohorok, 62,69-70, 88, 102 Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya. 48, 122 Bukit Lawang, 88, 114, 133, 137, Gunung Bentaung-Karimum, 48, 118, 121 Gunung Leuser National Park, vi, 24, 48, 62, 80,82,85-89,91,94--95,97, , , 124, , , 145, 184 Gunung Loton, 48 Gunung Nyuit, 48,121 Gunung Palung, 48, 82, 100, ,121, 159 Kendawangan, 48, 121 Ketambe, 36,47,62,69-70,82,97,99-103, 116, 124, 129, , , , 150, , 179, , 189 Kinabalu, 48

5 Index Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) (cont.) field sites (cont.) Kluet Reserve, 88, 114, 116, 124 Kutai, 48, 99,119 Lanjak Entimau, 47, 118 Lau Kawar, 133, 142 Manggala, 133, 135, Mentoko, Meratus,73 Sangkulirang, 48 Sembabala-Dolok Sembelin, Semboja, 62, 70 Semenggok, 61 Sepilok, 52, 61, 65, 69 Serbolangit, 91, 114 Sikundur, 91, 114, 133 Singkil Barat Reserve, , 112, 115 Suaq Balimbing, , , Sungai Wain, Tabin Wildlife Reserve, 48, 52 Takengen, 112, 115 Tanjung Harapan, 62 Tanjung Puting Reserve, vi, 36, 48, 62, 69-70,82,97,99-103, 121, 150, 156, , 17(}-17l, , 18(}-181, , Warnariset Research Center, 62, 7(}-71, genetic variability, 38, 67, 94, 98,119,127, , ,277,281 mitochondrial DNA (mtdna), 214, ,271 nuclear DNA, 268 polymerase chain reaction, grooming behavior, 64, 163, , 174, 179, 181,240; see also grooming (general); growth, 214, 252, 257, 262 habitats, v, 15,45--48,51, 7(}-73, 76, 79, 81, 83, 86-88,93-95,97,100,106, , , , 133, 135, 139, 141, 144, 159,202,213; see also Dipterocarp; rain forest human views of, 1-11, 13,29-33,36-38; see also nature, human views of illegal trade of, v, 20, 23-26, 46-48, 61-62, 69-70,74-77, 105, 115, 124, 126; see also illegal wildlife trade (general) Bangkok Six, 70 Taiwan Ten, 24 intelligence, see orangutan, learning interbirth interval, v, 79, 82, 97, 99, 102, , 130, 149, 154, 171, ; see also orangutan, life history kinship, 156, 170 learning, 11,63,150,163, ,191,196, ,226 imitation in learning, 63,150, Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) (cont.) life history, v, 81-82, 97-99, 1O(}-101, 119, 123, 130, 150, 156, 164, 177, 181,251, ; see also orangutan, interbirth interval; orangutan, parturition; orangutan, reproduction locomotion, 64, 66, 174,280; see also orangutan, arboreality brachiation. 64 quadrupedal ism, 64 long calls, 149, 153, , 174, morphology, 214, , , 262; see also comparative morphology nest-building behavior, 54, , 174, 180,268, 271; see also orangutan, nest counts (census) nest counts (census), 46,76,80, , 144; see also line transect; orangutan, nestbuilding behavior parturition, 163, 172,261, ; see also orangutan, life history paternal investment. 154, , ; see also orangutan, sexual behavior penile display, 36, , 231, 234; see also orangutan, sexual behavior play behavior, 64, , ; see also poaching, v, 7, 14,20,23,26,46-47,70,76-77, 86-87, 121, , 130, 133, 142 polygyny, 99, 102; see also polygyny (general); orangutan, sexual behavior predation on (nonhuman), 75-76, 99,150,155, 164, 177, 178, 180; see also predation (general) proceptive behavior, , 166, , 178, 181, ; see also orangutan, sexual behavior quarantine procedures, 20, 63, 66, 71-72, 74, 76,83, ; see also zoonoses rehabilitation, v-vi, 38, 61-64, 66, 69-72, 74, 77, 88,102, ,176,181, , , 202, 256, 289; see also orangutan, social behavior; rehabilitation (general) reintroduction, 62-63, 66, 70, 72, 77, 82-83, 119, , 239, 241,246, 256; see also reintroduction (general) reproduction, 101, , , 22(}-221; see also orangutan, sexual behavior estrogen, 149,155, ,223,226, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 219 gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT), 213, human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), in vitro fertilization, leutenizing hormone (LH), 219, 228 leutenizing hormone release hormone (LHRH),219 progesterone, , 226, , 231 testosterone, 149, 155

