Research Article Dietary Consumption of Virgin Coconut Oil Ameliorates Lipid Profiles in Diabetic Rats

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1 Physiology Journl, Article ID , 5 pges Reserch Article Dietry Consumption of Virgin Coconut Oil Ameliortes Lipid Profiles in Dibetic Rts A. M. Akinnug, 1 S. O. Jeje, 1 O. Bmidele, 2 ndv.e.sundy 1 1 Deprtment of Humn Physiology, Cross River University of Technology, Okuku Cmpus, Yl, Cross River Stte, Nigeri 2 Deprtment of Physiology, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun Stte, Nigeri Correspondence should be ddressed to A. M.Akinnug; kinnugkinjide@yhoo.com Received 24 August 214; Revised 12 September 214; Accepted 14 September 214; Published 29 September 214 Acdemic Editor: Gry Lopschuk Copyright 214 A. M. Akinnug et l. This is n open ccess rticle distributed under the Cretive Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is sturted ft with promising ntidibetic properties but its meliortive effect on lipid profiles in dibetics is rrely reported. Therefore, in this study, totl of fifteen (15) mle rts weighing 2 25 g were divided into 3 experimentl groups (n =5).GroupI(control)ndGroupII(dibeticcontrolgroup)werefednormlrtchowwhileGroupIII (dibetic test group) ws fed 1% VCO diet for 3 weeks. Group II nd Group III were mde dibetic by intrperitonel injection of 15 mg/kg of lloxn. After 72 hours of injection, blood glucose ws tested to confirm dibetes mellitus. After 3 weeks, the nimls were scrificed to collect blood smples for lipid profile nlysis. The results showed significnt increse in concentrtions of triglyceride, totl cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, nd very low density lipoprotein nd decrese in concentrtion of high density lipoprotein in Group II when compred to Group I. Also, the concentrtions of triglyceride, totl cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, nd very low density lipoprotein except high density lipoprotein significntly reduced in Group III when compred to Group II (P <.1,.1). VCO consumption cn be climed to meliorte lipid levels in dibetes mellitus. 1. Introduction Dibetes mellitus is the most common serious metbolic diseseinhumnwithhllmrkofnelevtedblood glucose concentrtion cused by number of biochemicl nd physiologicl ltertions [1]. It is chronic mence to the entire humn rce without ny cogent cure except mngement over some decdes now. It is estimted tht bout 3.2 million dibetes relted deths re reported nnully nd this condition is worst in developing countries where the number of people fflicted is expected to increse by 15% by the yer 23 [2]. However, it is metbolic disorder in which the level of blood glucose is persistently rised bove norml rnge (8 1 mg/dl) due to oxidtive stress which induces insulin resistnce in the peripherl tissues (type 2 dibetes mellitus) nd impirs insulin secretion from pncretic β-cells (type 1 dibetes mellitus). Furthermore, dibetes mellitus is chrcterized by excessive disturbnce of crbohydrtes, proteins nd lipid metbolism, nd thickening of cpillry bsement membrne throughout the body leding to long term complictions such s renl dysfunction, neuropthy, retinopthy, nd crdiovsculr problems. Interestingly, mong these complictions, crdiovsculr problems (especilly therosclerosis nd coronry rtery disese) re due to ltered plsm lipid nd lipoprotein levels which result from n ltered intermediry metbolism of serum lipids nd lipoproteins [3]. In ddition, the consumption of sturted ftty cid (SFA) including rich dietry vegetble oils such s coconut oil nd plm oil hs before now been discourged nd side effects of virgin coconut oil consumption hve been reported. This is due to the belief tht excess consumption of sturted fts under dibetes mellitus condition cn ccelerte the therosclerotic process but most of the recent investigtions conducted in nimls s well s humn beings contrdict clims tht coconut oil increses the risk of therosclerosis ndhertdisese[4, 5].

