EEK 16. MPharm Programme PAIN & ANALGESIA. Dr Abdel Ennaceur. Slide 1 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
|
|
- Duane Carr
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MPharm Programme PAIN & ANALGESIA Dr Abdel Ennaceur Slide 1 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
2 WEEK Terminology Tract: collection of axons in the CNS Nucleus:(nuclei, plural) collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS Ganglion:(ganglia, plural) collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS; There are however some in the brain (example: basal ganglia) Nerve: collection of axons in the PNS Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Slide 12 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
3 Terminology Descending or Efferent pathway is made of one or a series of neurons projecting from the brain toward the periphery. Ascending or Afferent pathway is made of one or a series of neurons projecting from the brain toward the periphery. Slide 13 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
4 Neurons communicate with each other Slide 14 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
5 Neurons communicate with each other through neurotransmitter release Slide 15 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
6 Slide of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
7 Pain Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage Pain is a perception; it is rooted in sensation, and on the biological level, in the stimulation of receptor neurons. Like other forms of perception, pain is sometimes experienced when there is no corresponding biological basis. Pain is the single most common reason for patients to seek medical attention. Pain is the perception of nociception, which occurs in the brain Slide 2 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
8 Sensory receptors The nervous system has many types of sensory neurons. Nerve endings on one end of each neuron are encased in a special structure to sense a specific stimulus. Chemoreceptors: sense chemicals. Mechanoreceptors: sense touch, pressure and distortion (stretch). Photoreceptors: sense light, are found in the retinas. Thermoreceptors: sense temperature. Auditory receptors: sense vibrations from sound waves. Nociceptors are free nerve endings that sense pain. They respond to a variety of stimuli (heat, pressure, chemicals) and sense tissue damage. Slide 3 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
9 Nociceptors A nociceptor is a sensory receptor specialized in informing the CNS about the presence of a tissue threatening stimulus. It has the remarkable ability to detect a wide range of stimulus modalities, including those of a physical and chemical nature. Different chemical (capsaicin and acid) or physical (heat) stimuli can excite nociceptors by activating a single receptor. Nociceptors are excitatory neurons and release glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter. Slide 4 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
10 Nociceptors A nociceptor has an elevated stimulation threshold just below the noxious level. In addition to an elevated stimulation threshold, a nociceptor has to be able to encode the intensity of a stimulus within the noxious range, i.e. it must not saturate when a stimulus reaches noxious levels. Slide 5 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
11 Nociceptors Nociceptors are found in any area of the body. Nociceptors are found throughout all tissues except the brain [Crit Care Nurse December 2008 vol. 28 no ]. Not all internal organs are sensitive to pain. - Many diseases of the liver, the lungs or the kidneys are completely painless. - the stomach, the bladder or the ureters can produce excruciating pain. There are tissues that contain nociceptors which do not lead to pain. In the lungs, for example, there are "pain receptors" which cause you to cough, but do not cause you to feel pain. Slide 6 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
12 Nociceptors There are different types of nociceptors: Thermal nociceptors. Mechanical nociceptors. Chemical nociceptors. Polymodal nociceptors. Silent (or sleeping) nociceptors Slide 7 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
13 Nociceptors Pain sensory neurons: Three types of sensory neurons are found in the skin. Aδ ("A-delta") nerve fibers: related to pain and temperature. C nerve fibers: related to pain, temperature and itch. Aβ ("A-beta") fibers: related to touch. A- ("A-Alpha"): related to muscle sense (proprioception). Slide 8 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
14 Characteristics of primary afferent fibres Aβ fibres Aδ fibres C fibres Diameter Large Small 2-5μm Smallest <2μm Myelination Highly Thinly Unmyelinated Conduction velocity > 40 ms ms-1 < 2ms-1 Receptor activation thresholds Low High and low High Sensation on stimulation Light touch, non-noxious Rapid, sharp, localised pain Slow, diffuse, dull pain Slide 9 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
15 Nociceptors Aδ ("A-delta") fibers. These are thinly-myelinated. They are responsible for the sensation of a quick shallow pain that is specific to on one area. C fibers are thin, unmyelinated, and tell about a much larger area of skin. They conduct impulses slowly. They are considered polymodal because they can react to various stimuli. Aβ ("A-beta") fibers are thickly-myelinated fibers. They mostly respond to painless stimuli such as light touch. Slide 10 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
16 Types of sensory neurons Comparative properties of primary afferent fibers Fibre class C Threshold afferents High Main transmitters Main receptor activated Laminar location Normal sensation Pathological sensation Peptides NK1,2 I-II, V Slow pain Hyperalgesia A EAA NMDA AMPA mglu Fast pain Allodynia Aβ Low EAA AMPA III-VI Touch vibration pressure Mechanical allodynia EAA= Excitatory amino acids; NK= neurokinin (peptide) receptor; NMDA, AMPA, mglu. Low threshold afferents are myelinated fibers with specialized nerve endings that convey innocuous sensations such as light touch, vibration, pressure (all Aβ) and proprioception (A ). High threshold afferents are thinly-myelinated (A ) or unmyelinated (C) fibers located in the dermis and epidermis, which convey pain and temperature. Allodynia is a pain due to a stimulus which does not normally provoke pain Slide 11 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
17 Pain Pathways Nociceptors have both a peripheral connection that innervates muscles, tendons, organs, and epithelia, and a centrally projecting axon that enters the CNS. This central axon conveys nociceptive information to secondorder neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Neural connections pass from the dorsal horn to the thalamus, and from there to the cortex (conscious experience). The central axons of primary afferent nociceptive neurons also provide information to polysynaptic spinal cord interneurons, which are essential for the initiation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (motor reflexes). Slide 17 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
