386 Index ARA (arachidonic acid) (cont.) in neural membranes, in neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, 313 aggressive disorders and cocaine addiction

Transcription

1 Index A Acrolein non-enzymic oxidation of ARA and, See also Enzymic oxidation Acute neural trauma, see Neurotraumatic disorders Acyl-CoA in brain, lysophospholipid acyltransferase (ALCAT), synthetases (ACSL), See also Brain glycerophospholipids; CoA Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), X-linked (X-ALD), See also Peroxisomal disorders Adrenomyeloneuropathy, 339 Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) receptor for (RAGE), 228 See also neurodegenerative diseases Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) DHA for treating, 340 See also Brain ageing; Peroxisomal disorders Aggressive disorders n 3 and n 6 fatty acids effect on, 313 See also Neuropsychiatric disorders Aging defined, 187 See also Brain aging ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) DHA biosynthesis in liver and, fish oil effects on brain, 367 in neurotraumatic disorders (spinal cord injury), 274 incorporation in glycerophospholipids, transport to brain, See also DHA (docosahexaenoic acid); EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) Alzheimer disease (AD) DHA importance in diet and, genetic and environmental factors, interactions among excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in, See also Parkinson disease (PD) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) DHA importance in diet and, See also Multiple sclerosis (MS) Antiarrythmic effects (fish oil), Antiatherosclerotic effects (fish oil), Anti-inflammatory effects (fish oil), Antisense oligonucleotides, Antithrombotic effects (fish oil), 13, 14 Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, See also Neurodegenerative diseases Apoptosis apoptotic cell death in neurodegenerative diseases, DHA role in modulation of, ARA (arachidonic acid) biosynthesis in liver, brain aging and, enzymic oxidation in brain cis-eet acids, 118 COX, eicosanoids in brain (TX), EPOX, lipoxins, LOX, fish oil effects on brain and, in ALS, 242 in ischemic injury,

2 386 Index ARA (arachidonic acid) (cont.) in neural membranes, in neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, 313 aggressive disorders and cocaine addiction, 313 DHA abnormalities levels, in neurotraumatic disorders spinal cord injury, 275 incorporation in glycerophospholipids, 60, 70 metabolism, unsolved problems of, antisense oligonucleotides development and RNAi, characterization of enzymes associated with metabolism, 374 receptors characterization for neuroprotectins and resolvins, non-enzymic oxidation in brain 4-HNE, acrolein, and malondialdehyde, isofurans, 128 isoprostanes, release from cpla 2, 92, transport of dietary ARA to brain, See also DHA (docosahexaenoic acid); n 6/n 3 ratio Arthritis DHA and, osteoarthritis, 352 psoriatic, 352 See also Non-neural disorders Atherosclerosis defined, 10 See also Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Multiple sclerosis (MS) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) n 3 fatty acids and n 6 fatty acids effect on, supplementation effect on (high doses EPA), 316 See also Neuropsychiatric disorders Autism alterations in, See also Neuropsychiatric disorders B BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), alterations in spinal cord injury, mediated signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders, TBI and, 276, 277 See also camp; Neurodegenerative diseases Biosynthesis n 3 fatty acids in liver ALA, DHA, EPA, 57 n 6 fatty acids in liver ARA, LA, Bipolar disorders alterations in, n 3 fatty acids and n 6 fatty acids effect on, 311, 312 supplementation effects, 315 See also Autism; Depression; Dyslexia; Schizophrenia Bleeding tendency n 3 fatty acids and, 24 See also Fish oil Blood pressure DHA deficiency in brain and, 208 fish oil (n 3 fatty acids), Brain, 47 DHA role in, 151 apoptosis, docosanoids generation, 166 enzymic activities modulation, gene expression modulation, inflammation and immunity modulation, learning and memory, membranes physiocochemical properties modulation, neurite outgrowth generation, neurotransmission modulation, nociception (pain) modulation, plasma membrane targeting and raft formation, 169 visual function modulation, 168

