Proteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life
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1 Proteins Biomolecules Nucleic Acids The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Lipids
2 Biomolecules are 1. Organic molecules that are (at least 1 Carbon molecule and often chains of Carbon) They all contain. Examples of organic molecules: (CH 4 ) (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). What about CO 2? 1. They make up living organisms
3 Chemistry of Living Things Organic Compounds: Molecules that are found in living things. Organic compounds contain carbon. Why Carbon? With an atomic number of, carbon has valence (outer) electrons, in the 2 nd energy level which holds 8 electrons. Because it needs to share electrons to be stable, it can form with a wide variety of elements and form complex molecules.
4 Biomolecules 1. Basic Molecule:, (sugars), (Fats), (DNA, RNA) 2. Macromolecule: molecules consisting of bonded smaller molecules. They are also called (poly = many) Ex: Starch is a macromolecule Made of many glucoses bonded Together.
5 Biomolecules 1. Subunits: The molecules that are the of macro molecules that make up starch or cellulose that make up Proteins and make up lipids
6 Simple vs. Complex sugars Simple sugars: Monosaccharide: Carbohydrate DRAW THIS MOLECULE Of GLUCOSE: C 6 H 12 O 6 We will focus on glucose: The basic
7 Simple Sugars:Carbohydrates Simple Sugars: Two Sugars Examples: -Sucrose (table sugar)= Glucose + Fructose Maltose= Glucose + Glucose
8 Complex sugars: Polysaccharide =Complex Sugar. Starch : has of glucoses (sugars) bonded together. Cellulose: Makes up the of plant cells. Also made from glucose. Ruminants (cattle, sheep) can digest both cellulose and glucose. Humans can digest starch, but not cellulose WHY?
9 Polysaccharides Glycogen: Animals carbohydrates ( ) in the form of glycogen; similar in form to starch. Why? This is why
10 Functions of simple and complex carbohydrates Functions: Cells use carbohydrates as their Simple sugars can be used by cells to get the energy they need. Complex carbs need to be to be absorbed and used. The slow breakdown allow organisms to use energy since it is stored in a large structure. (like the Bank) Plants use for their cell wall which provides structure and support.
11 Proteins Made of Chains Amino Acids are bonded through a bond
12 Each ball is An Amino Acid. Bonded by Peptide Bonds There are Amino Acids
13 Protein Function 1. Building material: (collagen),, (keratin) 2. Enzymes: Help with in the cells and body (catalyst) 3. Immunity: make up 4. Other specific functions such as Hemoglobin: carry in red blood cells Communication between cells: Receptors,, cell recognition
14 Examples of Protein Structures The shape of protein is important to its. Enzyme: Structure
15 Enzymes are involved in nearly all metabolic processes: Example: Digesting Releasing energy Synthesis Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins into amino acids.
16 The 3-dimensional shape of a protein is important for its. Under certain conditions, a protein may become and will not be able to perform its function. This unfolding of a protein is called.
17 Lipids (Fats) A common lipid is made of chains connected to a
18 Lipids (Fats) Glycerol: a type of. The of Fats. 3 Fatty acid chains: Long chains of & Saturated=as many hydrogens bonded as possible ( at Room Temp.) Unsaturated= C and C bonds can be double which decreases the amount of bonded and the chain (usually at Room Temp.)
19 Lipids (Fats) Functions The main energy storing molecule in the body because of the high of to bonds which store more energy than other bonds Why are bonds important? Lipids store more energy than any other biomolecule Cal/gram = lipids Cal/gram = carbohydrates and proteins
20 Lipids (Fats) Functions and Main molecule of the Make up some ( ) molecule for energy
21 ?Questions? What type of bond connects Amino Acids? What are common lipids composed of? What are three types of carbohydrates? What is the subunit for polysaccharides? What are the four types of elements that make up biomolecules?
22 Nucleic Acids Composed of subunits called. There are 2 Types of Nucleic Acids and. Stores hereditary information in the cell by the order of the bases.
23 Synthesis of Polymers: Condensation Reactions Many polymers are built by reactions called. An group from one subunit is linked with a on the other subunit, forming. The subunits are linked covalently together.
24 When 2 amino acids are linked together by a reaction, the bond is called a.
25 Breaking down Polymers: Hydrolysis Reactions When sugars, proteins or lipids are broken down into their subunits, the opposite process occurs. is used in this process to break apart the polymer, so it is called a. ( = water, = to break)
26 Energy Storage in Biomolecules Energy is stored in the bonds of biomolecules Some bonds can store more energy than others. For Biomolecules, carbon bonded to carbon can store more energy than others. The higher the percentage of carbon to carbon bonds, the more energy that can be stored for the same amount.
27 Energy Storage Energy in biomolecules can be measured using units of food calories. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
28 Energy Storage For the same amount of each type of biomolecule below, which one has the most energy? Why? Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
29 Biomolecules and Energy Fats have 9 Calories per gram Proteins and Carbohydrates both have about 4 Calories per gram Fats can store more energy because of the large percentage of carbon to carbon bonds.
30 Application Question Our bodies and many other organisms store their long term excess energy as fat. What is the advantage of storing this energy as fat instead of complex carbohydrates?
31 Practice Questions Write the biomolecule (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) after the description of its function: 1. Help speed up reaction in cells by acting as enzymes 2. Provide insulation to our bodies 3. It is the main energy source for our cells 4. Stores genetic material to be passed onto new cells 5. It is used to make up cell walls in plants 6. It can store the most energy and is used for long term energy storage in animals 7. Act as building and support molecules such as connective tissue and hair.
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