18 Pain Pathways The cell bodies of nociceptive afferents (ascending) that - innervate the trunk, limbs and viscera are found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), - innervate the head, oral cavity and neck are in the trigeminal ganglia (Gasserian ganglion), and project to the brainstem trigeminal nucleus. Slide 18 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
19 Pain Pathways The ascending neurons (anterolateral system) transmits nociceptive, thermal, and nondiscriminatory touch information to higher brain centers, generally by a sequence of 3 neurons and interneurons. 1 st order neurons whose cell bodies are located in a dorsal root ganglion. They transmits sensory information from peripheral structures to the dorsal (posterior) horn of the spinal cord. Slide 19 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
20 Pain Pathways There are two main pathways that carry nociceptive signals to higher centers in the brain. The spinothalamic tract The spinoreticular tract Slide 20 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
21 Pain Pathways: the spinothalamic tract 2 nd order neurons: their cell bodies are located within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and their axon usually decussates a few segments of the level of entry into the spinal cord, and ascend in the contralateral spinothalamic tract to nuclei within the thalamus. 3 rd order neurons: their cell body is located in the thalamus, and their axon ascends ipsilaterally (same side) to terminate in the somatosensory cortex. There are also projections to the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). The spinothalamic tract transmits signals that are important for pain localization. Slide 21 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
22 Pain Pathways: the spinoreticular tract The spinoreticular tract: axons also decussate and ascend the contralateral cord to reach the brainstem reticular formation, before projecting to the thalamus and hypothalamus. There are many further projections to the cortex. This spinoreticular tract is involved in the emotional aspects of pain. Slide 22 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
23 Descending pathways The descending pain pathways descend from the cortical structures, hypothalamus and brainstem, and modulate sensory input from primary afferent fibers and projection neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Slide 23 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
24 Descending pathways The best characterized descending analgesic pathways are the serotonergic-noradrenergic pathway and the opioidergic pathway. These pathways lead to the release of 5-HT, NE and endogenous opioids, which inhibit the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P. Slide 24 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
25 The periaqueductal gray (PAG) PAG plays a crucial role in endogenous pain attenuation mechanisms of the CNS. It is the primary control center for descending pain modulation. It has enkephalin-producing cells that suppress pain. Midbrain Pons It is located in the midbrain. It projects to the nucleus raphe magnus, and also contains descending autonomic tracts. Spinal cord Slide 25 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
26 The periaqueductal gray Electrical or chemical stimulation of the PAG suppresses a number of nociceptive reflexes, and results in a profound analgesia. PAG is the target for brain-stimulating implants in patients with chronic pain. PAG exerts its inhibitory effect on spinal nociceptive functions through the activation of descending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways that arise from the rostral ventromedial medulla and pontine noradrenergic nuclei. Slide 26 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
27 Pain pathways Neurons in the PAG of the midbrain communicate with the nucleus raphe magnus in the medulla and lateral reticular formation. Neurons from these areas descend the spinal cord and synapse with inhibitory interneurons that release enkephalin. These in turn synapse with the axon terminals of afferent neurons to decrease the release of substance P. Efferent (Descending) Afferent (Ascending) Slide 27 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
28 Locus coeruleus (LC) LC is the major site of noradrenergic cell bodies in the brain. Noradrenergic neurons project directly to the spinal cord and inhibit spinal cord activity via 2-adrenoreceptors. 2-adrenoceptor mediated effects are mediated via inhibition of adenylyl cyclase as a consequence of interaction of the agonist-receptor complex with Gi. Slide 28 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
29 Raphe nucleus Raphe nucleus is the major site of serotonergic cell bodies in the brain. Descending serotonergic RVM cells and spinal serotonin (5-HT) receptors contribute to the antinociception induced by RVM or PAG stimulation. Several studies reported that descending serotonergic pathways mediate antinociception through activation of spinal 2A-adrenoceptor, 5-HT1A (Gi), 5-HT1B/D (Gi) and 5-HT7 (Gs) receptors. The effect of spinal serotonin can be either inhibitory or facilitatory, depending on the receptor subtype activated. Slide 29 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
30 Descending pathways ACC=Anterior cingulate cortex Slide 30 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
31 (Afferent) (Efferent) Slide 31 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
32 Gate control theory of pain The gate control theory suggested that previous experience, thoughts and emotions influence pain perception. The gate control theory of pain (Melzack and Wall 1965) describes a process of inhibitory pain modulation at the spinal cord level. It tries to explain why when we bang our head, it feels better when we rub it. By activating Aβ fibres with tactile, non-noxious stimuli, inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn are activated leading to inhibition of pain signals transmitted via C fibres. Slide 32 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
33 Neuropathic pain Pain that follows direct injury to a peripheral nerve is called neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain results from damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral or CNS, rather than stimulation of pain receptors. Neuropathic pain is characterized by - partial or complete damage to or dysfunction of the somatosensory pathways in the peripheral or CNS, and - the occurrence of pain and hypersensitivity phenomena within the denervated zone and its surroundings. Slide 33 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