3 Index 387 EPA role in, 151, 170 depression modulation, 172 enzymic activities modulation, 174 gene expression modulation, inflammation and immunity modulation, lipid rafts modulation, 176 resolving E 1 generation, fish oil effects on ion channels, neural membranes, neuritogenesis, 17 receptors, 18 olive oil effects on, oxidation in (enzymic) ARA, DHA, eicosanoids in brain, EPA, oxidation in (non-enzymic) ARA, DHA, EPA, See also Heart; n 3 fatty acids; n 6 fatty acids Brain aging, DHA and ARA entry and metabolism in developing brain, in phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), in plasmalogens, levels alterations in various regions during aging, DHA deficiency in brain, consequences of, effects on behavioral parameters, 201 effects on blood pressure, 208 effects on glucose utilization, effects on growth factors, effects on ion channels permeability, effects on lipid metabolism, 202 effects on protein function and enzyme activities, effects on receptor function, Brain glycerophospholipids, 47 alterations in neurotraumatic disorders epilepsy, ischemic injury, kainic acid (KA) induced neural cell injury, 279 spinal cord injury, TBI, 275 alterations in neuropsychiatric disorders autism, bipolar disorders, depression, dyslexia, schizophrenia, ARA in neural membranes, importance of, DHA in neural membranes, importance of, fatty acids incorporation in, ACSL, ALA, ALCAT in brain, ARA, 70 CoA-independent reacylation in brain, 67 DHA, LA, fatty acids release from, 79 ARA release from cpla 2, 92, cpla 2 in bovine brain, cpla 2 regulation, DHA release from PlsCho-PLA 2, DHA release from PlsEtn-PLA 2 in brain, DHA release from PlsEtn-PLA 2 in kidney, DHA release from PtdSer, 91 PLA 2 in rat brain, 96 PlsEtn-PLA 2 regulation, receptor-mediated degradation of plasmalogens, fatty acids transport to brain ALA, ARA, DHA, LA, 48 See also Neural membranes C Caloric restriction (CR) neurodegenerative diseases and, See also Neural disorders camp alterations in spinal cord injury, TBI and, 276 See also BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)

4 388 Index Choline plasmalogen PlsCho-PLA 2 in canine myocardium, See also Ethanolamine plasmalogen Chronic diseases and dietary n 6/n 3 ratio, See also Neural disorders; Non-neural disorders Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) clinical trials in, 356 DHA and, CoA independent reacylation in brain, 67 See also Acyl-CoA; Brain glycerophospholipids Cocaine addiction n 3 and n 6 fatty acids effect on, 313 See also Neuropsychiatric disorders cpla 2 ARA release from, in bovine brain, regulation, See also Choline plasmalogen; Ethanolamine plasmalogen CREB, See also Neuropsychiatric disorders Crohn s disease (CD) clinical trials in, DHA and, 346, 347 Cystic fibrosis (CF) clinical trials in, 356 DHA and, Cyclooxygenases (COX) DHA role in enzymic activities modulation, 159 enzymic oxidation of ARA and, EPA role in modulation of, 176 isoforms in brain, See also Epoxygenases (EPOX); Lipoxygenases (LOX) Cytochromes P450 (CYP450) epoxygenases (EPOX), See also Cyclooxygenases (COX) D Depression EPA role in modulation of, 172 alterations in, major depressive disorder (MDD), 308 n 3 fatty acids and n 6 fatty acids effects, supplementation effects, See also Autism; Bipolar disorders; Dyslexia; Schizophrenia DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) biochemical activities comparison with EPA, biosynthesis in liver, brain aging and alterations in DHA levels, deficiency consequences, DHA in phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), DHA in plasmalogens, entry and metabolism in developing brain, clinical trials in chronic diseases, enzymic oxidation in brain, S D series resolvins, 130 docosatrienes, fish oil effects on brain, 367 in ALS, in Alzheimer disease (AD), in Huntington disease (HD), 244 in neural membranes, in neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, 314 aggressive disorders and cocaine addiction, 313 bipolar disorder, 315 depression, 315 DHA abnormalities levels, in neurotraumatic disorders epilepsy, ischemic injury, kainic acid (KA) induced neural cell injury, spinal cord injury, 274 in Parkinson disease (PD), incorporation in glycerophospholipids, metabolism, unsolved problems of, antisense oligonucleotides development and RNAi, characterization of enzymes associated with metabolism, 374 receptors characterization for neuroprotectins and resolvins, multiple sclerosis and, non-enzymic oxidation in brain 4-HHE,

