Seminar readings N. D. Jewson, The Disappearance of the Sick-Man from Medical Cosmology, , Sociology, 10 (1976),

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1 HMS Core Module History of Medicine Michaelmas 2017 Nick Hopwood and Lauren Kassell The course provides an advanced introduction to history of medicine by exploring some of the most interesting writing on the kinds of medicine practised in domestic sick rooms, on hospital wards and in laboratories. We shall assess the usefulness of the categories bedside medicine, hospital medicine, experimental medicine and biomedicine for understanding change and continuity between early modernity and the present day. One major theme will be the ways in which the social relations of medical encounters shaped knowledge of disease and the experience of illness. Another will be to grasp how ways of knowing and working in medicine have interacted and changed. The supplementary readings for seminars 2 4 should be understood as beginning with the rest of the books from which we have selected chapters to read together in the seminars. The lists represent only entry points to large literatures. In consultation with your supervisor, you are encouraged to explore further October. Bedside medicine (LK) In 1976, sociologist Nicholas Jewson postulated a shift from bedside to hospital to laboratory medicine in the decades between 1770 and While bedside medicine perceived the sick man as a person and listened to his verbal analysis of subjectively defined sensations and feelings, hospital medicine saw him as a case to be classified through physical examination and laboratory medicine used remote techniques focused on cells. Historians of medieval and early modern medicine, often borrowing from sociologists and social anthropologists, have problematized the notion of bedside medicine. Invoking medical pluralism, hierarchies of resort and the medical marketplace, they have interrogated the construction of medical authority and the dynamics of patient choice. N. D. Jewson, The Disappearance of the Sick-Man from Medical Cosmology, , Sociology, 10 (1976), Roy Porter, The Patient s View: Doing Medical History from Below, Theory and Society, 14 (1985), Primary source: A Day with the Astrologers, Casebooks Project, ed. Lauren Kassell et al., Jerome Bylebyl, The Manifest and the Hidden in the Renaissance Clinic, in W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Medicine and the Five Senses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp Flurin Condrau, The Patient s View Meets the Clinical Gaze, Social History of Medicine, 20 (2007),

2 Barbara Duden, The Woman beneath the Skin: A Doctor s Patients in Eighteenth- Century Germany, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991 [1987]). Mary Fissell, The Disappearance of the Patient s Narrative and the Invention of Hospital Medicine, in Andrew Wear and Roger French (eds), British Medicine in an Age of Reform (London: Routledge, 1991), pp Mark S. R. Jenner and Patrick Wallis, The Medical Marketplace, in Jenner and Wallis (eds), Medicine and the Market in England and Its Colonies, c c (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp Lauren Kassell, Casebooks in Early Modern England: Astrology, Medicine and Written Records, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 88 (2014), Roy Porter, The Patient in England, c c. 1800, in Andrew Wear (ed.), Medicine in Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp Michael Stolberg, The Decline of Uroscopy in Early Modern Learned Medicine ( ), Early Science and Medicine, 12 (2007), Olivia Weisser, Boils, Pushes and Wheals: Reading Bumps on the Body in Early Modern England, Social History of Medicine, 22 (2009), October. Hospital medicine (NH) If there is one great discontinuity in the history of medicine, most of its practitioners would nominate the French Revolution and the reforms of 1794 that created the Paris Clinical School. In the terms of philosopher Michel Foucault, this was the birth of the clinic when The question, What is the matter with you? was replaced by that other question, Where does it hurt? While that analysis still has much to recommend it, historians differ over the location, pace and significance of any change, and some stress continuity. Similar issues recur when thinking about the challenge of a laboratory revolution to hospital medicine a century later. Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (London: Tavistock, 1973), esp. chapters 1 and 8. If you get stuck, try Gutting (below) and come back to it. John V. Pickstone, Ways of Knowing: Towards a Historical Sociology of Science, Technology and Medicine, British Journal for the History of Science, 26 (1993), Gary Gutting, Michel Foucault s Archaeology of Scientific Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), chapter 3, and Thomas Osborne, On Anti- Medicine and Clinical Reason, in Colin Jones and Roy Porter (eds), Reassessing Foucault: Power, Medicine, and the Body (London: Routledge, 1994), pp

