MODERN TRENDS IN HYPNOSIS

Transcription

1 MODERN TRENDS IN HYPNOSIS

2 MODERN TRENDS IN HYPNOSIS Edited by DAVID WAXMAN Chairman of the Scientific Program International Society of Hypnosis London, England PREM C. MISRA Gartloch Hospital Glasgow, Scotland MICHAEL GIBSON Child Guidance Centre Edinburgh, Scotland and M. ANTHONY BASKER British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis Westcliff-on-Sea, England PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON

3 Main entry under title: Modern trends in hypnosis. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data "Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, held August 22-27, 1982, in Glasgow, Scotland" - T.p. verso. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Hypnotism-Therapeutic use-congresses. 2. Hypnotism-Congresses. I. Waxman, David. II. International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine (9th: 1982: Glasgow, Strathclyde) [DNLM: 1. Hypnosis-congresses. W3 IN415 9th WM n] RC490.5.M ' ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, held August 22-27, 1982, in Glasgow, Scotland (C) 1985 Plenum Press. New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

4 To Eric Wookey, MC, LDS, Honorary Consultant Dental Surgeon of the Royal Free Hospital, First President of the London Dental and Medical Society for the Study of Hypnosis. He imparted his enthusiasm and knowledge of hypnosis widely, and thus played a prominent part in securing the acceptance of hypnosis by professional colleagues throughout the United Kingdom.

5 FOREWORD The 9th International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine expresses the continuity in the effort to gain scientific knowledge of hypnosis and scientific status for it, ever since the 1st International Congress for Experimental and Therapeutic Hypnotism was held in Paris in 1889, attended by many of the best-remembered psychiatrists and psychologists of the day - men such as Babinski, Bernheim, Binet, Delboeuf, Freud, James, Lombroso, F.W.H. Myers, Ribot, and many others. The continuity was broken by the period of reduced interest in hypnosis between the time of the 2nd International Congress for Hypnotism in Paris in 1900, and the revival of interest shown by the 3rd International Congress for Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine in Paris in Since then, the Congresses have met more regularly, making the one of which this is the report, the 9th. The programs of these Congresses have become increasingly rich through the years, with many of the older problems still with us but now studied more dispassionately in the light of new knowledge and new scientific methods in the design of investigations and the validation of scientific findings. An examination of the titles of the papers and the places from which their authors come shows how diverse and widespread the interests in hypnosis have become, both in the effort to define the nature of hypnosis and its boundaries in relation to other categories of behavior and experience, and to explore its potential service in psychotherapy and other social applications, as in forensic medicine. On the side of understanding hypnosis itself, there are the papers on the nature of hypnotic responsiveness and its physiological vii

6 viii FOREWORD correlates, on the subjective experiences within whatever the hypnotic condition may be found to be, the nature and consequences of self-hypnosis, and the characteristics of the dissociative phenomena manifested in hypnosis. On the clinical side there are cases and discussions reflecting the use of hypnotic methods in the treatment of disorders of self-control, in obstetrics, in pain and anxiety reduction, in psychosomatic disorders, in symptoms met in dentistry, and with problems met in children and adolescents. Comparative studies relate hypnosis to meditation and behavior therapy. Hypnosis and the law receives attention in several contributions. One cannot help but be impressed by the seriousness with which the direction has been taken to move away from "it has been my experience " as the way of validating hypnotic practices to the interest in comparative and controlled studies which place hypnosis on the same status as other medical or psychiatric practices as they are taught and studied in our medical schools and university departments. The battle to establish hypnosis on a sound scientific basis has not yet been won; even where it is accepted as permissible, there are still too few scientists among those outside its active practitioners who show any enthusiasm for it. The gains that are being made, however, as these Proceedings show, augur well for its future. Ernest R. Hilgard