5 Index 389 neurofurans, 136 neuroketals, 135 neuroprostanes, non-neural diseases and, arthritis, COPD, Crohn s disease (CD), cystic fibrosis (CF), DHA and clinical trials in chronic diseases, osteoporosis, psoriasis, SLE, peroxisomal disorders treatment and, 338 adrenomyeloneuropathy, 339 retinitis pigmentosa (RP), retinopathy, prion diseases and, release from plasmalogen PlsCho-PLA 2 in canine myocardium, PlsEtn-PLA 2 in bovine brain, PlsEtn-PLA 2 in rabbit kidney, receptor-mediated degradation of plasmalogens, release from PtdSer, 91 role in brain, 151 apoptosis, docosanoids generation, 166 enzymic activities modulation, gene expression modulation, inflammation and immunity modulation, learning and memory, neurite outgrowth generation, neurotransmission modulation, nociception (pain) modulation, physiocochemical properties modulation of membranes, plasma membrane targeting and raft formation, 169 visual function modulation, 168 transport of dietary DHA to brain, See also ALA (alpha-linolenic acid); ARA (arachidonic acid); EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid); n 6/n 3 ratio Docosanoids DHA role in generation of, 166 See also DHA (docosahexaenoic acid); Eicosanoids Docosatrienes enzymic oxidation of DHA, See also Non-enzymic oxidation Dyskinesias levodapa induced (LIDs), 241 See also n 3 fatty acids Dyslexia alterations in, See also Neuropsychiatric disorders E Eicosanoids enzymic oxidation of ARA and, in brain, thromboxanes (TX), See also Docosanoids; EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) Enzyme activities DHA deficiency in brain and, role in modulation of, EPA role in modulation of, 174 Enzymic oxidation ARA cis-eet acids, 118 COX, eicosanoids in brain, EPOX, lipoxins, LOX, DHA, S D series resolvins, 130 docosatrienes, EPA, See also Non-enzymic oxidation EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) biochemical activities comparison with DHA, clinical trials in chronic diseases, DHA biosynthesis in liver, 57 enzymic oxidation in brain, fish oil effects on brain, 367 in neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, 314 DHA abnormalities levels, high EPA doses for treating (ADHD),

6 390 Index EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) (cont.) high EPA doses for treating (depression), 316 in neurotraumatic disorders epilepsy, 278 ischemic injury, 271 spinal cord injury, 274 non-enzymic oxidation in brain, non-neural diseases and, 348 prion diseases and, 340 role in brain, 151, 170 depression modulation, enzyme activities modulation, 174 gene expression modulation, inflammation and immunity modulation, lipid rafts modulation, 176 resolving E 1 generation, See also ALA (alpha-linolenic acid); ARA (arachidonic acid); DHA (docosahexaenoic acid); n 6/n 3 ratio Epilepsy alterations in, n 3 fatty acids effect on (DHA), See also Neurotraumatic disorders Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET) cis-, 118 enzymic oxidation of ARA and, 118 Epoxygenases (EPOX) enzymic oxidation of ARA and, isoforms in brain, See also Cyclooxygenases (COX); Lipoxygenases (LOX) ERK kinase DHA role in enzymic activities modulation, 160 See also Enzyme activities Ethanolamine plasmalogen PlsEtn-PLA 2 in bovine brain, in rabbit kidney, regulation, receptor-mediated degradation of, See also Choline plasmalogen Excitotoxicity interactions with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, neurotraumatic disorders, F Fish oil effects on peroxisomes, effects on brain, chronic diseases and dietary n 6/n 3 ratio, DHA, 367 genes expression in animals and plants and n 6/n 3 ratio, unsolved problems of DHA and ARA metabolism, effects on human health (n 3 fatty acids) bleeding tendency, 24 blood pressure, brain, heart, 9 16 kidney, liver, lungs, plasma lipids, recommendations for intake, 25 ingredients importance in human diet, 1, 2 n 3 fatty acids in fish oil capsules and krill oil capliques, 3 7 n 3-enriched manufactured products, 3 8 See also ARA (arachidonic acid); DHA (docosahexaenoic acid); Olive oil G Gene expression modulation DHA role in, 158, 159 EPA role in, Glucose utilization DHA deficiency in brain and, See also Fish oil Glycerophospholipids, see Brain glycerophospholipids Growth factors DHA deficiency in brain and, See also BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor); Brain aging H Heart fish oil effects on, 9 antiarrythmic effects, antiinflammatory and antiatherosclerotic effects, 10 11