6 298 Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) (cont.) secondary sex characteristics, 149, 153, , , , 188,258,274; see also orangutan, sexual dimorphism; secondary sex characteristics (general) sexual behavior, vi, 29, 35-37, , ,163,166,168, ,176, ,183,188, , , , ; see also orangutan, consort; orangutan, copulation; orangutan, estrus; orangutan, paternal investment; orangutan, penile display; orangutan, polygyny; orangutan, proceptive behavior; orangutan, reproduction; orangutan, social behavior sexual dimorphism, , ,257; see also orangutan, secondary sex characteristics; orangutan, sexual behavior sign (learning) language, 150, 181, ; see also American Sign Language (ASL); orangutan, learning Chantek,34 molding phase, 201, , referent phase, 150, , , reinforcement phase, 199,201, , 211 response phase, 200, , 206, visual attentiveness, 150,201, , ,211 social behavior, vi, , 75, 77, , 153,155,157,159, , , , , ,217, ,273,280,282; see also orangutan, aggressive behavior; orangutan, dominance; orangutan, feeding; orangutan, grooming; orangutan, play behavior; orangutan, rehabilitation; orangutan, sexual behavior; orangutan, territorial behavior subspecific hybrids, 47, 213, , 271, 275 Sumatran subspecies (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), 48, 82, 85-87, 94-95, 99,110, 115,123,129,153,183, ,231, ,275, territorial behavior, 36,149,156,158 tool use, 150, translocation, 42, 51-52, 54, 66 Ketamine, 51, 53, Zoletil, 51, 54-55, 58 Orangutan Foundation International, 1,271; see also orangutan, conservation Orangutan Foundation Taiwan, 24; see also orangutan, conservation Pacific Rim, 2 Papio(baboon), see baboon Pan paniscus(bonobo), see bonobo Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) see chimpanzee Index Parturition, see orangutan, parturition Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas), see primates, Paternal investment, see orangutan, paternal investment Pelly Amendment, 25 Penile display, see orangutan, penile display Perth Zoo, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), see polymerase chain reaction Philippines, Philopatry, , 159 P h y l o164,251,253, , g e n ~ Physical anthropology, vi, 251 Pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina), see primates, Play, see orangutan, play behavior Pleistocene, 130 Poaching, see orangutan, poaching Polygyny (general), , 155, 160; see also orangutan, polygyny Polymerase chain reaction, see orangutan, genetic variability Population habitat viability analysis, v-vi, 24, 46,71,79,80-81,83, ,91,94, 97-98, 107, , , , 128, 213, 262, 291; see also geographic information systems (GIS); International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), captive breeding specialist group; orangutan, conservation; VORTEX; wildlife management Pongo pygmaeus, see orangutan Pongo pygmaeus abelii, see orangutan, Bornean subspecies Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, see orangutan, Sumatran subspecies Predation (general), 154; see also orangutan, predation on (nonhuman) Presby tis (Iangurs), see langurs Presby tis cristata(silvered langur), see silvered langur Primate Foundation of Arizona, 263 Primates, 26, 30, 32, 34-38, 41-42, 47, 58, 66, 101,127,130-\31,145, , , ,172,177, ,191, 209, ,223, ,235,252, ,261,280, 6,164,172, ,251,281 African apes, v, 46,153, apes, 4, ,11,13-14, ,30-32,34-35, 37,45-46,51,58,131,136,156,171, 200,210,214,239, ,261,279, 281,287 Asian apes, v, 46, 176 baboon (Papio), 173, 180 Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), 179 bonobo (Pan paniscus), 45

7 Index Primates (cant.) (cant.) Celebes black macaque (Macaca nigra), 206 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 10-11,33-36, 45,149,172,177,179, , ,203,209,232, ,257,287 Dryopithecus, 261 gibbon (Hylobates), 79, 160, 179,252 golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), 286 gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), 1,8, 10,33,45, 159, 172,209,232,234,253,256,270,280, great apes, v, 4, 6, 30, 35, 45, 124, 131, 153, 172,176, ,196,200,209,217, ,230, , , ,260,279 hominid, 191 hominoids, , langurs (Presby tis), 130, 159 long-tailed macaque (Macacafascicularis), 27, 130 Lufengpithecus,261 macaque (Macaca), 27, 34, 180 monkeys, 34, 150, 171, 192,286 Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas), 247 pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina), 27, 145 rhesus macacque (Macaca mulatta), 10, 180, 230 silvered langur (Presby tis cristata), 130 Sivapithecus,261 Tonkin snubnosed langur (Rhinopithecus avnuculus),26 lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis), 155 pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), 25 Primatologists, 29-30, 32-33, 37-38, 164; see also primatology Primatology, vi, 29,31-32,37; see also primatologists Proceptive behavior, see orangutan, proceptive behavior