7 PREFACE Practitioners whose interests extend over the entire spectrum of the healing disciplines assembled in Glasgow from August 22nd to the 27th 1982 to attend the 9th International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine. They came to listen to learned addresses, to present papers, often the culmination of many years of research and clinical experience, to participate in workshops and generally to mark, learn and teach a subject as old as mankind and yet amongst the most recent and sophisticated of psychotherapies in the multidisciplinary field of the treatment of psychological illness. The excellent of the ambiance, the impressive array of speakers and the high quality of the lectures culminated in a meeting which was without doubt a considerable academic success. As a result the 9th Congress proved an outstanding event, and it is hoped, made a real contribution to the practice of hypnotherapy. The significance of the occasion was additionally marked by the joint sponsorship of the University of Glasgow and the Royal Society of Medicine, as well as the warm support of the City of Glasgow. In these proceedings appear some of the papers which were presented at this meeting. Although there were over 100 speakers, it is regretted that in view of the restrictions of space, only a very carefully selected number of these papers could ultimately be included in the publication. Each paper was rated independently by a panel of referees and the final selection represents a wide cross-section of the subject matter outlined in the program. ix

8 x PREFACE In view of the high quality of all the talks given the referees were faced with a formidable task and it is hoped that those speakers whose papers do not appear in this volume will in no way feel that their efforts were in vain. Abstracts of all papers were published in the issue of The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis of April 1982 and the Editor has given his kind permission for this to be used as a citable reference. The principal aim of the Scientific Program was the encouragement of learning and research in hypnosis both in clinical practice and experimental study, with the actual participation of as many as possible in the wide range of subjects which were offered. The general scientific papers consisted of clinical reports and experimental findings covering as extensive an area as time permitted. The subjects included the neuroses, pathological anxiety and the many incapacitating symptoms resulting therefrom. Other papers covered the considerable field of personality problems, the addictions and sexual dysfunctions. Hypnosis for the modification of pain and its use in obstetrics and in pediatrics was discussed and a full session was devoted to hypnosis in dentistry. Dynamic and behavioral techniques were included and the many lectures dealing with selfhypnosis proved very popular. Of particular interest were the' case histories which provided evidence of the practical results of hypnotherapy. One fact that has emerged clearly over the past few years is that clinical hypnosis, however good the results, will never be fully accepted unless validated by experimental studies and scientific evidence. It is essential that the clinician works closely with the experimental psychologist and the research neurophysiologist. With this in mind, theories explaining hypnotizability and suggestibility as well as the neurophysiology of hypnosis were explored and numerous experimental studies were described. The use of hypnosis in criminology occupied several hours of talks as well as the final Plenary Session. In addition to the scientific papers Special Invited Addresses were given by recognized authorities and National Presidents talked on their individual specialities. Other Invited Addresses and Speciality Seminars were designed to complement the workshops. In the concluding paper, the President Elect of the International Society of Hypnosis, Professor Germain Lavoie combining learned experimental studies with clinical findings, chose as his subject The Clinical Relevance of Hypnotizability in Psychosis. This presentation will undoubtedly prove a valuable contribution to future research. Thus after five days of intensive work and study, of scientific lectures and learned discussion, the 9th Congress was bought to a close. Perhaps it was because of the considerable amount of well-

9 PREFACE constructed laboratory investigation, coupled with the clinical experiences so ably reported by so many devoted therapists, that the meeting was such a success. Perhaps it was the Scotch mist, the warmth and generosity of the hosting society or some magnetic influence, but somehow the purple cloak of Mesmer which had hung over the city of Glasgow that August week seemed to have been lifted to allow bright sunshine to penetrate a subject that had been shrouded in myth, mystery and misunderstanding for so many years. As a result it is hoped that Modern Trends in Hypnosis will influence many to explore further the psychological and neurophysiological understanding of the hypnotic state and that it will advance the therapeutic skills of all who read it for the ultimate benefit of the suffering. xi D.W. P.C.M. M.G. M.A.B.

10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editors wish to express their thanks to the Principal and Court of the University of Glasgow and to the President and Council of the Royal Society of Medicine for their sponsorship of this Congress. Also to the President. Council and Members of the British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis and the British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis. to Professor M.R. Bond. 9th Congress Chairman. to Professor F.H. Frankel. President of the International Society of Hypnosis. to Professor M.T. Orne and Mrs Emily Carota Orne for their invaluable help in assembling the program as well as to all Members of the Committee of the 9th Congress. Thanks are particularly due to those hundreds of participants who made this meeting such a success. xiii