7 Index 391 antithrombotic effects, n 3 index and heart disease, revascularization, olive oil effects on, See also Brain Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), 231 See also Neurodegenerative diseases High-density lipoprotein (HDL) olive oil and, 27 trans fatty acids harmful effects on human health, 32 See also Brain glycerophospholipids; Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Huntington disease (HD) DHA importance in diet, 244 See also Neurodegenerative diseases Hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) non-enzymic oxidation of DHA and, See also Enzymic oxidation Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) non-enzymic oxidation of ARA and, I IGF, neurodegenerative diseases and See also Growth factors Immunity DHA role in modulation of, EPA role in modulation of, Inflammation DHA role in modulation of, EPA role in modulation of, in neuropsychiatric disorders, Ion channels DHA deficiency in brain and permeability of, fish oil effects on, Ischemic injury alterations in, n 3 fatty acids effect on ischemic injury DHA, EPA, 269 similarities and differences with traumatic neural injuries, See also Neurotraumatic disorders; Traumatic injury Isofurans, 128 Isoketals (isolevuglandins), Isoprostanes, K Kainic acid (KA) induced neural cell injury alterations in, 279 n 3 fatty acids effect on (DHA), See also Epilepsy; Ischemic injury; Spinal cord injury (SCI); Traumatic injury Kidneys fish oil effects on, See also Brain; Heart Krill oil capliques, n 3 fatty acids in, 3 4 purified krill oil preparations availability, 4 7 L LA (linoleic acid) biosynthesis in liver, incorporation in glycerophospholipids, transport to brain, 48 Learning and memory DHA role in modulation of, See also n 3 fatty acids Levodapa induced dyskinesias (LIDs), 241 See also n 3 fatty acids Lipids fish oil effects on, metabolism, DHA deficiency in brain and, 202 rafts DHA role in modulation of, 169 EPA role in modulation of, 176 See also Brain glycerophospholipids Lipoxins (LXA 4 ) enzymic oxidation of ARA and, isoforms in brain, Lipoxygenases (LOX) enzymic oxidation of ARA and, isoforms in brain, See also Cyclooxygenases (COX); Epoxygenases (EPOX) Liver fish oil effects on, 22, 23, 24 n 3 and n 6 fatty acids biosysthesis in, See also Brain; Heart; Kidney

8 392 Index Long-term depression (LTD), 163 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 163 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fish oil effects on, 20, 21, 22 olive oil and, 27, 31 trans fatty acids harmful effects on human health, 32 See also Brain glycerophospholipids; High-density lipoprotein (HDL); Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) Lungs fish oil effects on, 18, 19 See also Brain; Heart; Kidney; Liver M Major depressive disorder (MDD), see under Depression Malondialdehyde non-enzymic oxidation of ARA and, See also Enzymic oxidation Memory DHA role in modulation of learning and, See also Brain Multiple sclerosis (MS) DHA and, See also Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Peroxisomal disorders; Prion diseases N n 3 fatty acids biosysthesis in liver, clinical trials in chronic diseases and, effects on brain, ion channels, 17, 18 neural membranes, 16, 17 neuritogenesis, 17 receptors, 18 effects on heart, 9 16 antiarrythmic effects, antiinflammatory and antiatherosclerotic effects, antithrombotic effects, n 3 index and heart disease, revascularization, effects on human health, 8 bleeding tendency, 24 blood pressure, brain, heart, 9 16 kidneys, liver, lungs, plasma lipids, recommendations for intake of n 3 fatty acids, 25 effects on neural diseases, 333 multiple sclerosis, peroxisomal disorders, prion diseases, effects on neurodegenerative diseases, , 222 AD, ALS, HD, 244 PD, importance of, effects on neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, aggressive disorders and cocaine addiction, 313 depression and bipolar disorder, fatty acid supplementation effects, mechanism of action of fatty acids, effects on neurotraumatic disorders (DHA) epilepsy, ischemic injury, kainic acid (KA) induced neural cell injury, spinal cord injury, 274 effects on neurotraumatic disorders (EPA) epilepsy, 278 ischemic injury, 271 spinal cord injury, 274 effects on non-neural diseases, arthritis, COPD, Crohn s disease (CD), cystic fibrosis (CF), osteoporosis, psoriasis, SLE,

