Cancer. University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing

Transcription

1 Cancer University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing 1

2 Learning Objectives Upon completion of this session, participants will be better able to: 1. Develop a basic understanding of cancer 2. Describe risk factors for cancer in order to identify members at risk 3. Recognize the different types of treatment for cancer 4. Discuss how to create a care plan for members with cancer 5. Utilize member education for cancer

3 Definition of Cancer Development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue Cancer cells can multiply and spread throughout the body (CDC 2018)

4 Definition of Cancer (cont.) Staging: Only done when first diagnosed and does not change despite the tumor changing, growing, shrinking or recurs. Individual cancers may have their own unique staging range. The most common stages are: Stage 0. Stage 0 cancers are still located in the place they started and have not spread to nearby tissues. This stage of cancer is often highly curable, usually by removing the entire tumor with surgery Stage I. This stage is usually a small cancer or tumor that has not grown deeply into nearby tissues. It also has not spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It is often called early-stage cancer Stage II and III. These stages indicate larger cancers or tumors that have grown more deeply into nearby tissue. They may have also spread to lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body This stage means that the cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body. It may also be called advanced or metastatic cancer (Cancer.net,2015)

5 Incidence/Prevalence In 2018, an estimated 1,735,350 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. and 609,640 people will die from the disease Most common cancers o o o o o o Breast cancer Lung Cancer Prostate Cancer Colorectal Cancer Melanoma Bladder cancer New cases of cancer = per 100,000 men and women per year Cancer deaths =163.5 per 100,000 men and women per year Deaths higher among men than women = per 100,000 men and per 100,000 women Highest in African American men (239.9 per 100,000) and lowest in Asian/Pacific Islander women (88.3 per 100,000) Approximately 38.4% of men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetimes (based on data) (CDC 2018)

6 Causes, Risks Genetics Age (high 50s-70s) Alcohol Cancer-Causing Substances (asbestos, radiation) Chronic Inflammation Diet (alcohol, artificial sweeteners) Hormones (Estrogens, DES) Immunosuppression (Transplant, HIV positive) Infectious Agents (Herpes, HPV, Hepatitis) Obesity/Sedentary Lifestyle Radiation Sunlight Tobacco Relationship to Diabetes

7 Signs and Symptoms Skin Changes- new mole or un-healing lesion Breast changes- nipple or breast changes Lump under the skin Hoarseness or cough that does not go away Change in bowel or urinary habits Issues with eating, swallowing, chewing Unexplained weight loss or gain Abdominal pain Night sweats Fatigue (Mayo 2018)

8 Red Flags Coughing up blood, rectal bleeding, vaginal bleeding Fever with no known cause Worsening abdominal pain or swelling Worsening fatigue Abnormal lab work (Cancer 2018)

9 Assessment Physical Exam Lab testing- Complete Blood Count, Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Specialty labs (Prostate, Tumor Markers, CA-125 antigen, BRCA) Diagnostic testing- CAT Scan, MRI, PET scan, Biopsy with pathology, Upper GI series, Ultrasound, X-Ray) Preventative Screening- Colonoscopy, Pap Smear, Mammogram, low dose CT for smokers or high risk lung disease)

10 Treatment Chemotherapy Radiation Stem Cell Transplant Surgery Immunotherapy Hormone Therapy Targeted drug therapy Clinical Trials

11 Management Ensure member has follow up appointments for: All specialists o Oncologist o PCP o Other specialties as needed Treatments o Coping and support system o Alternative medicine (pain management, acupuncture) o Follow up with hospice or palliative care as directed

12 Prevention No Smoking Eat a healthy diet o o Fruits and vegetables Limit processed foods and meat Minimize alcohol use Exercise Use sun protection Get immunizations (HPV, Hepatitis) Avoid risky behaviors (unprotected sex, dirty needles) Follow up with PCP regularly Schedule preventative screenings (mammogram, colonoscopy, PAP smear) (Mayo 2018)

13 Client Member Education Monitor side effects of treatment o weight loss o hair loss o nausea and vomiting o skin changes and sensitivity Follow up labs will be needed Monitor healthy diet, lifestyle Follow up with specialists and treatments as directed Discuss care plan with support system

14 Resources American Cancer Society Center for Disease Control Mayo Clinic National Cancer Institute

15 References CDC United States Cancer Statistics. (2015). Retrieved from Mayo Clinic Cancer (2018). Retrieved from National Cancer Institute Cancer (2018). Retrieved from

16 . Thank you all for being here and for your commitment to improving the health and well-being of your client members