FLASH CARDS. Kalat s Book Chapter 15 Alphabetical

Transcription

1 FLASH CARDS Kalat s Book Chapter 15 Alphabetical

2 antipsychotic drugs

3 antipsychotic drugs Neuroleptic drugs. Used to treat schizophrenia. Primarily block dopamine receptors.

4 atypical antidepressants

5 atypical antidepressants Sort of miscellaneous group; reuptake inhibitors but vary in what they inhibit. Includes Wellbutrin (inhibits dopamine and some norepinephrine) & Cymbalta (inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine).

6 bipolar disorder

7 bipolar disorder Manic-depression; episodic mood disorder. Alternate between depressed and elevated moods. Transitions can be quick or slow; length of episode can vary. High risk of suicide at either extreme.

8 bipolar I disorder

9 bipolar I disorder Characterized by depression with at least one episode of mania. Manic episodes typically last a week or more; depressive episodes typically last two weeks or more.

10 bipolar II disorder

11 bipolar II disorder Depression plus episodes of hypomania; no major manic episode. Hypomania can feel positive (elevated mood, increased activity) or negative (irritability, anxiety, insomnia). Sometimes difficult to differentiate between depression and hypomania.

12 butyrophenones

13 butyrophenones A group of drugs with similar structure. Includes Haldol (widely used antipsychotic), Droperidol (used for anesthesia), Benperidol (highly potent antipsychotic), Melperone (used for agitation & delirium), & Azaperone (a veterinary tranquilizer).

14 chlorpromazine

15 chlorpromazine Thorazine or Largactil. Blocks dopamine uptake. Developed in 1950 s; first drug used to treat of schizophrenia; stopped nearly all use of electroconvulsive therapy & brain surgery on schizophrenic patients.

16 concordance

17 concordance Agreement or correlation. Used to describe amount of genetic cause of schizophrenia and other mental diseases.

18 delusions

19 delusions Strongly held but unjustifiable belief. Includes thought insertion, bizarre beliefs (controlled by aliens) and paranoia (being spied on).

20 differential diagnosis

21 differential diagnosis Choosing between alternative explanations of symptoms. Using deductive reasoning to determine causation.

22 DISC1

23 DISC1 Protein that controls generation of denderitic spines, and impacts neural migration, differentiation & positioning of new neurons.

24 dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

25 dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia Theory that schizophrenia is caused by overactive dopamine synapses. Dopamine blockers do help relieve schizophrenic symptoms.

26 electroconvulsive therapy

27 electroconvulsive therapy ECT. Originally developed to treat schizophrenia but has been more effective for treating atypical types of depression. Major memory loss is a side effect.

28 glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

29 glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia Theory that schizophrenia is caused by underactive glutamate synapses, perhaps as a result of too much dopamine or the lack of glutamate receptors.

30 hallucinations

31 hallucinations A major symptom of schizophrenia. Conscious internal sensory perceptions in the absence of external stimuli. These false experiences can be in any sense modality: seen, heard, smelled or tasted, etc.

32 lithium

33 lithium Mood stabilizer used to treat mania. Reduces the risk of suicide.

34 major depression

35 major depression Episodic mood disorder. Symptoms include low self-esteem, feelings of helplessness, loss of pleasure and low energy. Varies in intensity; more common in women.

36 mania

37 mania Abnormally altered mood episodes (elevated or irritable). Symptoms include restlessness, loss of inhibition, rambling speech & increased self-confidence. Unknown cause.

38 mesolimbocortical system

39 mesolimbocortical system Neuronal network that connects tegmentum to limbic system. Encodes intense pleasure. Antipsychotic drugs may impact this area.

40 MAOIs

41 MAOIs Monamine oxidase inhibitors. Increases dopamine and serotonin levels by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes these neurotransmitters.

42 negative symptoms

43 negative symptoms Symptoms of schizophrenia that are also found in other conditions. Includes flat affect, loss of motivation & poverty of speech. Not easily treated.

44 neurodevelopmental hypothesis

45 neurodevelopmental hypothesis Theory that schizophrenia is caused by prenatal abnormalities in brain development.

46 phencyclidine

47 phencyclidine PCP; angel dust. Created to be an anesthetic; recreationally used for its hallucinogenic (schizophrenia-like) effects that last for several hours. Causes damage to neurons; blocks NMDA glutamate receptors.

48 phenothiazines

49 phenothiazines Based on methylene blue dye developed in the 1800 s. Group of drugs with similar structure that are used to treat schizophrenia. Best known member is chlorpromazine. Used as chemical stabilizer to prolong shelf life.

50 positive symptoms

51 positive symptoms Symptoms unique to schizophrenia. Positive in the sense that they must be present for diagnosis of schizophrenia. Includes hallucinations, delusions & thought disorders.

52 postpartum depression

53 postpartum depression Depression after giving birth; usually begins two weeks after birth, can last for months if untreated.

54 schizophrenia

55 schizophrenia Mental disorder that greatly disrupts perceptions, thinking and social interactions. Some genetic component but no known cause; no cure. Best thought of as the schizophrenias, a cluster of dehabilitating disorders.

56 seasonal affective disorder

57 seasonal affective disorder SAD. Mood disorder that seems related to circadian rhythm or amount of light. Yearly reoccurring depression; can be any season but winter is most common.

58 season-of-birth effect

59 season-of-birth effect Based on the observation that most schizophrenics are born in winter. Suggests that season of the year is an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia.

60 second-generation antipsychotics

61 second-generation antipsychotics Atypical antipsychotic drugs used treat schizophrenia. Blocks dopamine, less side effects (rigidity, tremors) & lower risk of suicide. Has side effects & increased risk of stroke & heart attacks. Includes Abilify, Prazinil & Risperdal.

62 SSRIs

63 SSRIs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Not totally selective; aim to block reuptake of serotonin. Includes Prozac, Lexapro, Paxil & Zoloft.

64 SNRIs

65 SNRIs Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Not totally selective; aim to block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Includes Cymbalta, Effexor and Pristig.

66 substance-induced psychotic disorder

67 substance-induced psychotic disorder Drugs can cause psychotic states or worsen psychotic disorders. Includes alcohol (alcoholism), marijuana, barbiturates (paradoxical effects), cocaine, amphetamines, LSD, MDMA, PCP, solvents, inhalants & gasoline.

68 tardive dyskinesia

69 tardive dyskinesia A slow onset (tardive) movement disorder. Can be caused by long-term antipsychotic drug use. Includes repetitive involuntary movements, grimacing, rapid eye blink, lip smacking, rapid finger movements.

70 tricyclics

71 tricyclics Named for their molecular structure. Block reuptake of some neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, etc.). Used to treat depression.

72 unipolar disorder

73 unipolar disorder In contrast to bipolar. Variation at one pole of continuum: depression. Normal mood with episodes of depression. Major depression or clinical depression.

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