Proučavanje histogeneze enterohromafinolikih karcinoida u autoimunskom atrofijskom gastritisu udruženim sa pernicioznom anemijom

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1 Volumen 64, Broj 8 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Strana 543 ORIGINALNI Č LANAK UDC: ]: Proučavanje histogeneze enterohromafinolikih karcinoida u autoimunskom atrofijskom gastritisu udruženim sa pernicioznom anemijom Study on histogenesis of enterochromaffin-like carcinoid in autoimmune atrophic gastritis associated with pernicious anemia Lana Mačukanović-Golubović*, Vuka Katić, Gorana Rančić, Mladen Milenović*, Goran Marjanović*, Zoran Golubović* Medicinski fakultet, *Klinika za hematologiju, Institut za patologiju, Institut za histologiju sa embriologijom, Niš Apstrakt Uvod/Cilj. Autoimunski atrofijski gastritis korpusne sluznice (Agastritis) dovodi do perniciozne anemije (PA) i promena u epitelnim i endokrinim ćelijama sluznice želuca. Najvažnije komplikacije su: ahlorhidrija, hipergastrinemija, želudačni karcinom i karcinoidni tumori porekla enterohromafinolikih ( ECL) endokrinih ćelija. Cilj rada bio je citohemijsko i imunocitohemijsko proučavanje histogeneze ECL karcinoida u autoimunskom atrofijskom gastritisu udruženim sa pernicioznom anemijom. Metode. Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo 65 bolesnika sa PA i 30 bolesnika kontrolne grupe u periodu godine. Patohistološka proučavanja vršena su na endoskopskim biopsijama sluznice želuca (po četiri iz korpusa i antruma želuca) fiksiranim u 10% rastvoru formaldehida. Parafinski preseci debljine 4 μm bojeni su sledećim metodama: klasičnom hematoksilin-eozin (HE), histohemijskom AB-PAS (ph 2,5), citohemijskom argirofilnom metodom po Sevier-Mungeru za otkrivanje ECL ćelija i imunocitohemijskom PAP tehnikom za otkrivanje G ćelija u antrumu želuca i antitela na hromogranin A specifični marker za neuroendokrine ECL ćelije. G i ECL ćelije kvantifikovane su na 20 vidnih polja, površine od 0, mm 2 po jednom vidnom polju. U serumu bolesnika određivane su bazalne vrednosti gastrina radioimmunoassay (RIA) metodom. Dobijeni rezultati su statistički obrađivani Studentovim t testom. Rezultati. Ustanovljena je hiperplazija gastrinskih ćelija u antrumu želuca i ECL ćelija u korpusu želuca bolesnika sa PA koja je bila različite forme od proste, linearne, mikronodusne, do slike intramukoznog ECL karcinoida. Prosečan broj G ćelija bio je statistički značajno viši u grupi sa PA u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (p < 0,05), kao i prosečan broj ECL ćelija (p < 0,001). Zaključak. Hipergastrinemija indukuje hiperplaziju ECL ćelija i nastajanje korpusnih ECL karcinoida, a njihova histogeneza ide preko proste, linearne i adenomatoidne hiperplazije. Ključne reči: gastritis, atrofijski; anemija, perniciozna; autoimunske bolesti; karcinoid; enterohromafine ćelije; histološke tehnike. Abstract Background/Aim. Autoimmune atrophic fundic gastritis induces the pernicious anemia (PA), as well as the changes in both epithelium and endocrine cells of gastric mucosa. The most important complications are: achlorhydria, hypergastrinemia, gastric cancer and enterochromaffin-like ( ECL) carcinoid.the aim of this study was to examine ECL carcinoid histogenesis in A-gastritis associated with PA. Methods. During the period from , 65 