9 Index 393 effects on TBI, enriched manufactured products, 3 8 in fish oil capsules and krill oil capliques, 3 7 incorporation in glycerophospholipids, 60 ALA, DHA, nutrigenomics/nutrigenetics/ transcriptomics approaches to, release from brain glycerophospholipids ARA, DHA from choline plasmalogen, DHA from ethanolamine plasmalogen, DHA from PtdSer, 91 receptor-mediated degradation of plasmalogens, supplementation effect on bipolar disorder, 315 depression, 315 EPA high doses for ADHD, EPA high doses for depression, 316 transport of dietary ARA to brain, See also ALA (alpha-linolenic acid); DHA (docosahexaenoic acid); EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid); n 6/n 3 ratio n 6 fatty acids biosysthesis in liver, effect on neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, aggressive disorders and cocaine addiction, 313 depression and bipolar disorder, incorporation in glycerophospholipids, 60 ARA, 70 LA, release from brain glycerophospholipids cpla 2 in bovine brain, PLA 2 in rat brain, 96 transport of dietary DHA to brain, n 6/n 3 ratio chronic diseases and dietary, genes expression in animals and plants for improving, n 9 fatty acids, see Olive oil Neural disorders multiple sclerosis (MS), peroxisomal disorders, adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), DHA for treating, 338 Zellweger syndrome, prion diseases DHA and, EPA and, 341 See also Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuropsychiatric disorders; Neurotraumatic disorders; Nonneural disorders Neural membranes, 47 ARA importance in, DHA importance, role in neurotransmission modulation, role in physiocochemical properties modulation of, fish oil effects on, See also Brain Glycerophospholipids; Sphingolipids Neurite outgrowth, Neuritogenesis, 17 Neurodegenerative diseases, apoptotic cell death in, diet and, genetic and environmental factors, interactions among excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in, lifestyle and, n 3 fatty acid importance in diet (DHA), in AD, in ALS, 242, 243 in HD, 244 in PD, onset influencing factors, See also Neural disorders; Neuropsychiatric disorders; Neurotraumatic disorders; Non-neural disorders Neurofurans enzymic oxidation of EPA and, non-enzymic oxidation of DHA, 136 EPA,

10 394 Index Neuroinflammation interactions with excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, neurotraumatic disorders, See also Neural disorders Neuroketals, 135 Neuroprostanes (NP), Neuroprotectins, Neuropsychiatric disorders, ADHD high dose EPA supplementation effect on, n 3 and n 6 fatty acids effect on, aggressive disorders and cocaine addiction, 313 autism, BDNF-mediated signaling in, bipolar disorders, n 3 fatty acids supplementation effect on, 315 n 3 and n 6 fatty acids effect on, depression, high dose EPA supplementation effect on, n 3 and n 6 fatty acids effect on, dyslexia, fatty acids and glycerophospholipids abnormalities levels autism, bipolar disorders, depression, dyslexia, schizophrenia, genes involvement in, 319 n 3 fatty acids and n 6 fatty acids effects, mechanism of action, supplementation effects, neuroinflammation in, neurotransmission dysregulation in, oxidative stress in, schizophrenia, See also Neural disorders; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neurotraumatic disorders; Non-neural disorders Neurotraumatic disorders, epilepsy, interactions among excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in, ischemic injury, n 3 fatty acids effects, similarities and differences with traumatic neural injuries, kainic acid (KA) induced neural cell injury, n 3 fatty acids effects, spinal cord injury BDNF alterations in, camp alterations in, n 3 fatty acids effects, 274 traumatic injury similarities and differences with ischemic injury, TBI, See also Neural disorders; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuropsychiatric disorders; Neurotraumatic disorders Nociception (pain), Non-enzymic oxidation ARA 4-HNE, acrolein, and malondialdehyde, isofurans, 128 isoketals (isolevuglandins), isoprostanes, DHA 4-HHE, neurofurans, 136 neuroketals, 135 neuroprostanes, EPA, See also Enzymic oxidation Non-neural disorders DHA and, 343, 344 arthritis, clinical trials in chronic diseases, COPD, Crohn s disease (CD), cystic fibrosis (CF), osteoporosis, psoriasis, SLE, EPA and SLE, 348 See also Neural disorders