3 The Inpatient and Mr Scott s Case, in Deborah Brunton (ed.), Health, Disease, and Society in Europe, : A Source Book (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp Caroline Hannaway and Ann La Berge (eds), Constructing Paris Medicine (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998). See esp. chapters 1 3 and 9. Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967), esp. chapters 1 7. The once-standard account. Colin Jones, The Construction of the Hospital Patient in Early Modern France, in Norbert Finzsch and Robert Jütte (eds), Institutions of Confinement: Hospitals, Asylums, and Prisons in Western Europe and North America, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp Guenter B. Risse, Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), esp. chapters 5 and 6. Andrew Cunningham, The Anatomist Anatomis d: An Experimental Discipline in Enlightenment Europe (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), pp and On 1900: Christopher Lawrence, Incommunicable Knowledge: Science, Technology and the Clinical Art in Britain, , Journal of Contemporary History, 20 (1985), Steve Sturdy, Looking for Trouble: Medical Science and Clinical Practice in the Historiography of Modern Medicine, Social History of Medicine, 24 (2011), John Harley Warner, The Art of Medicine in an Age of Science: Reductionism, Holism, and the Doctor-Patient Relationship in the United States, , in Nanami Suzuki (ed.), Healing Alternatives: Care and Education as a Cultural Lifestyle (Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 2014), pp [ Textbook: W. F. Bynum, Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). An undergraduate textbook, useful if you need more background in medical history October. Experimental therapeutics and technomedicine (LK) In the early 1990s historians of medicine argued that, from the mid-nineteenth century, scientists challenged the hegemony of hospital medicine in a laboratory revolution led by such disciplines as experimental physiology and bacteriology. Within a few decades, experimental therapeutics began to produce new drugs and diagnostic tests; scientific knowledge and commodity production went hand in hand in what has been called technomedicine. Later generations of historians have reassessed the case for revolution, and are breathing new life into laboratory history. This seminar provides an

4 opportunity to engage with one of the more productive approaches to medical knowledge, Ludwik Fleck s Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, which although first published (in German) in 1935, continues to inspire much work. Ludwik Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, ed. Thaddeus J. Trenn and Robert K. Merton, transl. Fred Bradley and Thaddeus J. Trenn (1935; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979). Ilana Löwy, A River that is Cutting Its own Bed : The Serology of Syphilis between Laboratory, Society and the Law, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 35 (2004), Ludwik Fleck, To Look, to See, to Know [1947], in Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck, ed. Robert S. Cohen and Thomas Schnelle (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986), pp Ilana Löwy, Testing for a Sexually Transmissible Disease, : The History of the Wassermann Reaction, in Virginia Berridge and Philip Strong (eds), AIDS and Contemporary History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body: An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994). Jean-Paul Gaudillière, Genesis and Development of a Biomedical Object: Styles of Thought, Styles of Work and the History of the Sex Steroids, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 35 (2004), Jonathan Harwood, Ludwik Fleck and the Sociology of Knowledge, Social Studies of Science, 16 (1986), Henk van den Belt, Ludwik Fleck and the Causative Agent of Syphilis: Sociology or Pathology of Science? A Rejoinder to Jean Lindenmann, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 33 (2002), The middle piece of an exchange. Axel C. Hüntelmann, Seriality and Standardization in the Production of 606, History of Science, 48 (2010), Michael Worboys, Was There a Bacteriological Revolution in Late Nineteenth- Century Medicine?, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38 (2007), Peter Baldwin, Contagion and the State in Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), chapter 5. Elisabeth Meyer-Renschhausen, The Bremen Morality Scandal, in Renate Bridenthal, Atina Grossmann and Marion Kaplan (eds), When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York: Monthly Review, 1984), pp