patients with PA and 30 patients of the control group were examined. Histopathological examination was done in endoscopical biopsies of gastric mucosa fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Paraffin sections were stained with classic hematoxylin-eosin (HE); histochemical AB-PAS (ph 2.5), cytochemical argyrophilic Servier-Munger s and immunocytochemical PAP methods for G cell identification and chromogranin A antibodies - specific marker for neuroendocrine ECL cells. Both G and ECL cells were counted per 20 fields, of surface mm 2 by a field. Basal gastrin serum levels were also examined by using radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. The obtained results were statisticaly calculated by using Student s t test. Results. Marked antral G cell hyperplasia associated with corporal ECL hyperplasia was found. ECL cell hyperplasia was of simplex, linear, adenomatoid type to the pattern of intramucous ECL cell carcinoid. An average number of G cells was statistically significant in the patients with PA as compared to the control group (p < 0.05) as well as an average number of ECL cells. Conclusion. We concluded that antral G cell hyperplasia accompanied by gastrinemia induces ECL hyperplasia and ECL corporal carcinoid in A-gastritis and that their histogenesis develops trough simple, linear and adenomatoide hyperplasia. Key words: gastritis, atrophic; anemia, pernicious; autoimmune diseases; carcinoid tumor; enterochromaffin cells; histological techniques. Correspondence to: Lana Mačukanović-Golubović, Medicinski fakultet, Klinika za hematologiju, Bulevar Zorana Đinđića 48, Niš, Srbija. Tel.: golubovicz@bankerinter.net

2 Strana 544 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Volumen 64, Broj 8 Uvod Enterohromafinolike (ECL) neuroendokrine ćelije najbrojnije su endokrine ćelije u korpusnoj sluznici želuca. Spadaju u grupu argirofilnih ćelija jer se intenzivno boje argirofilnim metodama tipa Grimeliusa i Sevier-Mungera 1 3. Po veličini su manje od G ćelija, nepravilnog su oblika, malobrojne u vratnoj regiji žlezda, odsutne u foveolama i pokrovnom epitelu, a najgušće u donjoj trećini sluznice želuca 1 3. Naziv ECL potiče od Hakansona i Owmana koji su, pored izuzetno retkih EC ćelija u sluznici korpusnog segmenta želuca, zapazili brojne enterohromafine ćelije koje ne sadrže serotonin i kateholamine, ali sa sposobnošću da ih sintetišu, ukoliko im se ubrizgaju prekursori tipa 5-hidroksitriptofana ili L-dope 3. Ćelije ECL su zatvorenog tipa, tj. ne kontaktiraju sa žlezdanim lumenom, već su pokrivene pretežno glavnim, a u manjoj meri i parijetalnim ćelijama 3. S obzirom da su ECL ćelije u prisnom kontaktu sa bazalnom membranom žlezda oko kojih se nalaze nervni završeci i kapilari, pretpostavlja se da je njihova aktivnost stimulisana impulsima iz ovih struktura 4. Funkcija ECL ćelija nedovoljno je poznata, kao i peptida koji je deponovan u njihovim intenzivno argirofilnim granulama. Poslednjih godina ističe se sinteza i sekrecija histamina i u ECL ćelijama ljudi, pankreastatina, a verovatno i drugih još uvek neotkrivenih peptida i faktora rasta 1, 5. Na sintezu i sekreciju histamina utiču gastrin, acetilholin i ciklaza-aktivišući peptid iz hipofize 1. Hiperplazija ECL ćelija, ređe karcinoidni tumori, saopšteni su kod bolesnika sa pernicioznom anemijom (PA) i