2 2 Physiology Journl Also, severl studies looking t popultions where virgin coconut oil is consumed in lrger quntities hve not found higher rtes of coronry rtery disese or elevted cholesterol level tht hve llince with dibetes nd other ilments [6]. Coconut oil is source of tocotrienols, cpric cid, cproic cid, nd luric cid which re nturl ntioxidnts. These substnces ct s scvengers of dmging oxygen free rdicls tht hve been suggested to ply n importnt role in ging, therosclerosis, cncer, nd dibetes mellitus [7, 8]. Therefore, due to the bove bckground, virgin coconut oil (VCO) is promoted s dietry supplement for people withvriousilmentssuchsdibetesmellitus.however, there hve been few forml scientific studies to vlidte its helth benefits; thus the need to investigte the meliortive effect of dietry consumption of coconut oil in dibetics where lipid profile is bnorml using niml model of type 1 dibetes mellitus s cse study is inevitble. 2. Mterils nd Methods 2.1. Plnt Preprtion of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Dry coconuts were purchsed from Gkem, Okuku, nd Bekwrr mrkets in the northern prt of Cross River Stte, Nigeri. The nuts were broken mnully; its met scrpped from the shell nd cut into smll piece using shrp pring knife. The cut pieces were grinded in grinding mchine into viscous slurry nd, therefter, squeezed through cheese cloth to obtin coconut milk which ws put into glss jrs. The glss jrs contining the squeezed coconut milk were left for t lest 24 hours to llow the coconut milk nd oil to seprte into lyer of curd which ppers t the top of the jrs. The jrs were refrigerted for 48 hours so tht the curd could hrden. Therefter, the curd ws scooped out nd discrded leving thepurevirginoilinthejrs.theobtinedvcowsdecnted intobottlewithplsticscrewcpndstoredtroom temperture for use in the present study. However, the preprtion of the 1% virgin coconut oil diet ws done by mixing nd mshing 1 g of virgin coconut oil with 9 g of norml rt chow until there ws homogeneity. The preprtion of the 1% virgin coconut oil mel ws done on regulr demnd [9] Experimentl Animls. Fifteen (15) mle Wistr rts weighing 2 25 g were used in this study. The rts were purchsed t the niml house of the Deprtment of Humn Physiology, Fculty of Bsic Medicl Sciences, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Okuku Cmpus, Nigeri. The nimls were kept in cges with suitble temperture, humidity, wter, nd norml rt chow for 2 weeks to cclimtize Experimentl Procedure. This work ws crried out on 3 groups of rts which comprise of Group I, norml control group (norml rts fed norml rt chow diet), Group II, dibetic control group (dibetic rts fed norml rt chow diet), nd Group III, dibetic test group (dibetic rts fed 1% virgin coconut oil diet); ech group contined 5 rts. The nimls in Group II nd Group III were induced with dibetes mellitus by injecting 15 mg/kg of lloxn (Sigm) dissolvedinnormlsline[1]viintrperitonelroute.after 72 hours of lloxn injection, blood smples were obtined t the til vein of the nimls nd the fsting blood glucose level were monitored nd determined vi Accu-CHEK Active glucometer. After dibetes induction, nimls in ech group were fed on different feed s stted bove for period of 3 weeks. However, ll experiments on the nimls were crried out in bsolute complince with ethicl guideline for reserch, cre, nd use of lbortory nimls Blood Smple Collection. At the end of the 3 weeks of feeding the nimls, blood smples were collected from the niml through crdic puncture into EDTA bottles fter nesthetizing the nimls with chloroform. The blood smples in the bottles were centrifuge t 3 revolutions for 1 minutes to obtin serum for lipid profile nlysis Lipid Profile Anlysis. Triglycerides (TG), totl cholesterol (TC), nd high density lipoprotein- (HDL-) cholesterol were evluted with commercilly vilble specilized kits from Rndox Lbortories Limited (UK) vi Jenwy Spectrophotometer, Models 645. The other lipid profiles such s very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) nd low-density lipoprotein- (LDL-) cholesterol were clculted ccording to Friedewld s formul [11]. VLDL-cholesterol = TG/5 nd LDL-cholesterol = TC VLDL-cholesterol HDL-cholesterol. 3. Results The results obtined were presented s the men ± stndrd errorofmen(sem)ndnlysedusingnlysisofvrince (ANOVA) with post-hoc test (lest significnt differences) through Sttistics Pckge for the Socil Sciences (SPSS) version 17. The results were considered significnt t P < Effect of VCO on TG. As shown in Figure 1, triglycerides levels were ± 4.3 mg/dl for control, ± 3.51 mg/dl for dibetic control, nd ± 3.38 mg/dl for dibetic rts fed VCO diet. The vlue for dibetic control ws significntly higher thn control (P >.5) whiletht of dibetic rts fed VCO diet ws not significnt when compred to control group. Also, the vlue for dibetic rts fed virgin coconut oil (VCO) diet ws significntly lower when compred to dibetic control group (P <.1) Effect of VCO on TC. The totl cholesterol level vried mong the three groups. The vlues were 19.5 ± 2.9 mg/dl for control, ± 5.7 mg/dl for dibetic control, nd ± 3.32 mg/dl for dibetic rts fed VCO diet. The vlues for dibetic control (P <.1) nd dibetic rts fed VCO diet (P <.1) were significntly higher thn the control group (P <.1)s shown in Figure 2. However, the vlue of the dibetic control group ws significntly higher thn tht of dibetic rts fed VCO diet (P <.1).