34 Neuropathic pain Diabetic neuropathy, or nerve damage caused by diabetes, is one of the most common known causes of neuropathy. The first sign of diabetic neuropathy is usually numbness, tingling or pain in the feet, legs or hands. Over a period of several years, the neuropathy may lead to muscle weakness in the feet, and a loss of reflexes, especially around the ankle. The progression of nerve damage leads to the loss of sensation in the feet and reduce a person's ability to detect temperature or to notice pain. The person can no longer notice when his/her feet become injured. Slide 34 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
35 Neuropathic pain Neuropathic pain is insensitive to morphine as well as other opioid drugs, and is currently best treated with antidepressants and antiepileptics. Neuropathic pain may be insensitive to morphine because damage of primary afferent nerves results in decreased expression of mu-opioid on nociceptors and spinal neurons in the pain pathway, thus reducing the efficacy of morphine. Slide 35 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
36 Neuropathic pain Neuropathic pain can be significantly relieved with tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. amitryptiline) or anticonvulsant agents (e.g. carbamazepine). Carbamazepine can also be used to treat the paroxysmal pain experienced by patients who suffer from trigeminal neuralgia (episodes of intense pain in the face). Corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) may produce substantial improvement in some cases in neuropathic pain associated with cancer. Slide 36 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
37 Trigeminal neuralgia Trigeminal nerve is the chief nerve of sensation for the face, which is also the motor nerve that controls the muscles used for chewing. Problems with the sensory part of the trigeminal nerve result in pain or loss of sensation in the face. Trigeminal neuralgia is severe paroxysmal, lancinating facial pain due to a disorder of the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve). Slide 37 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
38 6 Trigeminal neuralgia The trigeminal nerve is the 5 th (V) cranial nerve, which arises from the brainstem inside the skull. It divides into 3 branches and then exits the skull to supply feeling and movement to the face: Ophthalmic division (V1) provides sensation to the forehead and eye. Maxillary division (V2) provides sensation to the cheek, upper lip, and roof of the mouth. Mandibular division (V3) provides sensation to the jaw and lower lip; it also provides movement of the muscles involved in biting, chewing, and swallowing Slide 38 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
39 Trigeminal neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by an intracranial artery or, less often, a venous loop that compresses the 5th cranial (trigeminal) nerve at its root entry zone into the brain stem [The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata]. Pain occurs along the distribution of one or more sensory divisions of the trigeminal nerve, most often the maxillary. Slide 39 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
40 Trigeminal neuralgia Treatment Carbamazepine If carbamazepine is ineffective or has adverse effects, one of the following may be tried: Oxcarbazepine Gabapentin Phenytoin Baclofen Amitriptyline Slide 40 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
41 Chemicals involved in pain When there is significant damage to tissue, several chemicals are released into the area around the nociceptors. This develops into what is called the "inflammatory soup", an acidic mixture that stimulates and sensitizes the nociceptors into a state called hyperalgesia, which is Greek for "super pain". Substance Potassium Serotonin Bradykinin Histamine Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Substance P Source Damaged cells Platelets Plasma Mast cells Damaged cells Damaged cells Primary afferent fibers Slide 41 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
42 Naturally Occurring Agents That Activate or Sensitize Nociceptors Kininogens are proteins that are defined by their role as precursors for kinin. Kallikrein is a hypotensive protease that liberates kinins from blood plasma proteins and is used for vasodilation. Slide 42 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
43 WHO's pain ladder The severity and response to other medication determines the choice of an analgesic. If pain occurs, there should be prompt oral administration of drugs in the following order: -1- non-opioids (aspirin and paracetamol); -2- then, as necessary, mild opioids (codeine); -3- then strong opioids such as morphine, until the patient is free of pain. To calm fears and anxiety, additional drugs adjuvants should be used. To maintain freedom from pain, drugs should be given by the clock, that is every 3-6 hours, rather than on demand. This three-step approach of administering the right drug in the right dose at the right time is inexpensive and 80-90% effective. Surgical intervention on appropriate nerves may provide further pain relief if drugs are not wholly effective. Slide 43 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
44 Neurochemicals in pain Several different neurotransmitters have been implicated in pain pathways. Three of them: Glutamate. This seems to be the dominant neurotransmitter when the threshold to pain is first crossed. It is associated with acute ("good / warning ) pain. Substance P. This peptide (containing 11 amino acids) is released by C fibers. It is associated with intense, persistent, chronic ("bad/damage, injury ) pain. Prostaglandins potentiate the pain of inflammation by blocking the action of glycine [inhibitory in the CNS, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. It suppresses the transmission of pain signals in the dorsal root ganglion]. Slide 44 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
45 Systems of pain relief. Some agents act at the level of the presynaptic receptor of the primary afferent fiber, or nociceptor; others operate at the postsynaptic receptor in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; and some work at both sites (SP = substance P; GLU = glutamate; NO = nitrous oxide). Slide 45 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
46 Pain receptor targets Opioid analgesics such as morphine are universally regarded as the most powerful pain-relieving drugs. Morphine acts through the μ-opioid receptor to inhibit signals that transmit pain. Intrathecal opioids work primarily at pre-synaptic levels to reduce the transmission of painful stimuli, prevents the release of substance P. Release of substance P is inhibited by opioid agonists (μ, κ, and δ agonist types). This inhibition of Substance P release is a probable mechanism for opioid analgesia. Intrathecal means something introduced into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord. Slide 46 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
