10/21/2008. Biological Therapy. Biological Therapies. Biological Therapies. Drug Therapy. Drug Therapy. Common Therapies: Medical Model:
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1 Biological Therapy Biological Therapies Medical Model: Treatments to reduce or eliminate symptoms by altering the way the body functions Biological Therapies Common Therapies: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Psychosurgery Goal: to help diminish and/or control symptoms of various psychological disorders. Antianxiety Drugs Benzodiazepines Efficacy Side effects 1
2 Antipsychotic Drugs Neuroleptics Atypical antipsychotic medications Efficacy Side Effects Tardive dyskinesia Antidepressant Drugs Tricyclics Monamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Efficacy and side effects Controversy Potential Risks of Antidepressants Prescriptions Prior to FDA Approval FDA Hearings (2004) Self-report ratings and adverse event reports Effects of black box warning Increase monitoring and decrease prescriptions Are drugs necessary in treatment? Psychotherapy 2
3 What is Psychotherapy? A systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client s thoughts, feelings, or behavior to help that client overcome abnormal behavior or adjust to problems in living. Essentials of Psychotherapy: Systematic Interaction: Psychotherapy is a systematic interaction between a client and a therapist. The therapist structures the therapy process based upon a theoretical viewpoint and an understanding of the client s cultural and social background. Psychological Principles: Psychotherapy is based on psychological theory and research in various areas such as personality, learning and abnormal behavior. Thoughts, feelings and behaviors: Psychotherapy influences clients thoughts, feelings and behavior. Psychological Disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth: While psychotherapy is often used with people who have psychological disorders, it can also be used to help people with adjustment (loss of spouse, shyness) and personal growth. : Systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client s problem behaviors. Behavior therapists draw upon the principles of classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning. Flooding: A person is exposed for prolonged intervals to a fear-evoking but harmless stimulus until fear is extinguished. Gradual exposure: Similar to flooding, but works upward din a hierarchy h of progressively more fearful f stimuli. Systematic Desensitization: Wolpe s method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation. Modeling: A technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations. 3
4 Aversive Conditioning Cognitive therapists focus on helping people change the beliefs, attitudes and automatic types of thinking that are believed to underlie psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. Beck s Cognitive Therapy: A form of therapy that focuses on how clients cognitions (expectations, attitudes, beliefs, etc.) lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior. Ellis s Rational-emotive (REBT): A form of therapy that encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors. Seligman 4
5 Effectiveness There are several problems that researchers must address when evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy. These problems include comparing different forms of psychotherapy, measuring outcomes of therapy and determining whether effectiveness is due to nonspecific factors or the therapeutic alliance. However Meta-analyses by Smith and Glass (1977) and Shadish (2000) have found that psychotherapy is effective. Is it Effective? Smith and Glass: Those who receive psychodynamic therapy showed better results, on average, than 70-75% of those who did not receive treatment. Similarly, nearly 75% of those who received client-centered therapy were better off than control groups. 5
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