130 Physiology Biochemistry an d Pharmacology
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1 Reviews of 130 Physiology Biochemistry an d Pharmacology Editor s M.P. Blaustein, Baltimore H. Grunicke, Innsbruc k D. Pette, Konstanz G. Schultz, Berlin M. Schweiger, Berlin
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3 Introduction 1 2 Somatic Sources of Afferent Input to the Autonomic Nervous System Introduction Low-Threshold.Somatosensory Receptor Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Low-Threshol d Sensory Receptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Low-Threshold Sensory Receptors in Muscl e and Tendon Muscle Spindles and Tendon Organs Noncorpuscular Low-Threshold Sensory Receptors in Muscle and Tendon Low-Threshold Sensory Receptor s in Articular Tissue Response Propertie s of Group II Articular Afferents Response Properties of Low-Threshold Group II I and IV Articular Afferents 29
4 Total Sensory Outflow at Res t and During Movement of Normal Joints Somatic Nociceptors Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Nociceptors Mechanonociceptors (HTM-AS-Units and CM Units) Heat Nociceptors (CH Units) Polymodal Nociceptors (CMH and AMH Units) Unresponsive Cutaneous C Nociceptor s (CMiHi Units) Experimental Activatio n of Cutaneous Nociceptors Nociceptors in Muscle and Tendon Localization and Structure of Muscl e and Tendon Nociceptors Response Properties of Muscl e and Tendon Nociceptors Articular Nociceptors Fine Structure of Group III and IV Articular Terminals Response Properties of Group II I and IV Articular Nociceptors Sensitization and Desensitization of Somatic Nociceptors General Aspects of Sensitization of Nociceptors General Aspects of Desensitization of Nociceptors Special Aspects of the Sensitization of Cutaneous, Muscular, and Articular Nociceptors Composition of Somatic Nerves Classification of Primary Somatic Afferen t Nerve Fibers Composition of Cutaneous Nerves Composition of Muscle Nerves Composition of Articular Nerves Composition of Mixed Nerves, Spinal and Dorsal Roots Special Aspects of Cranial Nerves 61
5 2.4.7 Activation of Primary Afferent Nerve Fiber s by Electrical Stimulation Advantages and Disadvantage s of Electrical Stimulation of Primary Afferents Effects of Preferential Blockin g of A and C Fibers Spinal and Brain Stem Terminatio n and Projection of Somatic Primary Afferents Termination and Projectio n of Cutaneous Primary Afferents Termination and Projectio n of Muscle Primary Afferents Termination and Projectio n of Articular Primary Afferents Summary and Conclusions Central Processing (Pathways, Modes of Operation) Introduction Somato-sympathetic Reflexes Sympathetic Reflex Responses to Stimulation of Myelinated (A) Somatic Afferents ; the A Reflexes Early Spinal, Late Supraspinal (or Medullary), and Very Late Suprapontine A reflex Components Inhibitory Somato-sympathetic Reflexes Sympathetic Reflex Responses to Stimulation of Unmyelinated (C) Somatic Afferents, the C Reflexes Medullary Regions and Spinal Tract Involve d in the Supraspinal C Reflexes Convergence of Various Somato-sympatheti c Reflex Pathways on Single Sympathetic Neurons Preganglionic Neurons Postganglionic Neurons 97
6 3.2.4 Various Influence s on Somato-sympathetic Reflexes Modulation by Barorecepto r and Chemoreceptor Excitation Involvement of Opioid Receptors Involvement of Nitric Oxide Involvement of Glutamate Receptors Effects of Anesthesia Somato-parasympathetic Reflexes Cranial Parasympathetic Recording Sacral Parasympathetic Recording Visceral Regulatio n by Axon Reflex-Like Mechanisms Followin g Somatic Afferent Stimulation n o 3.5 Comparison of Somato-autonomi c and Somato-somatic Reflexes Conclusion Organ Reactions to Somatosensory Input (" Somato-autonomic Reflexes " ) Somatosensory Modulation of the Cardiovascular System Introduction Somatosensory Modulation of Heart Rat e and Blood Pressure Cutaneous Stimulation Muscle Stimulation Acupuncture-Like Stimulation Joint Stimulation Electrical Stimulation Central Processing of Somato-cardiac Reflexes Somatosensory Modulation of Blood Flow Skin Blood Flow Muscle Blood Flow Cutaneous and Muscl e Sympathetic Nerve Activity 152
7 Somatosensory Modulation of Blood Flow in the Genital Organs Somatosensory Modulatio n of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Somatosensory Modulation of Blood Flow in the Peripheral Nerves 16o Conclusion Somatosensory Modulatio n of the Digestive System Introduction Somatosensory Modulatio n of Gastrointestinal Motility Gastric Motility Intestinal Motility Somatosensory Modulation of Digestive Secretion Salivary Secretion Gastrointestinal Secretion Somatosensory Modulation of Gastrointestinal Blood Flow Central Processin g of Somato-gastrointestinal Reflexes Somato-splanchnic Sympathetic Reflex Somato-vagal Reflex Conclusion Somatosensory Modulation of the Urinary System Introduction Cutaneous Stimulation Mechanical Stimulation Thermal Stimulation Muscle Stimulation Acupuncture-Like Stimulation Electrical Stimulation Central Processing of Somato-vesical Reflexes Conclusion Somatosensory Modulatio n of the Sudomotor System Introduction 213
8 4.4.2 Somatosensory Modulation of the Sweat Gland Conclusion Somatosensory Modulatio n of I-Iormonal Secretion Introduction Adrenal Medullary and Pancreatic Hormones Adrenal Medullary Hormones Pancreatic Hormones Hypothalamo-anterio r Pituitary Hormone System CRH-ACTH-Cortical Hormones Gonadotropin-Gonadal Sex Hormones Growth 1-Iormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Hormone System Oxytocin Väsopressin Conclusion Somatosensory Modulatio n of the immune System introduction Cutaneous Stimulation Conclusion Concluding Remarks 25 7 Appendix : A Personal Note 2.63 References 265 Subject Index 307
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1 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the portion of the nervous system which innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands, & controls the visceral functions of the