47 Pain receptor targets Three known kinds of opioid receptors have been identified: mu (μ) receptors (μ1, μ2 and μ3): present in the brainstem and the thalamus. Stimulation of these receptors can result in analgesia, sedation and euphoria as well as respiratory depression, constipation and physical dependence. kappa (κ) receptor: present in the diencephalon, the brain stem and spinal cord. Stimulation of thid receptor produces analgesia, sedation, loss of breath and dependence. delta (δ) receptor: widely distributed in the brain, and also present in the spinal cord and digestive tract. Stimulation of this receptor leads to analgesic and antidepressant effects, may also cause respiratory depression. Slide 47 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
48 Pain receptor targets Synthetic opioid and opioid-derivative drugs activate opioid receptors (possibly by acting on the PAG directly, where these receptors are densely expressed) to produce analgesia. These drugs include: - morphine, - heroin (diacetyl-morphine), - pethidine, - hydrocodone, - oxycodone, and - similar pain-reducing compounds Slide 48 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
49 Opioids Opioids bind to receptors on interneurons in the pain pathways in the CNS. The natural ligands for these receptors are two enkephalins [endorphins]: Met-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) Leu-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) The two enkephalins are released at synapses on neurons involved in transmitting pain signals back to the brain. Enkephalin synapse close to the terminal of a pain-signaling neuron. Enkephalins hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane thus inhibiting it from transmitting these pain signals. Slide 49 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
50 Opioids Morphine and other opioids bind opioid receptors. - excellent pain killers. - highly addictive. - produces tolerance, the need for higher doses to achieve the prior effect. Morphine can be used via oral, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous route. It is also available as slow-release preparations. Morphine has poor oral bioavailability due to a significant firstpass effect by the liver. If taken orally, only 40 50% of the dose reaches the CNS. IV injection is the most common method of administration. Slide 50 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
51 Opioids Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is an active metabolite with a higher potency than morphine. M6G is analgesic in its own right. It is responsible for much of the pain-relieving effects of morphine. M6G can accumulate following chronic administration or in renally impaired individuals. Morphine has a short half-life of hours. M6G half-life is 4 +/- 1.5 hours Slide 51 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
52 Opioids Morphine induces significant analgesia, but also a host of other effects: - respiratory depression, - euphoria and sedation, - nausea/vomiting, - constipation, - pupillary constriction, - histamine release (leading to broncho-constriction and itching). Slide 52 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
53 Opioids Heroin (diamorphine) is a pro-drug. It has an extremely rapid half-life of 2-6 minutes, and is metabolized to 6- acetylmorphine and morphine. The half-life of 6-acetylmorphine is 6-25 minutes. Both heroin and 6-acetylmorphine are more lipid soluble than morphine and enter the brain more readily =>rapid onset after intramuscular administration. Heroin properties make it particularly suitable for epidural administration, to relieve postoperative pain after major surgery. Heroin higher solubility also constitutes an advantage for continuous subcutaneous infusion. Slide 53 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
54 Opioids Codeine is an analgesic with lower efficacy than morphine. Its analgesic effect is due to demethylation in the liver to morphine. It may be used in combination with aspirin or paracetamol. It has also a significant antitussive effect. Like morphine, it induces constipation. Pethidine is a synthetic substance, which is more sedative and has a more rapid onset and a shorter duration of action than morphine. Its metabolite, norpethidine, is active and may accumulate to toxic levels in patients with renal impairment. Slide 54 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
55 Opioids Methadone is a synthetic compound with a half-life of >24 hours. It leads to a much milder physical abstinence syndrome than morphine but can induce psychological dependence. It is used in maintenance programs for morphine and heroin addicts. Fentanyl is a highly potent compound, with a half-life of 1-2 hours. It can be used for severe acute pain and during anesthesia. Slide 55 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
56 Opioids Buprenorphine is a very lipid soluble compound, which acts as a partial agonist at mu receptors. Buprenorphine is a potent compound but has less efficacy than morphine. Consequently, it may lead to a re-emergence of pain in patients who have received more efficacious opioids, such as morphine. It can be used sublingually. It has a longer duration of action than morphine, but is more emetic. It may induce dysphoria. Slide 56 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
57 Pain receptor targets - Adrenoceptors 2 adrenergic agonists can enhance analgesia provided by traditional analgesics, such as opiates. Activation of 2-adrenoceptors directly reduces pain transmission by reducing transmitter release of substance P and glutamate. Clonidine, 2 adrenergic agonist, is thought to produce analgesia at the spinal level through stimulation of cholinergic interneurons in the spinal cord by preventing pain signal transmission to the brain. Slide 57 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
58 Pain receptor targets - Adrenoceptors It produces analgesia when administered by the epidural or intrathecal route. Oral administration is not associated with such relief. Epidurally administered clonidine produces dose-dependent analgesia not antagonized by opiate antagonists. The analgesia is limited to the body regions innervated by the spinal segments where analgesic concentrations of clonidine are present. (Epidurally means situated upon or outside the dura mater) Slide 58 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
59 Pain receptor targets - Muscarinic Activation of spinal muscarinic receptors produces analgesia and inhibits dorsal horn neurons through potentiation of GABAergic inputs. Muscarinic receptors (M2, M4) exist in the dorsal horn and are associated with inhibiting interneurons. M1, M3, M5 muscarinic receptors couple to stimulate phospholipase C, while M2 and M4 inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Activation of M2 and M4 receptors induces analgesia, this was shown by the injection of neostigmine [M2 and M4, likely located on glutamatergic neurons]. Slide 59 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