5 4. 7 November. Biomedicine (NH) The term biomedicine describes clinical medicine based on the principles of the biological sciences or the regime, inspired by wartime models, which combined biological research, medical care, industry and state regulation in a variety of feedback loops and became dominant after This seminar considers the historical significance of biomedicine, and the biomedical industrial complex, especially in the form of the gold standard of evidence-based medicine : randomized controlled trials. It provides an entry point to debates on the novelty or otherwise of testing drugs (and other therapeutics) in this way, on possible explanations of change and on the question of agency for physicians and patients. Peter Keating and Alberto Cambrosio, Cancer on Trial: Oncology as a New Style of Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), pp Steven Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), pp (notes pp ). Harry M. Marks, The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). The standard work, but not always an easy read. Joseph M. Gabriel, The Testing of Sanocrysin: Science, Profit, and Innovation in Clinical Trial Design, , Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 69 (2014), Scott H. Podolsky, Antibiotics and the Social History of the Controlled Clinical Trial, , Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 65 (2010), More in his The Antibiotic Era: Reform, Resistance, and the Pursuit of a Rational Therapeutics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014). Helen Valier and Carsten Timmermann, Clinical Trials and the Reorganization of Medical Research in Post-Second World War Britain, Medical History, 52 (2008), Susan E. Lederer, Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). Christoph Gradmann and Jonathan Simon (eds), Evaluating and Standardizing Therapeutic Agents, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Steven Epstein, Patient Groups and Health Movements, in Edward J. Hackett et al. (eds), The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3rd edn (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), pp See further Epstein, Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007). Vololona Rabeharisoa and Michel Callon, Patients and Scientists in French Muscular

6 Dystrophy Research, in Sheila Jasanoff (ed.), States of Knowledge: The Coproduction of Science and Social Order (London: Routledge, 2004), pp See further Janine Barbot, How to Build an Active Patient? The Work of AIDS Associations in France, Social Science and Medicine, 62 (2006), Adriana Petryna, When Experiments Travel: Clinical Trials and the Global Search for Human Subjects (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). Ulrich Tröhler, Lind and Scurvy: 1747 to 1795, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98 (2005), ; Michael Bartholomew, James Lind and Scurvy: A Reevaluation, Journal for Maritime Research, 5 (2002), Elaine Leong and Alisha Rankin, Testing Drugs and Trying Cures: Experiment and Medicine in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 91 (2017), ; Jeremy A. Greene, Therapeutic Proofs and Medical Truths: The Enduring Legacy of Early Modern Drug Trials, ibid., Adele Clarke et al., Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U.S. Biomedicine, American Sociological Review, 68 (2003), Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (eds), Companion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge, 2003). For reference. See esp. chapters 1, 2 and 10. Essay questions 1. Assess changes and continuities in the history of the medical encounter. 2. Did early modern patients and practitioners have shared or competing understandings of illness and how to heal it? 3. Assess the claim that the hospitals of post-revolutionary Paris represent the birth of the clinic. 4. Were medical science and clinical medicine at odds in the decades around 1900? 5. Is thought collective a useful concept for writing history of medical science? 6. By what means did science change the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in the first third of the twentieth century? 7. What historical changes produced the clinical trial as we know it today? 8. Patients did not really become more active in drug testing in the course of the twentieth century; historians and sociologists just started giving them more attention. Assess this claim.

HISTORY 249 HEALTH AND THE HEALER IN WESTERN HISTORY. Prof. F. Wallis/Prof. T. Schlich Fall term 2012 Tuesday/Thursday 11:35 AM-12:55 PM Leacock 26

HISTORY 249 HEALTH AND THE HEALER IN WESTERN HISTORY Prof. F. Wallis/Prof. T. Schlich Fall term 2012 Tuesday/Thursday 11:35 AM-12:55 PM Leacock 26 CONTACT INFORMATION Office hours: (1) Prof. Schlich, Tuesday