Profound Interspecies Event (PIE), 2, 29, 32-33, 35 Progesterone, see orangutan, reproduction Pryer, M., 1, 10 Pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), see primates, pygmy slow loris przewalski horse, 286 Quadrupedalism; see also orangutan, locomotion Quarantine, see orangutan, quarantine procedures Rain forest, I, II, 14-15, 18, 30, , 38, 46, 51,58,124,136,145,178,184, ; see also orangutan, habitats Rehabilitation (general), 14, 16-18,32-33,38,41-42,52, 67; see also orangutan, rehabilitation 299 Reid, T., 4 Reintroduction (general), 16, 19-20,41-42,66, 213; see also orangutan, reintroduction Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), see rhesus macaque Rhinopithecus avunculus (Tonkin snub-nosed langur), see Tonkin snub-nosed langur Rousseau, J., 4-5, 8 Rumbaugh, D., II Russell, B., 4 Sabah, 23,48,52,61,65,69,82, ; see also Borneo, Malaysia, Southeast Asia Sangkulirang, see orangutan, field sites Sarawak, 23, 47,61,82, , 121; see also Borneo, Malaysia, Southeast Asia Secondary sex characteristics (general), 164; see also orangutan, secondary sex characteristics Sembabala-Dolok Sembelin, see orangutan, field sites Semboja, see orangutan, field sites Semenggok, see orangutan, field sites Sepilok, see orangutan, field sites Serbolangit, see orangutan, field sites Sexual behavior, see orangutan, sexual behavior Sexual dimorphism, see orangutan, sexual dimorphism Shakespeare, W., 9 Shelford,8 Sign language, see orangutan, sign language Sikundur, see orangutan, field sites Silvered langur (Presby tis cristata), see primates, Singapore, Singkil Barat Reserve, see orangutan, field sites Sivapithecus, see primates, Smith,A.,6 Smithsonian Institution, 75 Social behavior, see Sociobiology, 164; see also natural selection, fitness; epigamic selection Sonntag, C., 10 Southeast Asia, v, 2, 14,25, 109,267,279; see also Borneo, Indonesia, Jakarta, Java, Kalimantan, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Sumatra Soviet Union, 24 Squirrels, 145 Suaq Balimbing, see orangutan, field sites Subspecies hybridization, see orangutan, subspecific hybrids Sumatra, v, 14, 18,24,30,46-47,51,62,69,79-83,85--86,90,92,97,104,107,110,114, 118, , 130-l31, , 142, 145, , ,189, , 289,291; see also Indonesia, Southeast Asia Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus), see orangutan, Sumatran subspecies

8 300 Sumatran Orangutan Action Plan, 88, 91, 94; see also orangutan, conservation Sungei Wain, see orangutan, field sites Sustainable economic growth, 11, ,26,67 Tabin Wildlife Reserve, see orangutan, field sites Taiwan, 1,24--26,70,75,77,115; see also Asia; China Taiwan Ten, see orangutan, illegal trade of Takengen, see orangutan, field sites Tanjung Rarapan, see orangutan, field sites Tanjung Puting Reserve, see orangutan, field sites Taronga Zoo, 83,291 Taxonomy, ,261 Territory, see orangutan, territorial behavior Testosterone, see orangutan, reproduction Thailand, ; see also Asia, Indochina Tigers, 25, 79, 110 Tonkin snub-nosed langur (Rhinopithecus avuncu- Ius), see primates, Tool use, see orangutan, tool use Toronto Zoo, 271 Traditional medicines, 26 Translocation, see orangutan, translocation University of California, Los Angeles, 33 United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (Earth Summit), 41 United States, 86,280,291; see also North America United States Secretary of the Interior, 25 Vietnam, 25-26; see also Asia, Indochina Index Virunga Volcanoes, 172 Voltaire, 4 VORTEX computer model, vi, 80-82, 85, 97, 99, 101, 105, 123; see also orangutan, demography; population habitat viability analysis Wallace, A., 7--'8 Warnariset Research Center, see orangutan, field sites Wells, R., 8-9 Wildlife management, 61, 79, 81-82, 85, 98, 116, 119,121,126,277; see also orangutan, conservation; population habitat viability analysis Wilson, E., 30 Woolstonecraft, M., 5 World Conservation Monitoring Center, 86, 110 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), 16-17, 19, 21,70 Wright's F statistics, 268 Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, vii, 235, 240,263 Yugoslavia, 24 Yunnan Province, 25-26; see also Asia, China Zoo Atlanta, v, 8, 240, 263, 271, 297 Zoological Society of San Diego, v, 263 Zoo of Gainesville Florida, 263 Zoo Parc de Beauval, 280 Zoonoses, 62, 71, 76, ,271; see also orangutan, quarantine procedures