60 Pain receptor targets Adenosine Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleotide that modulates many physiological processes. Adenosine nucleotides are involved in the energy metabolism of all cells. Activation of the A1 and A3 receptors causes inhibition of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C, which inhibits neurotransmission. Activation of the A2A and A2B receptors causes activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C, resulting in the stimulation of neurotransmission. Slide 60 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
61 Pain receptor targets Adenosine Adenosine is used for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. It has an inhibitory effect on the atrioventricular node (AV node). A2A stimulation is reported to have anti-inflammatory. A2A agonists cause profound vasodilatation, with a corresponding increase in plasma renin activity. Adenosine produces anti-nociceptive effects via adrenergic mechanisms. Adenosine acts additively with clonidine. Slide 61 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
62 Pain receptor targets NSAIDs Inflammation is caused by tissue damage and, among other things, causes pain. Damaged tissue releases prostaglandins and these are potent triggers of pain. There are at least 3 key enzymes that synthesize prostaglandins: Cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1) Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) Cyclooxygenase 3 (Cox-3) Most NSAIDs block the action of all three cyclooxygenases. They include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and many others. Slide 62 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
63 Pain receptor targets NSAIDs Aspirin analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This is due to the irreversible inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins peripherally, at the site of injury. Ibuprofen has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It may cause less gastric irritation than other NSAIDs. Paracetamol is antipyretic and analgesic, but with negligible anti-inflammatory effects. Slide 63 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
64 Pain receptor targets Acetaminophen Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is also considered as NSAID but its mode of action is different from the others. The onset of analgesia is approximately minutes after oral administration of paracetamol, and its half-life is 1 4 hours. The efficacy of paracetamol is attributed to its specific inhibition of COX-3 which is thought to be involved in temperature regulation and fever. The role of COX-3 in inflammation and pain is still disputed. Acetaminophen is particularly useful for people allergic to aspirin and its relatives in order to avoid the risk of Reye's syndrome that has been associated with giving aspirin to children with viral infections. Slide 64 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
65 Pain receptor targets Calcium channels Drugs used in the treatment of angina (chest pain) are used to treat the pain. N-type calcium channels in nociceptors are located in the dorsal horn. Ziconotide (Conotoxins) blocks the N-Type calcium channels on the primary nociceptor (pain signal) nerves in the spinal cord. Ziconotide inhibits the release of neurochemicals like glutamate and substance P in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in pain relief. Ziconotide is used to treat severe chronic pain in people who cannot use or do not respond to standard pain-relieving medications. Slide 65 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
66 Pain receptor targets Sodium channels Voltage-gated sodium channels are a crucial component of action potentials. Peripheral sensory neurons can become hyperexcitable after nerve injury or in response to inflammation. This hyperexcitability can contribute to pain. Local anesthetics act mainly by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels. Bupivacaine blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, which prevents depolarization. In low concentrations, bupivacaine provides a sensoryselective block. Slide 66 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
67 Pain receptor targets Sodium channels Local anaesthetics (e.g. lidocaine, amethocaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine) are used for pain associated with localized surgery, childbirth or in dentistry, and in the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, sodium channel therapeutics are often associated with undesirable cardiac and CNS side effects as the drugs target sodium channels in multiple tissues. For many individuals with chronic or neuropathic pain, the currently available treatments are not effective. Slide 67 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
68 Pain receptor targets Sodium channels Lidocaine is one of the most widely used local anesthetics. It is used to numb tissue in a specific area, and to treat ventricular tachycardia. It can also be used for treating neuropathic pain. It has proven very versatile and can be delivered in a variety of ways. The lidocaine patch (5%) is one of the more effective treatments for: postherpetic neuropathic pain, allodynic pain, or ongoing pain Lidocaine patches might also be effective at treating painful diabetic neuropathy and painful idiopathic distal polyneuropathy. Slide 68 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
69 Pain receptor targets Sodium channels The primary reported adverse effect of Lidocaine is mild skin irritation at the site of the patch. Lidocaine has also been given systemically to treat neuropathic pain. The main problem associated with local anaesthetics is the risk of systemic toxicity (e.g. hypotension, bradycardia and respiratory depression). Slide 69 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
70 Pain receptor targets Potassium channels Numerous studies have demonstrated that the opening of some of potassium channel plays an important role in the antinociception induced by - agonists of many G-protein-coupled receptors ( 2- adrenoceptors, opioids, GABAB, muscarinic M2, adenosine A1, 5-HT1A and cannabinoid receptors), - as well as by other anti-nociceptive drugs (NSAIDs, TCAs, etc.) and natural products. Slide 70 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
71 Pain receptor targets Potassium channels Flupirtine is a centrally acting K+ channels opener with weak NMDA antagonist properties. It is used for moderate to strong pain and migraine, and for its muscle relaxant properties. It has no anticholinergic properties and is believed be devoid of any activity on dopamine, serotonin or histamine receptors. It is not addictive and tolerance does not develop. Slide 71 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