3 Physiology Journl 3 Trigyceride (mg/dl) Dibetics fed with VCO Dibetics fed with VCO Figure 1: Effects of virgin coconut oil on blood triglyceride levels in dibetic rts. Brs represent the men ± SEM; n=5. Significntly different from control group (P <.5), b significntly different from dibetic control group (P <.1). Totl cholesterol (mg/dl) Dibetics fed with VCO Dibetics fed with VCO Figure 2: Effects of virgin coconut oil on blood totl cholesterol levels in dibetic rts. Brs represent the men ± SEM; n = 5. Significntly different from control group (P <.1), b significntly different from dibetic control group (P <.1). c Significntly different from control group (P <.1) Effect of VCO on HDL. High density lipoprotein levels for control, dibetic control, nd dibetics fed VCO diet were ± 4.17 mg/dl, ± 3.17 mg/dl, nd ± 2.64 mg/dl, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, HDLlevels in dibetics fed VCO diet ws significnt when compred with dibetic control group (P <.5) but insignificnt when compred with the control group. Also, the vlue of the dibetic control group ws significntly lower thn tht of the control group nd dibetic rts fed VCO diet (P <.5) Effect of VCO on LDL. LDL levels vried mong ll the groups. The vlues for control, dibetic control, nd dibetic rts fed VCO diet were 48.3 ± 4.67 mg/dl, ± 3.66 mg/dl, nd ± 5.26 mg/dl, respectively. Figure 4 showed tht the LDL in the plsm of the dibetic control b b, c HDL (mg/dl) Dibetics fed with VCO b Dibetics fed with VCO Figure 3: Effects of virgin coconut oil on blood high density lipoprotein levels in dibetic rts. Brs represent the men ± SEM; n=5. Significntly different from control group (P <.5), b significntly different from dibetic control group (P <.5). group ws significntly higher thn the control group nd dibetic rts fed VCO diet (P <.1), while the plsm LDL in the dibetics fed VCO diet ws observed to be significntly higher when compred with the control group (P <.1) Effect of VCO on VLDL. VLDL levels were ±.86 mg/dl for control, 19.7 ±.7 mg/dl for dibetic control, nd ±.67 mg/dl for dibetics fed VCO diet (Figure 5). As shown in Figure5, the vlue for dibetic control ws significntly higher thn the control group (P <.5) nddibeticsfedvcodiet(p <.1). However, the vlue of the dibetics fed VCO diet ws insignificnt when compred with the control group. 4. Discussion Lipids, even though importnt to the body, cn be hrmful when bove norml. Reserches hd reveled tht people within the ges of 4 nd bove re prone to crdiovsculr disorder which rises from metbolic derngements (such s dibetes mellitus) ffecting crbohydrtes nd proteins [12, 13]. Hence, regulr determintion of lipid levels, proper dieting is prmount in preventing the prevlence of certin risk fctors ssocited with dibetes mellitus. From the result of this study, it ws evident tht there ws significnt increse in the concentrtion of TG, TC, LDL, nd VLDL, while there ws low level of HDL in dibetic control group when compred to the control group. This increse in TG, TC, LDL, nd VLDL nd decrese in HDL denotes n increse in the risk of crdiovsculr diseses ssocited with dibetes mellitus. However, it ws observed tht there ws decrese in the concentrtion of TG, TC, LDL, nd VLDL, while there ws n increse in the level of HDL in dibetics fed VCO diet when compred to dibetic control group. Therefore, it

4 4 Physiology Journl LDL (mg/dl) Dibetics fed with VCO b, c Dibetics fed with VCO Figure 4: Effects of virgin coconut oil on blood low density lipoprotein levels in dibetic rts. Brs represent the men ± SEM; n = 5. Significntly different from control group (P <.1), b significntly different from dibetic control group (P <.1). c Significntly different from control group (P <.1). VLDL (mg/dl) Dibetics fed with VCO b Dibetics fed with VCO Figure 5: Effects of virgin coconut oil on blood very low density lipoprotein levels in dibetic rts. Brs represent the men ± SEM; n = 5. Significntly different from control group (P <.5), b significntly different