CANCER Uncontrolled Cell Division

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1 CANCER Uncontrolled Cell Division

2 What is cancer? Why does it occur? Where does it occur? Benign vs. Malignant?

3 Types of Cancer (3 main groups) There are over 200 different types of cancer 1) Carcinomas cancers of the skin & epithelial tissues 2) Sarcomas tumours in the bone, muscle, tendons, ligaments and cartilage 3) Blood & Lymph i. Leukemia cancer of tissues that form blood cells ii. Lymphoma cancer of the lymphatic system

4 Cancer & The Cell Cycle The ability for cells to grow and divide normally is written into your DNA. It is controlled by many genes (and the proteins they code for) These genes are very active when you are an embryo, but need to be switched off when you complete your main growth phase In cancer, cells seem to revert back to an earlier stage, to a time when cells had to grow and divide quickly. They even begin to lose their identity (their specialized function) and grow into disorganized masses called tumours.

5 Cancer cells vs. Normal cells a) Cancer cells attract blood vessels & have a greater blood supply They grow faster, & take nutrients away from normal cells b) Cancer cells have uncontrolled and disorganized growth They have lost the ability to communicate with neighbouring cells and don t listen to the signals to stop dividing They often grow into large masses called tumours

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7 Benign vs. Malignant Tumours Rate of cell growth Tumour formation Extent of damage Appearance Benign tumour usually slow localized and confined cell growth minor destruction tumour cells look similar to their surrounding normal cells (nucleus appears normal in size) Malignant tumour slow to rapid cells may dislodge and move away from the tumour to invade other tissues major destruction tumour cells are not like their surrounding healthy cells (have enlarged nucleus and irregularly shaped cell membranes).

8 Cancer cells vs. Normal cells c) Cancer cells usually don t have a clear identity or function d) Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can undergo an unlimited number of cell divisions e) Most cancer cells have abnormal nuclei The nucleus is usually enlarged and can have abnormal # s of chromosomes

9 Cancer cells vs. Normal cells f) Cancer cells can undergo metastasis (move/spread to new areas) Cancer cells tend to be motile (can move) and produce enzymes that allow them to invade surrounding tissues Cancer cells release growth factors that cause blood vessel formation which is needed to help cancerous tumours continue to grow in their new location How do cancer cells behave differently from normal ones? Ted-Ed by George Zaidan

10 Carcinogenesis (the development of cancer)

11 What causes Cancer? There are many proteins that monitor and control the cell cycle called checkpoint proteins If a mutation occurs in a gene which codes for a checkpoint protein, control over the cell cycle could be lost. Damaged cells with no control over their cell cycle will grow uncontrollably. Cancer: From a healthy cell to a cancer cell video

12 Stop, Think, Discuss What is the leading cause of death in adults, teens, children? What types of cancers target teens? What areas does cancer affect? What factors increase your (types of cancer) risk to get cancer?

13 Cancer Statistics Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada and is responsible for 30% of all deaths. An estimated 202,400 new cases of cancer and 78,800 deaths from cancer will occur in Canada in 2016

14 Cancer Statistics It is estimated that in 2016: 102,900 Canadian men will be diagnosed with cancer and 41,700 men will die from cancer. 99,500 Canadian women will be diagnosed with cancer and 37,100 women will die from cancer. On average, 555 Canadians will be diagnosed with cancer every day. On average, 216 Canadians will die from cancer every day. Read more:

15 Cancer Statistics Lung, breast, colorectal and prostate cancer are the most common types of cancer in Canada (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer). Based on 2016 estimates: These cancers account for half (50%) of all new cancer cases. Prostate cancer accounts for about one-fifth (21%) of all new cancer cases in men. Lung cancer accounts for 14% of all new cases of cancer. Breast cancer accounts for about one-quarter (26%) of all new cancer cases in women. Colorectal cancer accounts for 13% of all new cancer cases.

16 Childhood Cancer Statistics Childhood cancer is relatively uncommon. However, it remains the most common disease-related cause of death more than asthma, diabetes, cystic fibrosis and AIDS combined. It is second only to injury-related deaths among Canadian children. Cancers in children act differently and are found in different organs in the body than those that are found in adults. In general, tumours in children often grow more quickly and spread to other parts of the body faster. Children are more likely to develop leukemia and lymphoma than adults. Read more:

17 Incidence and mortality Between 2009 and 2013, there were 4,715 new cases of cancer in children 0 14 years of age in Canada, an average of 943 cases per year. Between 2008 and 2012, there were 595 cancer deaths in children 0 14 years of age in Canada, an average of 119 deaths per year. Read more:

18 Trends Childhood cancer accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in Canada. The 3 types of cancer that account for the majority of new cancer cases in children 0 14 years of age in Canada are: leukemia 32% brain and central nervous system 19% lymphomas 11% The 3 types of cancer that account for the majority of cancer death in children 0 14 years of age in Canada are: brain and central nervous system 34% leukemia 26% neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumours 11%

19 Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults Between 2006 and 2010, the most common types of cancer found in adolescents and young adults (15 29 years of age) were: thyroid 16% testicular 13% Hodgkin lymphoma 12% melanoma 8%

20 Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults Between 2006 and 2010, the cancers that account for the majority of cancer deaths in adolescents and young adults (15 29 years of age) were: leukemia 17% brain and central nervous system 15% bone 11% An average of 290 people in Canada between the ages of 15 and 29 die from cancer each year. Young men are more likely to die than young women in this age range. For more information, go to Canadian Cancer Statistics publication.

21 Chances of developing or dying from cancer Based on 2010 estimates: 2 out of 5 Canadians (45% of men and 42% of women) are expected to develop cancer during their lifetimes. 1 out of 4 Canadians (29% of men and 24% of women) is expected to die from cancer. Read more:

22 Reducing your Risk Live well. Make healthy choices. Be a non-smoker and avoid second-hand smoke. Keep a healthy body weight. Be active and eat well. Limit alcohol. The less you drink, the more you reduce your risk. Protect your skin. Be safe in the sun and don t use tanning beds or lamps. Be aware. Look after yourself. Know your body and watch for signs of cancer. Report any changes in your health to your doctor. Get screened and help find cancer early. Check your family s cancer history. Understand how hormones and infections affect your cancer risk. Get rid of harmful substances at work and at home.

23 Lifestyle factors associated with Cancers Lifestyle factor High-fat, low-fiber diet Smoking tobacco Excessive consumption of alcohol Excessive exposure to sunlight Potential Site of Tumour Colon, breast, rectum etc. Lung, throat, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder Esophagus, mouth, pancreas Skin

24 It s My Life Discover how your lifestyle choices can affect cancer risk and how you can take action with our interactive tool It s My Life!