72 Pain receptor targets Ketamine Ketamine is a fast/short-acting anesthetic and painkiller used primarily in veterinary surgery. Ketamine is classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. At high, fully anesthetic level doses, it has been found to bind to opioid µ and σ (Σ, sigma) receptors. Ketamine has a wide range of effects in humans, including analgesia, anesthesia, hallucinations, elevated blood pressure, and bronchodilation. Ketamine is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, usually in combination with a sedative. Slide 72 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
73 Pain receptor targets Ketamine Other uses of ketamine include sedation in intensive care, analgesia (particularly in emergency medicine), and treatment of bronchospasm. Ketamine is usually used in pain that has failed to respond fully to opioids despite escalating doses and combination with appropriate adjuvants. It may be particularly helpful in neuropathic pain. Ketamine has been shown to be effective in treating depression in patients with bipolar disorder who have not responded to other anti-depressants. Slide 73 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
74 Pain receptor targets Ketamine Side effects: - dysphoria, hallucinations and nightmares may occur - Tolerance. Tolerance can be reduced by concurrent treatment with haloperidol or a benzodiazepine. Other side effects includes sedation, confusion, increased muscle tone, disorientation, delirium and dizziness, and if encountered require patients reassurance. There are side effects associated with higher doses which may warrant dose reduction. These include: - tachycardia, - hypertension, - diplopia [double vision] and - nystagmus [involuntary eye movements]. Slide 74 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
75 Pain receptor targets Cannabinoids Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive component of the cannabis plant. It appears to ease moderate pain (analgesic) and to be neuroprotective. THC binds CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are primarily located at central and peripheral nerve terminals. CB2 receptors are predominantly expressed in non-neuronal tissues, particularly immune cells and microglial cells. Cannabinoid receptors inhibit the enzyme adenylate cyclase Slide 75 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
76 Pain receptor targets Cannabinoids Cannabinoid receptors: - localized in areas that control movement (basal ganglia, cerebellum), cognition (cerebral cortex), and attention and memory (hippocampus). - sparse in areas that control heart rate and respiration (medulla). - localized in areas that control emesis (nucleus of the solitary tract) and pain (spinal cord). - not localized on ventral forebrain dopamine neurons that are implicated in abuse potential of psychoactive drugs. -Endocannabinoids are released upon electrical stimulation of PAG, and in response to inflammation in the extremities. -Cannabinoids produce their analgesic effects due to suppression of spinal and thalamic nociceptive neurons. -Sativex and other cannabinoids are used for neuropathic pain and spasticity. Slide 76 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
77 Pain receptor targets Cannabinoids Therapeutic effects of cannabinoids Slide 77 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
78 Migraine The management of pain associated with migraine consists of the management of acute attacks, and prophylaxis. Acute attacks may respond to NSAIDs such as aspirin and paracetamol, or to agonists at 5-HT1D receptors, such as sumatriptan. Prophylaxis may be achieved by use of 5-HT2 receptor antagonists (methysergide, cyproheptadine), calcium channel blockers (e.g. verapamil), or tricylic antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline). Slide 78 of 78 M14 Pain Lecture notes
Receptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me. Agenda. What We Know About Pain 9/7/2012
Receptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me Cathy Carlson, PhD, RN Northern Illinois University Agenda We will be going through this lecture on basic pain physiology using analogies, mnemonics,
More informationPharmacology of Pain Transmission and Modulation
Pharmacology of Pain Transmission and Modulation 2 Jürg Schliessbach and Konrad Maurer Nociceptive Nerve Fibers Pain is transmitted to the central nervous system via thinly myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated
More informationChapter 16. Sense of Pain
Chapter 16 Sense of Pain Pain Discomfort caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation, and typically leading to evasive action important /// helps to protect us lost of pain in diabetes mellitus = diabetic
More informationSomatosensory Physiology (Pain And Temperature) Richard M. Costanzo, Ph.D.
Somatosensory Physiology (Pain And Temperature) Richard M. Costanzo, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES After studying the material of this lecture the student should be familiar with: 1. The relationship between nociception
More informationPAIN & ANALGESIA. often accompanied by clinical depression. fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, etc. COX 1, COX 2, and COX 3 (a variant of COX 1)
Pain - subjective experience associated with detection of tissue damage ( nociception ) acute - serves as a warning chronic - nociception gone bad often accompanied by clinical depression fibromyalgia,
More information211MDS Pain theories
211MDS Pain theories Definition In 1986, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defined pain as a sensory and emotional experience associated with real or potential injuries, or described
More informationPain Pathways. Dr Sameer Gupta Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management, NGH
Pain Pathways Dr Sameer Gupta Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management, NGH Objective To give you a simplistic and basic concepts of pain pathways to help understand the complex issue of pain Pain
More informationAnalgesic Drugs PHL-358-PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I. Mr.D.Raju,M.pharm, Lecturer
Analgesic Drugs PHL-358-PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I Mr.D.Raju,M.pharm, Lecturer Mechanisms of Pain and Nociception Nociception is the mechanism whereby noxious peripheral stimuli are transmitted to
More informationSan Francisco Chronicle, June 2001
PAIN San Francisco Chronicle, June 2001 CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN PAIN IS A SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE: It is not a stimulus MAJOR FEATURES OF THE PAIN EXPERIENCE: Sensory discriminative Affective (emotional)
More informationNeural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System
15 Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College North Harris An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and
More informationWhat is Pain? An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is always subjective
Pain & Acupuncture What is Pain? An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. NOCICEPTION( the neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli.)