hipergastrinemijom. Sinhrona hiperplazija antralnih G ćelija i korpusnih ECL ćelija objašnjena je njihovom povećanom funkcijom, pre svega u sintezi i sekreciji histamina, a kao posledica povećane aktivnosti histidin-dekarboksilaze od strane povišenih nivoa gastrina u serumu 1, 4. Cilj ovog rada bio je citohemijsko i imunocitohemijsko proučavanje histogeneze ECL karcinoida u autoimunskom atrofijskom gastritisu udruženim sa PA. Metode Bolesnici sa autoimunskim atrofijskim gastritisom i PA (n = 65), ispitivani su u Klinici za hematologiju u periodu godine. Kontrolnu grupu činilo je 30 bolesnika sa dispepsijskim sindromom i normalnim patohistološkim nalazom želudačne sluznice. Bolesnici sa PA imali su A-gastritis gradus III (korpusne žlezde difuzno su zamenjene intestinalnom metaplazijom). Kod svih bolesnika rađen je endoskopski pregled, uz istovremeno uzimanje biopsija antralnog i korpusnog segmenta želuca, po četiri iz svake regije. Fiksacija je obavljena u 10% rastvoru formaldehida u trajanju od 12 h. Nakon obrade u autotehnikonu dobijeni su parafinski kalupi. Laboratorijski preseci, debljine 4 μm, deparafinisani su, dovedeni do vode i bojeni sledećim metodama: klasična hematoksilin-eozin (HE) za patohistološko ispitivanje sluznice želuca i verifikaciju intestinalne metaplazije, histohemijska Alcian Blue Periodic Acid Schiff (AB-PAS) za ispitivanje tipa mucina; citohemijska argirofilna metoda po Sevier-Mungeru, za otkrivanje ECL endokrinih ćelija, imunocitohemijska Peroxidaseantiperoxidase complex (PAP) tehnikom, uz korišćenje anti-gastrinskog antitela u razblaženju 1 : 100 (Dakopat, Kopenhagen) za otkrivanje G ćelija u antrumu želuca i antitela na hromogranin A (razblaženje 1 : 50), markera za neuroendokrine ECL ćelije. Neuroendokrine ćelije G i ECL analizirane su na 20 vidnih polja; površina jednog vidnog polje iznosila je 0, mm 2. Nivo serumskog gastrina analiziran je radioimmunoasay (RIA) metodom. Statistička obrada podataka vršena je korišćenjem mera centralne tendencije (aritmetička sredina i standardna devijacija) i Studentovim t testom. Rezultati Histološko ispitivanje sluznice želuca pokazalo je kod A-gastritisa gradus III prisustvo intestinalne metaplazije (IM), difuzno u sluzokoži korpusa želuca. Kod 35% bolesnika zapaženo je prisustvo IM sa displazijom (slika 1). U celoj debljini lamine proprie sluznice želuca nađen je gust limfoplazmocitni infiltrat, a ređe (12% površine) evidentni su i pravi limfni folikuli sa hiperplastičnim germinativnim centrima. Sl. 1 Displastična intestinalna metaplazija i gust mononukleusni infiltrat u lamini proprii sluznice želuca (HE, 400 ) Sluznica antruma pošteđena je zapaljenja, uz proširenje regenerativne neck zone. Histohemijsko ispitivanje epitelnih mucina u korpusnoj sluzokoži želuca pokazalo je da su neutralni mucini prisutni samo u pokrovnom epitelu kontrolne grupe. Kod bolesnika sa atrofijskim gastritisom teškog stepena i PA, kvalitativne promene bile su evidentne zbog difuzne intestinalne metaplazije. Naime, kako u resicama, tako i u celoj dubini sluznice peharaste ćelije intestinalnog tipa (gobled cell type) bile su ispunjene kiselim mucinima, tj. sijalomucinima. U antrumu želuca kontrolne grupe i bolesnika sa A- gastritisom i normalnom sluznicom bili su prisutni neutralni mucini (fukomucini) u pokrovnom epitelu i pilorusnim žlezdama.