11 CONTENTS I SPECIAL ADDRESSES Scottish Contributions to the Development of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine M. R. Bond, Chairman, 9th Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine Hypnosis - Both Poetry and Science F. H. Frankel, President, International Society of Hypnosis Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Hypnosis E. R. Hilgard, Founding President, International Society of Hypnosis The Clinical Relevance of Hypnotizability in Psychosis: With Reference to Thinking Processes and Sample Variances G.F. Lavoie, President Elect, International Society of Hypnosis II BEHAVIOR IN HYPNOSIS In Search of Hypnosis 67 A. M. Weitzenhoffer The Relevance of Hypnotizability in Clinical Behavior F. H. Frankel 89 Interaction Between Hypnotist and Subject: Social Psychophysiological Approach E. I. Banyai, I. Meszaros and L. Csokay A 97 Non-Volition and Hypnosis S. J. Lynn, M. Nash, J. Rhue, V. Carlson, C. Sweeney, D. Frauman and D. Givens xv 109

12 Visual Memory Processing During Hypnosis: it Differ From Waking? H. J. Crawford and S. N. Allen A Study on the Hypnotic Susceptibility of Persons Attempting Suicide: Some Therapeutic Considerations I. Boncz, L. P. Pallag and J. Fodor Does CONTENTS III ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES EEG Evoked Potential, Hypnotic Anosmia, and Transient Olfactory Stimulation in High and Low Susceptible Subjects A. P. Barabasz and C. Lonsdale Depth EEG Recordings in Epileptic Patients During Hypnotic and Non-Hypnotic States G. De Benedittis and V. Sironi Evoked Potential Correlates of Verbal Versus Imagery Coding in Hypnosis I. Meszaros, E. I. Banyai and A. C. Greguss Hemispheric Specificity and Hypnotizability: An Overview of Ongoing EEG Research in South Australia C. MacLeod-Morgan Some Neuromuscular Phenomena in Hypnosis M. Pajntar, E. Roskar and L. Vodovnik IV SELF HYPNOSIS The Essential Aspects of Self-Hypnosis E. Fromm Representations of Self-Hypnosis in Personal Narratives E. Fromm, A. M. Boxer and D. P. Brown An Investigation into Audiotaped Self-Hypnosis Training in Pregnancy and Labor G. P. Davidson, N. D. Garbett and S. G. Tozer Change in Subjective Experiences During Therapeutic Self-Hypnosis R. Van Dyck, P. Spinhoven and J. Commandeur

13 CONTENTS xvii V HYPNOSIS AND THE ALLEVIATION OF PAIN Why is Hypnosis Effective in Pain Control? P. Sacerdote Hypnosis and Plasmatic Beta-Endorphins G. Guerra, G. Guantieri and F. Tagliaro VI HYPNOSIS AND ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR Hypnosis in the Alleviation of the Smoking Habit M. A. Basker 269 The Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Addiction: An Overview 277 D. Waxman VII HYPNOSIS AND PSYCHOSEXUAL PROBLEMS Hypnosis and Sexual Disorders P. C. Misra Hypnotherapy in Male Impotence K. Fuchs, I. Zaidise, B. A. Peretz and E. Paldi VIII THE USE OF HYPNOSIS IN CRIMINOLOGY Hypnosis, Coercive Persuasion and the Law: A Historical Perspective J.-R. Laurence and C. Perry 309 Hypnosis in Criminal Investigation - Practical Implications M. Kleinhauz and B. Beran Ethical and 317 An Examination of the Effects of Forensic Hypnosis H. W. Timm 327 Hypnosis and the Law: Witness Recall G. F. Wagstaff The Role of Induction in 345 IX HYPNOSIS AND ANXIETY Effects of Hypnosis on State Anxiety and Stress in Male and Female Intercollegiate Athletes E. W. Krenz, R. Gordin and S. W. Edwards 359

14 xviii Results of Anxiety Control Training in the Treatment of Compulsive Disorders R. P. Snaith CONTENTS 371 X CASE HISTORIES On a Case of Urinary Retention Treated by Means of Hypnosis A. Bottoli, G. Guantieri and V. Azzini Hypnosis in the Treatment of a Case of Guillain-Barre's Disease A. Gambacciani and G. Guantieri Hypnoanalytic Treatment of Severe Borderline, Neurosis by Means of Spontaneous Multiple Personalities: A Case Report R. Kampman, R. Hirvenoja and H. Karlsson XI SOME USES OF HYPNOSIS IN DENTISTRY The Treatment of Dental Phobia with a Meditational and Behavioral Reorientation Self-Hypnosis G. W. F. Smith The Difficult Dental Patient J. Gall Index 421