More informationCHAPTER 4 PAIN AND ITS MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 4 PAIN AND ITS MANAGEMENT Pain Definition: An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Types of Pain
More informationPAIN IS A SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE: It is not a stimulus. MAJOR FEATURES OF THE PAIN EXPERIENCE: Sensory discriminative Affective (emotional) Cognitive
PAIN PAIN IS A SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE: It is not a stimulus MAJOR FEATURES OF THE PAIN EXPERIENCE: Sensory discriminative Affective (emotional) Cognitive MEASUREMENT OF PAIN: A BIG PROBLEM Worst pain ever
More informationPAIN. Physiology of pain relating to pain management
PAIN Physiology of pain relating to pain management What is pain? An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. (Melzac and Wall) The generation of pain
More informationThe anatomy and physiology of pain
The anatomy and physiology of pain Charlotte E Steeds Abstract Pain is an unpleasant experience that results from both physical and psychological responses to injury. A complex set of pathways transmits
More informationSOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS AND PAIN
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS AND PAIN A 21 year old man presented with a stab wound of the right side of the neck (Panel A). Neurological examination revealed right hemiplegia and complete right-sided loss of
More informationSpinal Cord Injury Pain. Michael Massey, DO CentraCare Health St Cloud, MN 11/07/2018
Spinal Cord Injury Pain Michael Massey, DO CentraCare Health St Cloud, MN 11/07/2018 Objectives At the conclusion of this session, participants should be able to: 1. Understand the difference between nociceptive
More informationUNIVERSITY OF JORDAN FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (MEDICAL), SPRING 2014
UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (MEDICAL), SPRING 2014 Textbook of Medical Physiology by: Guyton & Hall, 12 th edition 2011 Eman Al-Khateeb,
More informationChapter 9. Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) vs. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) CNS Brain Spinal cord PNS Peripheral nerves connecting CNS to the body Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Neurons transmit
More informationSomatic Sensation (MCB160 Lecture by Mu-ming Poo, Friday March 9, 2007)
Somatic Sensation (MCB160 Lecture by Mu-ming Poo, Friday March 9, 2007) Introduction Adrian s work on sensory coding Spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia Four somatic sense modalities Touch Mechanoreceptors
More informationCHAPTER 4 PAIN AND ITS MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 4 PAIN AND ITS MANAGEMENT Pain Definition: An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Types of Pain
More informationPathophysiology of Pain
Pathophysiology of Pain Wound Inflammatory response Chemical mediators Activity in Pain Path PAIN http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter08.html Chris Cohan, Ph.D. Dept. of Pathology/Anat Sci University
More informationTRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL STIMULATION Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) Transcutaneous electrical stimulation ; An electronic device that produces electrical signals used to stimulate nerve
More informationAction Potentials and Synaptic Transmission. BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Action Potentials and Synaptic Transmission BIO 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Review of action potentials Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus Dendrites Cell body In saltatory conduction, the nerve impulses
More informationPain. Pain. Pain: One definition. Pain: One definition. Pain: One definition. Pain: One definition. Psyc 2906: Sensation--Introduction 9/27/2006
Pain Pain Pain: One Definition Classic Paths A new Theory Pain and Drugs According to the international Association for the Study (Merskey & Bogduk, 1994), Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
More informationPain classifications slow and fast
Pain classifications slow and fast Fast Pain Slow Pain Sharp, pricking (Aδ) fiber Short latency Well localized Short duration Dull, burning (C) fiber Slower onset Diffuse Long duration Less emotional Emotional,
More informationKaram Darwish. Dr. Munir. Munir Gharaibeh
7 Karam Darwish Dr. Munir Munir Gharaibeh Opioid Analgesics Pain is an important symptom as it is usually the symptom that brings the patient to the hospital, and an Analgesic is a drug used to relieve
More informationCHAPTER 10 THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 10 THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM 10.1. SOMATOSENSORY MODALITIES "Somatosensory" is really a catch-all term to designate senses other than vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. Receptors that could
More information1 The Physiology of Pain
1 The Physiology of Pain Rohit Juneja and Siân Jaggar Introduction Definitions Key Messages Pain is still underdiagnosed and undertreated. Pain is a subjective experience and may even be present in the
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Next WSAVA Congress REDUCING THE PAIN FACTOR AN UPDATE ON PERI-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA Sandra Forysth, BVSc DipACVA Institute of Veterinary,
More informationNarcotic Analgesics. Jacqueline Morgan March 22, 2017
Narcotic Analgesics Jacqueline Morgan March 22, 2017 Pain Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage Universal, complex, subjective experience Number one reason
More informationCNS part 2 & Intro to Sensory Systems
CNS part 2 & Intro to Sensory Systems Brain Function Important Concepts Functional areas of the cerebral cortex Sensory, Motor, Association Cerebral lateralization each hemisphere has functions not shared
More informationNeural Basis of Motor Control
Neural Basis of Motor Control Central Nervous System Skeletal muscles are controlled by the CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Determines which muscles will contract When How fast To what
More informationMedical Neuroscience Tutorial
Pain Pathways Medical Neuroscience Tutorial Pain Pathways MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS 1 NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. NCC3. Genetically determined circuits are the foundation
More informationAKA a painful lecture by Colleen Blanchfield, MD Full Circle Neuropsychiatric Wellness Center
A lecture on PAIN AKA a painful lecture by Colleen Blanchfield, MD Full Circle Neuropsychiatric Wellness Center 1 Overview of the lecture Anatomy of the Pain Tract How a painful stimulus travels from the
More informationChapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. !