3 Volumen 64, Broj 8 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Strana 545 Citohemijsko ispitivanje ECL ćelija u kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika pokazalo je da su ECL ćelije lokalizovane u donjoj trećini korpusne sluznice, a izrazito retke u vratnoj regiji žlezda. Njihov broj kretao se od 1 3 po korpusnoj žlezdi. Foveole i pokrovni epitel bili su bez ovih ćelija. ECL ćelije su male, ovoidnog ili vretenastog oblika, sa kratkim produžecima i okruglim jedrima. Poput drugih ćelija closed tipa i ove ćelije nemaju direktan kontakt sa žlezdanim lumenom, već su uglavljene između bazalne membrane i parijetalnih ćelija (slika 2). argirofiliju sa gustim crnim konfluentnim granulama u citoplazmi (slika 3). U jednom slučaju sa najvišim vrednostima gastrina u serumu, nađena je intramukozna lokalizacija karcinoida (slika 4). Imunocitohemijsko ispitivanje G ćelija kod kontrolne grupe, sa pošteđenim antrumom pokazalo je da su G ćelije lokalizovane u srednjem delu antralne mukoze, između bazalne membrane i lumena žlezda (slika 5). Imale su trouglasti, ovoidni ili piriformni oblik, svetlo jedro manje od egzokrinih ćelija. U citoplazmi su deponovane granule tamno braon boje (slika 5). U normalnoj korpusnoj sluzokoži G ćelije nisu bile prisutne. Sl. 4 Intramukozni karcinoid enterohromafinolikih ćelija (Sevier-Munger, 200 ) Sl. 2 Retke argirofilno-pozitivne enterohromafinolike ćelije zatvorenog tipa (Sevier-Munger, 400 ) Kod bolesnika sa PA bila je prisutna hiperplazija različitog stepena i tipa počevši od proste, linearne i adenomatoidne hiperplazije koja se manifestuje povećanim brojem ECL ćelija kao i ekspanzijom do lamine epitelialis sluznice želuca (slika 3). Istovremeno su ECL ćelije pokazivale intenzivnu Sl. 5 Lokalizacija G ćelija u gastričnoj srednjoj foveolnoj zoni (PAP, 200 ) Sl. 3 Linearni tip enterohromafinolike hiperplazije (Sevier-Munger, 400 ) Kod svih bolesnika sa PA bila je prisutna hiperplazija G ćelija u antrumu, ali se G ćelijska zona širila na najdublje delove pilorusnih žlezda, kao i na superficijalne delove foveolnog epitela. U slučaju adenomatoidnog bujanja G ćelija markantan je bio njihov venačni raspored duž čitave bazalne membrane. Mikromorfološki aspekt ovih ćelija bio je očuvan u hipercelularnim područjima, ali je hormonski depozit bio izrazito smanjen, a samim tim i imunoenzimski depoziti bledo braon boje (slika 6). Za razliku od kontrolne korpusne mukoze u kojoj nema G ćelija, kod bolesnika sa PA i difuznom intestinalnom metaplazijom, G ćelije bile su prisutne. Imunocitohemijskom metodom, uz korišćenje neuroendokrinog markera tipa hromogranina A, verifikovana je adenomatoidna hiperplazija ECL ćelija u korpusnoj sluznici bolesnika sa PA (slika 7). Morfometrijskom analizom G ćelija dobijena srednja vrednost broja G ćelija kontrolne grupe na površini od 0, mm 2 (jedno vidno polje) iznosila je 44,37.

4 Strana 546 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Volumen 64, Broj 8 Diskusija Sl. 6 Markantna hiperplazija G ćelija u pilorusnim žlezdama (PAP, 200 ) Sl. 7 Intenzivna ekspresija hromogranina A u adenomatoidnoj hiperplaziji enterohromafinolikih ćelija (PAP, 400 ) Srednja vrednost broja G ćelija kod bolesnika sa PA na površini od 0, mm 2 (jedno vidno polje) iznosila je 5,64. Primenom Studentovog t testa nađena je značajna razlika između broja G ćelija kontrolne grupe i grupe sa PA (p < 0,05). Morfometrijskom analizom ECL ćelija dobijena srednja vrednost broja ECL ćelija kontrolne grupe na površini od 0, mm 2 (jedno vidno polje) iznosila je 17,53. Srednja vrednost broja ECL ćelija bolesnika sa PA na površini od 0, mm 2 (jedno vidno polje) iznosila je 35,13. Primenom Studentovog t testa nađena je značajna