Alkenes. IB Chemistry Topic 10.2
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1 Alkenes IB Chemistry Topic 10.2
2 What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes? Which do you think would be more reactive?
3 The relationship between the number of bonds, bond length and bond strength The more pairs of electrons that are shared between two atoms (bonds) in a molecule will make: the attraction between the atoms stronger the distance between the atoms shorter Length nm Strength (kj mol-1) C-O C-C C=O C=C C C Then why are alkenes MORE reactive than alkanes???
4 Order of Reactivity Alkynes>Alkenes>Alkanes It requires less energy to break ONE of the bonds in a C=C double bond than to break a C-C single Bond Ex. Energy to break ONE bond from a C=C: 657/2 = kjmol -1 vs 348 kjmol -1 of a C-C bond Length nm Strength (kj mol-1) C-O C-C C=O C=C C C Ex. Energy to break ONE bond from a C C 908/3 = kjmol -1
5 Reactions of Alkenes: The general overview Alkenes react with many substances to form a new substance. Catalysts, acids or other substances may be required to complete the reaction: C 2 H 4 + XY CH 2 X CH 2 Y Process occurs by breaking the double bond.
6 Addition Reactions An addition reaction occurs when atoms are added to a molecule There are different types of addition reactions: Hydrogenation Bromination / chlorination Hydration Polymerization
7
8 Reactions of Alkenes: with hydrogen Alkenes react hydrogen gas to create an alkane, using nickel as a catalyst at 150ºC: C 2 H 4 + H 2 CH 3 CH 3
9 Reactions of Alkenes: with halogens Alkenes react readily with chlorine or bromine to create a di-halogeno-alkane: C 2 H Cl 2 CH 2 Cl CH 2 Cl
10 Reactions of Alkenes: with hydrogen halogens Alkenes react readily with hydrogen halides to create a halogeno-alkane: C 2 H 4 + HBr CH 3 CH 2 Br
11 Reactions of Alkenes: with water Alkenes do not react readily with water. If concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst, an alcohol will be created : C 2 H 4 + H 2 O CH 3 CH 2 OH Remember that H 2 O is the same as HOH, which can be dissociated into H+ and OH-
12 Distinguish between alkanes and alkenes using bromine water. Bromine water (a red liquid) tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes) Alkanes (cyclohexane) stay yellow/orange no reaction Alkenes (cyclohexene) turn clear / colourless because of reaction with unsaturated hydrocarbon
13 Distinguish between alkanes and alkenes using bromine water. The Fuse School: annotation_ &feature=iv&src_vid=1r 9aYS4Ndac&v=qEm-CaqhcOs
14 Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization Mono- = one -mer = part Poly- = many So if several monomers are connected (think Lego s), you get a???
15 Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization Naming polymers: put poly- in front of the name of the monomer There are 3 polymerization reactions that we will look at as examples: 1. Polyethene 2. Polychloroethene 3. Polypropene
16 Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization: Polyethene Monomer: ethene (aka ethylene), CH 2 =CH 2 Conditions: Temp: 200º C Pressure: 2000 atm Initiator: O 2
17 Polyethene Undergoes additions reactions with itself to make a chain n CH 2 =CH 2 [-CH 2 -CH 2 -] n
18 Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization: Polychloroethene Each chloroethene contains 1 chlorine Therefore when the chloroethene molecules polymerize, every other carbon will bond to 1 chlorine This is PVC
19
20 Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization: Polypropene + =
21 Reactions of Alkenes: Polymerization: Types Addition: All of the examples we ve seen are classified as Addition Polymerization vs. Condensation The Fuse School: 0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV&index=3
22 Reactions of Alkenes: A Hint Draw the structure of your alkene so that the C=C is in the middle and the other parts bond above and below the carbons. For example. A polymer of but-2-ene should look like: + =
23 Reactions of Alkenes: Practice Draw the structure for 7 units of Poly-2-chloropropene.
24 Uses of alkene products Ethene can be used for a variety of purposes: Steam ethanol Polymerize polyethene React with chlorine chloroethene which interacts with ethanol PVC React with benzene phenylethene (styrene) which interacts with ethanol polystyrene
25 Economic importance of the reactions of alkenes Making margarine Hydrogenation (addition of H) of vegetable oils (alkenes)
26 Making ethanol Ethene + water Alcoholic beverages or use as fuel
27 Making plastics Teflon Tetrafluoroethene PVC Polychloroethene
28 Teflon non-stick pans
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