ESL Helpful Handouts Page 1 of 15. The Past Perfect Tense

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1 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 1 of 15 Janice had gone home by the time Jerry arrived at the party. By the time Jerry arrived at the party, Janice had gone home. Oscar had read all of his before he went to work. Before Oscar went to work, he had read all of his . We went to the movies after we had eaten our dinner. After we had eaten our dinner, we went to the movies. The bus had already left when Sara reached the bus stop. When Sara reached the bus stop, the bus had already left. Joe knew Munich well because he had visited that beautiful city many times. Because he had visited that beautiful city many times, Joe knew Munich well.

2 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 2 of 15 Form of the Past Perfect Tense Affirmative Statements Subject + had + past participle Janice had gone home by the time Jerry arrived at the party. Oscar had read all of his before he went to work. We had eaten lunch early. We were not hungry at 1:00. I had bought my ticket 2 hours before the fashion show began. We had eaten our lunch early. We were not hungry at 1:00. I had bought my ticket 2 hours before the fashion show began. Subject + had + adverb + past participle She had already read the book that she donated to charity.

3 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 3 of 15 Negative Statements Subject + had + not + past participle Janice had not gone home by the time Jerry arrived at the party. Oscar had not read all of his before he went to work. We had not eaten lunch early. We were hungry at 1:00. I had not bought my tickets 2 hours before the fashion show began. Subject + had + not + adverb + past participle She had not yet read the book that she donated to charity. Yes/No Questions Had + subject + past participle Had Janice gone home by the time Jerry arrived at the party? Short Answers Yes, + subject + had No, + subject + hadn t Yes, she had. No, she hadn t. WH- Questions WH-Word + had + subject + past participle Why had Janice gone home by the time Jerry arrived?

4 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 4 of 15 Practice Fill in the blank with the Past Perfect Tense. Example: We went to the movies after we had eaten our dinner. (eat) Before we ate our dinner, we had not yet gone to the movies. (go) (negative) Had you eaten your dinner before you went to the movies? (eat)(yes/no question) Yes, we had. (short answer) (affirmative) No, we hadn t. (short answer) (negative) Why had you eaten your dinner before you went to the movies? (why) (eat) 1. I my work before the clock struck six. (finish) 2. I yet my work before the clock struck six. (finish) (negative) 3. you your work before the clock struck six? (finish) (yes/no question) 4. Yes, I. (short answer) (affirmative) 5. No, I. (short answer) (negative) 6. you your work early? (why) (finish)(negative) 1. You asleep before the television show ended. (fall) 2. You yet asleep when the television show started. (fall) (negative) 3. you asleep before the television show ended? (fall) (yes/no question) 4. Yes, I. (short answer) (affirmative) 5. No, I. (short answer) (negative) 6. you asleep so early? (why) (fall)

5 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 5 of They on Maple Street by the time they moved to First Avenue. (already)(live) 2. In October, they to First Avenue. (yet) (move) (negative) 3. they on Maple Street before they moved to First Avenue? (already) (live) (yes/no question) 4. Yes, they. (short answer) (affirmative) 5. No, they. (short answer) (negative) 6. they before they moved to First Avenue? (where) (live) Use of the Past Perfect Tense is used to talk about two different actions in the past. One action was completed before the other action. Use the Past Perfect Tense to express the first (earlier) action. Use the Simple Past Tense to express the second (later) action. Example 1 Janice had gone home by the time that Jerry arrived at the party. Two actions were completed in the past. 1. Janice went home at 9: Jerry arrived at the party at 9:30. One action was completed before the other action. First Action = Janice went home Second Action = Jerry arrived at the party Use the Past Perfect Tense to express the first action. Janice had gone home Use the Simple Past Tense to express the second action. by the time that Jerry arrived at the party

6 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 6 of 15 Example 2 By the time Jerry arrived at the party, Janice had gone home. Two actions were completed in the past. 1. Jerry arrived at the party at 9: Janice went home at 9:00. One action was completed before the other action. First Action = Janice went home Second Action = Jerry arrived at the party Use the Simple Past Tense to express the second action. By the time that Jerry arrived at the party, Use the Past Perfect Tense to express the first action. Janice had gone home Example 3 Oscar had read all of his before he went to work. Two actions were completed in the past. 1. Oscar read his at 7: Oscar went to work at 8:00. One action was completed before the other action. First Action = Oscar read his Second Action = Oscar went to work Use the Past Perfect Tense to express the first action. Oscar had read all of his Use the Simple Past Tense to express the second action. before he went to work