razlika u broju ECL ćelija između kontrolne grupe i grupe sa PA (p < 0,001). Kod svih ispitanika određivane su vrednosti gastrina u serumu. Srednja vrednost gastrina u serumu kontrolne grupe iznosila je 78,4 pg/ml, a srednja vrednost gastrina u serumu bolesnika sa PA bila je 950 pg/ml. Primenom Studentovog t testa nađena je značajna razlika između vrednosti gastrina kontrolne grupe i grupe sa PA (p < 0,001). A-gastritis zahvata korpus i/ili fundus difuzno, dok je antrum pošteđen zapaljenja, ali ne uvek 6. Antiparijetalna antitela i nivoi gastrina u serumu povišeni su, a aciditet izrazito smanjen do ahlorhidrije 7. Antitela na unutrašnji faktor takođe su pozitivna i specifičnija. Kod 16% bolesnika sa A- gastritisom razvija se PA u intervalu od osam godina 8. U atrofičnom gastritisu gradus III korpusna sluznica se zamenjuje intestinalnom metaplazijom koja predstavlja faktor rizika za nastajanje želudačnog karcinoma 6. Uz to, ahlorhidrija i množenje bakterija koje učestvuju u stvaranju karcinogena tipa nitrozamina takođe pogoduju razvoju želudačnog karcinoma 8. Na našem materijalu nađena je nezrela, tj. displastična intestinalna metaplazija kod 35%, a registrovan je i adenokarcinom, lokalizovan u korpusnom delu želuca kod jednog slučaja. Tri puta veći rizik za nastajanje adenokarcinoma koji je udružen sa PA i A-gastritisom saopštili su i drugi autori 2. Ahlorhidrija i pošteđen antrum, kada je zapaljenje u pitanju, objašnjavaju markantnu G ćelijsku hiperplaziju u antrumu i izraženu hipergastrinemiju 7, 9, 10. Mnogo ređi tip želudačnog karcinoma, udružen sa PA, je difuzni signet ring cell tip karcinoma. Njegovo nastajanje dovodi se u vezu sa hiperplazijom neuroendokrinih ECL ćelija 11, 12. Navedena sugestija zasnovana je na kolokalizaciji neuroendokrinih markera tipa hromogranina A, sinaptofizina i histidindekarboksilaze, s jedne strane, i PAS pozitivnih gastričnih mucina, s druge 11, 13. Kod bolesnika sa PA istaknut je 13 puta veći rizik za nastajanje neuroendokrinih tumora tipa gastričnih ECL karcinoida Ćelijski ECL karcinoidi nastaju u korpusnoj sluznici ili u fundusu. Oni su podeljeni na tri tipa 17. Tip I udružen je sa autoimunskim hroničnim atrofičnim gastritisom, što je istaknuto i u našem radu. Drugi tip je udružen sa multiplom endokrinom neoplazijom tip I (MEN-I) i sa Zollinger- Ellisonovim sindromom 18. Tip III je sporadičan i nije udružen sa hipergastrinemijom ni sa atrofičnim A-gastritisom. Prema našim rezultatima ECL ćelijski karcinoid pripada tipu I i malih je neupadljivih dimenzija, dok je mikroskopski zapažena njegova multicentričnost. Kod drugih bolesnika, nađen je različit stepen i tip ECL ćelijske hiperplazije počev od proste, linearne, pa sve do adenomatoidne hiperplazije 7, 19. Chen i sar. 10 eksperimentno su potvrdili proliferaciju endokrinih ćelija želuca, posle hronične supresije sinteze i sekrecije hlorovodonične kiseline antagonistima histaminskih H-1 receptora. Prosta hiperplazija karakteriše se povećanim brojem ECL ćelija (> 3 u jednoj korpusnoj žlezdi) 20. Linearna hiperplazija karakteriše se množenjem ECL ćelija duž cele bazalne membrane izmenjenih korpusnih žlezda. Kod adenomatoidne hiperplazije upadljivi su solidni mikronodulusi, prečnika mm, poznati još kao mikrokarcinoidi 20. Povećanjem mikrokarcinoida, nastajanjem celularne atipije i cepanjem bazalne membrane nodulusi formiraju karcinoidne tumore, lobularne ili trabekularne građe, veće od 0,5 cm u prečniku, što je potvrđeno i u našem radu. Tip I karcinoidi multipli su kod 57% slučajeva, često polipoidni, ograničeni u mukozi ili, češće, njihova je lokalizacija u submukozi. Patohistološki, tip I ECL ćelijski karcinoidi su mali,

