ALGAE AS PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS. Dr. Izabela Michalak

Transcription

1 POLAND High value products from algae workshop Nottingham, 1 st November 2016 ALGAE AS PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Dr. Izabela Michalak

2 PROJECTS CONCERNING ALGAE MNiSW R MNiSW N N NCN 2012/05/D/ST5/03379 NCBiR PBS/1/A1/2/2012 New generation of biological feed supplements with microelements elaboration of method of production ( ) Technology of feed additives from seaweeds enriched with microelements via biosorption and bioaccumulation method ( ) Biologically active compounds in extracts from Baltic seaweeds ( ) Innovative technology of seaweed extracts components of fertilizers, feed and cosmetics ( ) NCN 2015/18/E/NZ9/00607 The effect of bioactive algae enriched by biosorption in the certain minerals such as Cr(III), Mg(II) and Mn(II) on the status of glucose in the course of metabolic syndrome horses. Evaluation in vitro and in vivo ( )

3 REVIEW PAPER ENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15,

4 Michalak and Chojnacka 2015; Eng Life Sci 15: ALGAE AS A SOURCE OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS * * Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Met, Leu, Ile, Lys, His

5 Michalak and Chojnacka 2015; Eng Life Sci 15: PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS In many papers, compounds that are responsible for these properties are not determined. Therefore, they should be isolated and fully characterized.

6 Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15, PROPERTIES PROPERTIES OF ALGAL OF ACTIVE PIGMENTS COMPOUNDS Target: Stapylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, E. faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexineri, Klebsiella pneumonia Target: Total antioxidant activity of the extract Reducing power of the extract: 1,1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay Target: Candida albicans Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus Colletotrichum lagenariu Target: ear derma (tests in mice) Target: Hepatitis A (HAV, Hep A) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV) Target: Human promyelocytic eukemia cell line Inhibition of the proliferation of human breast, lung cancer cells Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines

7 Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15, Components of algal cel wall Pre-treatment before extraction process (SP) SP - sulphated polysaccharides (SP) (SP) mechanical thermal physical chemical enzymatic Application: medicine, food (stuff), pharmaceutical industry (cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, as functional ingredients, such as stabilizers), agriculture

8 Dunaliella salina Application: natural colorants that can be applied in many products, e.g., as food pigments (in dairy products, beverages, etc.), as feed additives (e.g., aquaculture), as components of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15,

9 Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15, prevent damage to cellular components caused by ROS, eg. free radicals integral structural components of cell walls protection from UV radiation and oxidative damage

10 Cytokinins influence cell division and shoot formation. Auxins influence cell growth (cell enlargement), bud formation and root initiation. Gibberellins regulate growth and influence various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction and leaf and fruit senescence. Abscisic acid functions in many plant developmental processes, including bud dormancy. Is also produced in the roots in response to decreased soil water potential and other situations in which the plant may be under stress. Ethylene stimulates or regulates the ripening of fruit, the opening of flowers and the abscission of leaves. Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15,

11 Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15, Betaines organic osmolytes, substances synthesized or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration. Polyamine plays multiple roles in cell growth, survival and cell proliferation, are important chelating agents.

12 Michalak and Chojnacka, Eng. Life Sci. 2015, 15, (n-6) (n-3)

13 Web of Knowledge; February 02, 2016 e.g., extraction of microalgae in the topic Michalak, Chojnacka. Innovative technology of algal extracts obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction useful in the products for plants, animals and human. Nova Science Publishers, 2016, 1, THE NUMBER OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS FOCUSING ON THE EXTRACTION OF ALGAE IN THE LAST 36 YEARS Algal biomass/lipids are treated as a source of bioenergy. Lipid extraction from algae has the highest potential for upscaling and commercialization. The most promising area for the utilization of algal lipids is biodiesel production. Number of scientific papers (according to Web of Knowledge) : 793 papers lipids (62%) extraction of microalgae extraction of seaweed Years 1: ; 2: ; 3: ; 4: ; 5:

14 ALGAE AS A SOURCE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS According to the Web of Knowledge (

15 lipids L* fatty acids L polysaccharides L: lipids P: polysaccharides P-X: pigments xanthophyll P-C: pigments carotenoids P* antioxidants carotenoids P-C* alginate carotene fucoidan astaxanthin xanthophyll Number of papers polyphenols unsaturated fatty acids fucoxanthin According to the Web of Knowledge ( L plant hormones laminarin P P-C P P P-X P-X* P-X

16 OPPORTUNITY TO COMMERCIALIZE ALGAL COMPOUNDS The opportunity to commercialize algal biologically active compounds is to find appropriate method of their extraction. The choice of the method should depend on the nature of the extracted compound. The optimal process conditions (solvent, ph, temperature, pressure) might have a significant influence on the outcome of the extraction process. Michalak, Chojnacka. Marine Algae Extracts: Processes, Products, Applications 2015, 7,

17 AIM OF WORK Extract obtained by SFE is a concentrate of biologically active compounds in a solvent-free environment and is safe to plants, animals and humans.

18 NOVEL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM ALGAE Michalak and Chojnacka; Eng. Life Sci. 2014, 14,

19 Michalak and Chojnacka; Eng. Life Sci. 2014, 14, OPPORTUNITIES TO COMMERCIALISE ALGAL EXTRACTS One of the most promising future technique for the extraction of biologically active compounds is Supercritical Fluid Extraction. In a supercritical region (temperature T c =31 C and pressure p c =73 atm), CO 2 has properties of both liquid and gas. Above the critical point, it becomes a supercritical fluid. CO 2 is considered as a green solvent which is: non-toxic completely inflammable inexpensive easily separated from the extract (reduction of pressure)

20 Michalak and Chojnacka; Eng. Life Sci. 2014, 14, OPPORTUNITIES TO COMMERCIALISE ALGAL EXTRACTS Disadvantages of Supercritical Fluid Extraction. 1 High investment cost 2 Low polarity of supercritical CO 2 (nonpolar nature) 3 SC-CO 2 will not extract any polar substance (the addition of a polar solvent such as methanol or water to supercritical CO 2 allows it to extract polar compounds) 4 Labor-intensive step of sample processing

21 OPPORTUNITIES TO COMMERCIALISE ALGAL EXTRACTS Preparation of formulations containing supercritical algal extract for a given application

22 APPLICATION OF ALGAL EXTARCTS IN AGRICULTURE Supercritical algal extarct as a feed additive to the drinking water of laying hens REGULATION (EC) No 1831/2003 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. CHALLENGES Product registration according to the EFSA requirements

23 Kauffman et al., Crop Sci. 2007, 47, THE APPLICATION OF ALGAL PRODUCTS IN CULTIVATION OF PLANTS Biostimulants are materials, other than fertilisers, that promote plant growth when applied in low quantities.

24 APPLICATION OF ALGAL EXTARCTS IN AGRICULTURE Characteristics of supercritical algal extracts and analysis of their properties in the germination tests. Inorganic (macro- and microelements) and organic (plant hormones: auxins phenylacetic acid and cytokinins 6-benzylaminopurine; polyphenols) composition of SC algal extract Chlorophyll and carotenoid content in the cultivated plants (garden cress and wheat) Method (foliar, maceration) of algal extract application on plant growth Michalak et al., Eur. J. Phycol. 2016, 51:

25 Michalak et al., Front. Plant Sci. 2016; 7:1591. doi: /fpls APPLICATION OF ALGAL EXTARCTS IN AGRICULTURE 3-year field tests on winter wheat CHALLENGES Product registration. There are no specific regulations in many countries to control the use of algal extracts as products for plants biostimulants of plant growth This sector of biostimulants is still emerging and is still being defined.

26 CHALLENGES IN COMMERCIALISATION OF ALGAL PRODUCTS The choice of the appropriate source of algal biomass for the extraction Selection of the best method of extrcation of biologically active compounds from algae Detailed characteristics (the content of biologically active compounds) of the obtained algal extracts Increase the scale of the production The obligatory law intoduction of specific regulations to control the use of algal extracts as components of products

27 THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION Dr. Izabela Michalak Department of Advanced Material Technologies Faculty of Chemistry ;