7 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 7 of 15 Example 4 Before Oscar went to work, he had read all of his . Two actions in the past were completed. 1. Oscar went to work at 8: Oscar read his at 7:30. One action was completed before the other action. First Action = Oscar read all of his Second Action = Oscar went to work Use the Simple Past tense to express the second action. Before Oscar went to work, Use the Past Perfect Tense to express the first action. he had read all of his Example 5 After we had eaten our dinner, we went to the movies. Two actions were completed in the past. 1. We ate our dinner at 6: We went to the movies at 7:30. One action was completed before the other action. First Action = We ate our dinner Second Action = We went to the movies Use the Past Perfect Tense to express the first action. After we had eaten our dinner, Use the Simple Past Tense to express the second action. we went to the movies

8 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 8 of 15 Example 6 We went to the movies after we had eaten our dinner. Two actions were completed in the past. 1. We went to the movies at 7: We ate our dinner at 6:00. One action was completed before the other action. First Action = We ate our dinner Second Action = We went to the movies Use the Simple Past Tense to express the second action. We went to the movies Use the Past Perfect Tense to express the first action. Adverbs after we had eaten our dinner Already, yet, ever, just, and never are often used with the Past Perfect Tense in order to emphasize the action that took place first (the earlier action). The bus had already left when Sara reached the bus stop. The Past Perfect tense emphasizes Sara's disappointment. Sara ran to the bus stop. She was too late. The bus had already left.

9 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 9 of 15 Practice Which action took place first? Example: He had already talked to her on the phone when I arrived. 2 nd I arrived. 1 st He had already talked to her on the phone. I looked all over the house for Melanie, but she had taken the dog for a walk. I looked all over the house for Melanie. She had taken the dog for a walk. We went to the station to catch the train, but the train had already left. The train had already left. We went to the station to catch the train. Professor Jones retired after he had taught at the university for 35 years, Professor Jones retired. He had taught at the university for 35 years.

10 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 10 of 15 An Exception To The Rule When the time relationship between 2 past events is very clear, you have the option to use the Simple Past Tense for both actions. This often occurs in sentences with before, after, and as soon as. All of the sentences below are perfectly correct. Oscar read all of his before he went to work. Oscar had read all of his before he went to work. We went to the movies after we ate our dinner. We went to the movies after we had eaten our dinner. Joe called his girlfriend as soon as his plane landed in Munich. Joe called his girlfriend as soon as his plane had landed in Munich. Multiple Actions in the Past Perfect Tense Notice how you can use the Past Perfect Tense to talk about more than one action. Joe knew Munich well because he had visited that beautiful city many times. Joe visited Munich in 2002, 2004, 2006, and In 2010, Joe knew Munich well.

11 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 11 of 15 Pictures Of The Past Activity Divide the students into groups. Give each student a photo. Each student looks at the photo and writes a sentence about it in the simple past tense. Each student then passes his/her photo to a neighbor in the group. That student looks at the picture and adds a sentence in the past perfect tense. Afterward, compare the pictures and sentences. Examples: Student # 1 - Simple Past: Jane listened to a voice mail message. Student # 2 - Past Perfect: Her boyfriend had left a voice mail message a few minutes ago. Student #1 - Simple Past: Mary went to the grocery store. Student # 2 - Past Perfect: She had run out of mustard. Use the photos on pages for this activity. Or Use your own photos. Or Draw pictures to use for this activity.

12 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 12 of 15 Pictures Of Past Activity (Hint: This is a picture of an inflatable tube man.)

13 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 13 of 15 Pictures Of The Past Activity

14 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 14 of 15 Pictures Of The Past Activity

15 ESL Helpful Handouts Page 15 of 15 Answer Key p I had finished my work before the clock struck six. 2. I had not yet finished my work before the clock struck six. 3. Had you finished your work before the clock struck six? 4. Yes, I had. 5. No, I hadn t. 6. Why had you not finished your work early? 1. You had fallen asleep before the television show ended. 2. You had not yet fallen asleep when the television show started. 3. Had you fallen asleep before the television show ended? 4. Yes, I had. 5. No, I hadn t. 6. Why had you fallen asleep so early? p.5 1. They had already lived on Maple Street by the time they moved to First Avenue. 2. In October, they had not yet moved to First Avenue. 3. Had they already lived on Maple Street before they moved to First Avenue? 4. Yes, they had. 5. No, they hadn t. 6. Where had they lived before they moved to First Avenue? p.9 I looked all over the house for Melanie, but she had taken the dog for a walk. 2 I looked all over the house for Melanie. 1_ She had taken the dog for a walk. We went to the station to catch the train, but the train had already left. 1 The train had already left. 2 We went to the station to catch the train. Professor Jones retired after he had taught at the university for 35 years, 2 Professor Jones retired. 1 He had taught at the university for 35 years.