11 Index 395 Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics, Nutrigenomics, 376 O Oleic acid, see Olive oil Olive oil effects beneficial effects, 25 on brain, on heart, See also Fish oil; n 3 fatty acids Osteoarthritis, 352 Osteoporosis, Oxidation, 105 enzymic ARA, DHA, EPA, non-enzymic ARA, DHA, EPA, Oxidative stress in neuropsychiatric disorders, interactions with excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, neurotraumatic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and, P Pain, see Nociception (pain) Parkinson disease (PD) DHA importance in diet and, genetic and environmental factors, 224 interactions among excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in, 247 See also Neurodegenerative diseases Peroxisomal disorders adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), contiguous gene syndrome, DHA for treating, adrenomyeloneuropathy, 339 retinitis pigmentosa (RP), retinopathy, fish oil effect on peroxisomes and, peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies, peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), peroxisomes and, Zellweger syndrome, See also Multiple sclerosis (MS); Prion diseases Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) brain aging and DHA in, DHA release from, 91 See also Plasmalogens Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) cytosolic (cpla 2 ), in rat brain, 96 plasmalogen-selective PlsCho-PLA 2, PlsEtn-PLA 2, 81 92, Plasma lipids fish oil effects on LDL, VLDL, See also Brain glycerophospholipids Plasma membrane DHA role in targeting of, 169 See also Neural membranes Plasmalogens brain aging and DHA in, DHA release from choline plasmalogen (PlsCho-PLA 2 in canine myocardium), ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn-PLA 2 in bovine brain), ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn-PLA 2 in rabbit kidney), receptor-mediated degradation of plasmalogens, PlsEtn-PLA 2 regulation, See also Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer); Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) Prion diseases DHA and, EPA and, 341 See also Multiple sclerosis (MS); Peroxisomal disorders Protein function DHA deficiency in brain and, See also n 3 fatty acids Psoriasis DHA and, psoriatic arthritis, 352

12 396 Index R Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) neurodegenerative diseases and, See also n 3 fatty acids Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 105, 106 in neurodegenerative diseases, in neurotraumatic disorders, in spinal cord injury, See also Oxidation Receptors fish oil effects on brain, 18 function and DHA deficiency in brain, See also Brain Resolvins characterization of receptors for, D series, 130, 166 EPA role in generation of E 1, S D series, enzymic oxidation of DHA and, 130 Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) DHA for treating, See also Visual function Retinopathy, Revascularization defined, n 3 fatty acids effect on, See also Heart RNAi, antisense oligonucleotides development and, S Schizophrenia alterations in, See also Autism; Bipolar disorders; Depression; Dyslexia Sclerosis amyotrophic lateral (ALS), atherosclerosis, 10 multiple (MS), See also Peroxisomal disorders; Prion diseases Sphingolipids, 47 See also Neural membranes Spinal cord injury (SCI) BDNF alterations in, camp alterations in, alterations in, n 3 fatty acids effect on ALA, 274 DHA, 274 EPA, 274 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) DHA and, EPA and, 348 Thrombosis antithrombotic effects of fish oil, defined, 13 T Thromboxanes (TX), Trans fatty acids harmful effects on human health, See also n 3 fatty acids; n 6 fatty acids Transcriptomics, Traumatic injury, 262, 265 TBI alterations in, 275 n 3 fatty acids effect on, See also Ischemic injury; Neurotraumatic disorders V Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), 334 adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and, Zellweger syndrome and, 336 See also Peroxisomal disorders Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fish oil effects on, trans fatty acids harmful effects on human health, 32 See also Brain glycerophospholipids Visual function DHA role in modulation of, 168 See also Retinitis pigmentosa (RP); Retinopathy Vitagenes (HSP70 and HSP32), 231 See also Neurodegenerative diseases Z Zellweger syndrome DHA and, See also Peroxisomal disorders