from dibetic control group (P <.1). is not unresonble to suggest tht virgin coconut oil (VCO) is therpeutic. The results of this study gree with previous studies which reported tht ingestion of virgin coconut oil s whole is ntitherogenic nd hypocholesterolemic [9, 14]. The reduction in the levels of TG, TC, LDL, nd VLDL by virgin coconut oil which in excess possess risks of ilments nd diseses is enough reson to clim tht VCO exerts protective effect in the mngement of dibetes mellitus in ddition to preventing crdiovsculr disese. However, the significnt increse in HDL level in dibetics fed VCO diet when compred to dibetics control group is considered protective ginst chronic hert diseses. One mechnism for this is the fct tht HDL plys vitl role in reversing cholesterol trnsport from extr heptic tissues to the liver for onwrd excretion in bile. Thus, reducing plsm cholesterol levels [3]. Moreover, number of studies hve suggested tht reduced LDL nd TC but incresed HDL levels hve improved survivl nd prevented hert ttcks in people with or without hert diseses [3, 6]. Therefore, since incresed LDL level which cuses therosclerosis tht results to crdiovsculr diseses in dibetics is seen to hve been reduced by VCO with significnt increse in the HDL, it cn be sid tht VCO is medicinl. However, VCO is mixture of severl biochemicls, including medium chin ftty cids, luric cid, cprylic cid, nd myristic cid, whose efficcy my hve resulted from the therpeutic nd ntioxidnt effects of these compounds. 5. Conclusion Hence, it cn therefore be deduced tht dietry consumption of virgin coconut oil (VCO) meliortes lipid profiles in dibetes mellitus. Conflict of Interests The uthors declre tht there is no conflict of interests regrding the publiction of this pper. References [1] W. F. Boron nd E. L. Boulpep, Medicl Physiology: A Cellulr nd Moleculr Approch, Elsevier Sunders, Phildelphi, P, USA, 25. [2] Hope 4 Dibetes, [3]R.K.Murry,D.A.Bender,K.M.Bothm,P.J.Kennelly,V. W. Rodwell, nd P. A. Weil, Hrper s Illustrted Biochemistry, McGrw-Hill, Sn Frncisco, Clif, USA, 28th edition, 29. [4] K. G. Nevin nd T. Rjmohn, Beneficil effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid prmeters nd in vitro LDL oxidtion, Clinicl Biochemistry,vol.37,no.9,pp ,24. [5]B.M.Kochikuzhyil,K.Devi,ndS.R.Fttepur, Effectof sturted ftty cid-rich dietry vegetble oils on lipid profile, ntioxidnt enzymes nd glucose tolernce in dibetic rts, Indin Journl of Phrmcology,vol.42,no.3,pp ,21. [6] R.LeendM.J.Blick, Plms,people,ndhelth, Explore,vol. 4,no.1,pp.59 62,28. [7] S. Schffer, W. E. Müller, nd G. P. Eckert, Tocotrienols: constitutionl effects in ging nd disese, The Journl of Nutrition,vol.135,no.2,pp ,25. [8]J.Kmsih,S.N.Aziz,S.T.Siew,ndI.S.Zhir, Chnges in serum lipid profile nd mlondildehyde following the consumption of fresh or heted red plm oil, Medicl Journl of Islmic Acdemy of Sciences,vol.14,no.2,pp.79 86,21. [9] M.I.Akpnbitu,I.B.Umoh,E.O.Udosen,A.E.Udoh,ndE. E. Edet, Rt serum electrolytes, lipid profile nd crdiovsculr ctivity on Nucle ltifoli lef extrct dministrtion, Indin Journl of Clinicl Biochemistry,vol.2,no.2,pp.29 34,25. [1] T. Szkudelski, The mechnism of lloxn nd streptozotocin ction in B cells of the rt pncres, Physiologicl Reserch,vol. 5,no.6,pp ,21.

5 Physiology Journl 5 [11] W. T. Friedewld, R. I. Levy, nd D. S. Fredrickson, Estimtion of the concentrtion of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plsm, without use of the preprtive ultrcentrifuge, Clinicl Chemistry,vol.18,no.6,pp ,1972. [12] O. P. Agrwl, Prevention of theromtous hert disese, Angiology,vol.36,no.8,pp ,1985. [13] H.-Y. Li, G.-X. Png, nd Z.-Z. Xu, Ter film function of ptients with type 2 dibetes, Act Acdemie Medicine Sinice.,vol.26,no.6,pp ,24. [14] S. Arunim nd T. Rjmohn, Virgin coconut oil improves heptic lipid metbolism in rts-compred with copr oil, olive oil nd sunflower oil, IndinJournlofExperimentlBiology, vol. 5, no. 11, pp , 212.

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