5 Volumen 64, Broj 8 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Strana 547 mikrolobularni ili trabekularni, sa regularnim monomorfnim jedrima, neupadljivim nukleolusima, skoro odsutnim mitozama i ružičastom citoplazmom. Specifična metoda za verifikaciju ECL endokrinih ćelija argirofilna je metoda po Sevier-Mungeru, bojeći argirofilne citoplazmatske granule tamno braon do crno 21. Ove ćelije pokazuju pozitivnu imunoreaktivnost na neuroendokrini marker hromogranin A, uz istovremeno odsustvo reaktivnosti na argentafini test, što je specifična karakteristika neuroendokrinih EC ćelija 13, Naziv karcinoid odnosi se na noduluse koji su veći od 0,5 cm ili koji zahvataju i submukozu. U cilju bolje diferencijacije hiperplazije od karcinoidnih tumora istaknut je značaj autonomnog rasta tumora u odnosu na nivoe gastrina, a u vezi sa autonomnim rastom i prisustvo CCN2, mitogenog faktora rasta, samo u ECL karcinoidima 24, 25, dok je njegovo odsustvo evidentno u ECL ćelijama 12. Kada je u pitanju agresivnost tumora, Rindi i sar. 15 istakli su benigne i maligne karakteristike karcinoidnih tumora porekla ECL ćelija. U slučaju benigne varijante, tumor je ograničen na mukozu/submukozu, bez angioinvazije, manji je od 1 cm u prečniku, nije funkcionalan i otkriva se često u hroničnom atrofijskom gastritisu i MEN-u I. Agresivni karcinoidi infiltrišu tunicu muscularis i dublje delove zida, veći su od 1 cm, angioinvazivni, funkcionalni, javljajući se sporadično. Za polipoidne tipove karcinoida, manje od 1 cm, oko 3 5 u broju, udružene sa A-gastritisom, endoskopska ekscizija ima odličnu prognozu. Ukoliko su veći od 1 cm, u većem broju od pet, predlaže se antrektomija, uz lokalnu eksciziju svih prisutnih tumora 26, 27. U slučaju gastrointestinalnog krvarenja kod ovih bolesnika preporučuju se transfuzije krvi 28. Pored dugo poznate sinteze histamina u ECL ćelijama i aktiviranja histidin-dekarboksilaze gastrinom neophodne za sintezu histamina, sinteza i sekrecija peptidnog hormona u ECL ćelijama još je uvek nedovoljno poznata 9. Novi podaci ističu da ECL ćelije sintetišu pankreastatin, urogvanilin, različite faktore rasta, a verovatno i druge peptidne hormone 1, 29. Otkriće ghrelina (28-amino kiselinski acetilisani peptid) u endokrinim ćelijama korpusnih žlezda prvobitno je smatrano produktom ECL ćelija. Kasnije, dokazano je njegovo prisustvo u neuroendokrinim ćelijama korpusnih žlezda koje se razlikuju od ECL, EC i D ćelija, a nazvane su X/A-like ćelijama 30, 31 i čine 20% endokrine populacije u korpusu želuca. Sinteza ghrelina otkrivena je i u drugim delovima digestivnog sistema, u arkuatnom nukleusu hipotalamusa, u bubregu, pa čak i u placenti 32. Vrednosti ghrelina povišene su u serumu kod A-gastritisa i neuroendokrinih tumora želuca i creva 19, 33. Ovi nalazi sugerišu da određivanje vrednosti ghrelina može da posluži u dijagnostici atrofičnog A-gastritisa i gastrointestinalnih tumora neuroendokrinog porekla. Zaključak Hipergastrinemija indukuje nastajanje korpusnih ECL karcinoida čija histogeneza predstavlja višestepeni proces koji se odvija preko proste, linearne i adenomatoidne hiperplazije. L I T E R A T U R A 1. Solcia E, Rindi G, Buffa R, Fiocca R, Capella C. Gastric endocrine cells: types, function and growth. Regul Pept 2000; 93(1 3): Katić V. Endocine cells in gastric mucosa. In: Katić V, editor. Pathology of gaster. Beograd: Medicinska knjiga; p (Serbian) 3. Katić V, Novaković R, Vukašinović R, Kutlešić Č. Study of gastric and enterochromaffin-like endocrine cells in gastric mucosa of patients with peptic ulcer. Gastroenterohepatologic Archive 1984; 4: (Serbian) 4. Bordi C, D'Adda T, Azzoni C, Pilato FP, Caruana P. Hypergastrinemia and gastric enterochromaffin-like cells. 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