Chapter 17 Sensory receptor Sensory input Integration Nervous System Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) 28.1 Nervous systems
More informationWarm-Up. Label the parts of the neuron below.
Warm-Up Label the parts of the neuron below. A B C D E F G Warm-Up 1. One neuron transmits a nerve impulse at 40 m/s. Another conducts at the rate of 1 m/s. Which neuron has a myelinated axon? 2. List
More informationModule H NERVOUS SYSTEM
Module H NERVOUS SYSTEM Topic from General functions of the nervous system Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical & functional perspectives Gross & microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue
More informationThe neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible:
NERVOUS SYSTEM The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: the neuron and the supporting cells ("glial cells"). Neuron Neurons
More informationV1-ophthalmic. V2-maxillary. V3-mandibular. motor
4. Trigeminal Nerve I. Objectives:. Understand the types of sensory information transmitted by the trigeminal system.. Describe the major peripheral divisions of the trigeminal nerve and how they innervate
More informationANAT2010. Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018
ANAT2010 Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018 Table of Contents Lecture 13: Pain and perception... 3 Lecture 14: Sensory systems and visual pathways... 11 Lecture 15: Techniques in Neuroanatomy I in vivo
More informationPAIN MODULATION. numerical value. adjectives. DR SYED SHAHID HABIB Professor & Consultant Dept. of Physiology College of Medicine & KKUH
PAIN MODULATION numerical value adjectives DR SYED SHAHID HABIB Professor & Consultant Dept. of Physiology College of Medicine & KKUH OBJECTIVES At the end of this lecture you should be able to describe:
More informationDepartment of Neurology/Division of Anatomical Sciences
Spinal Cord I Lecture Outline and Objectives CNS/Head and Neck Sequence TOPIC: FACULTY: THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES, Part I Department of Neurology/Division of Anatomical Sciences LECTURE: Monday,
More informationNeuropathic Pain in Palliative Care
Neuropathic Pain in Palliative Care Neuropathic Pain in Advanced Cancer Affects 40% of patients Multiple concurrent pains are common Often complex pathophysiology with mixed components Nocioceptive Neuropathic
More informationPAIN MANAGEMENT in the CANINE PATIENT
PAIN MANAGEMENT in the CANINE PATIENT Laurie Edge-Hughes, BScPT, MAnimSt (Animal Physio), CAFCI, CCRT Part 1: Laurie Edge-Hughes, BScPT, MAnimSt (Animal Physio), CAFCI, CCRT 1 Pain is the most common reason
More informationUnit VIII Problem 1 Physiology: Sensory Pathway
Unit VIII Problem 1 Physiology: Sensory Pathway - Process of sensation: Sensory receptors: they are specialized cells considered as biologic signal transducers which can detect stimuli and convert them
More information*Anteriolateral spinothalamic tract (STT) : a sensory pathway that is positioned anteriorly and laterally in the spinal cord.
*somatic sensations : PAIN *Anteriolateral spinothalamic tract (STT) : a sensory pathway that is positioned anteriorly and laterally in the spinal cord. *This pathway carries a variety of sensory modalities:
More informationSomatosensory System. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Somatosensory System Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Dr. Riedl s review session this week: Tuesday (Oct 10) 4-5pm in MCB 3-146B 2 Sensory Systems Sensory
More informationThe Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord
15 The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska Introduction Millions of sensory
More informationAcute Pain NETP: SEPTEMBER 2013 COHORT
Acute Pain NETP: SEPTEMBER 2013 COHORT Pain & Suffering an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage International
More informationPage 1. Neurons Transmit Signal via Action Potentials: neuron At rest, neurons maintain an electrical difference across
Chapter 33: The Nervous System and the Senses Neurons: Specialized excitable cells that allow for communication throughout the body via electrical impulses Neuron Anatomy / Function: 1) Dendrites: Receive
More informationPain Mechanisms. Prof Michael G Irwin MD, FRCA, FANZCA FHKAM Head Department of Anaesthesiology University of Hong Kong. The Somatosensory System
ain Mechanisms rof Michael G Irwin MD, FRCA, FANZCA FHKAM Head Department of Anaesthesiology University of Hong Kong The Somatosensory System Frontal cortex Descending pathway eriaqueductal gray matter
More informationPain and impulse conduction
1 Pain and impulse conduction L.H.D.J. Booij According to the World Health Organisation pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation that occurs from imminent tissue damage. From a physiological perspective,
More informationBiology 218 Human Anatomy
Chapter 21 Adapted form Tortora 10 th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Overview of Sensations (p. 652) 1. Sensation is the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli. 2. For a sensation
More informationChapter 7. Objectives
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More information3/15/2018. Pain. Pain. Opioid Analgesics Addiction. Pain
Pain Pain Well, I guess that explains the abdominal pains. Well, I guess that explains the abdominal pains. Pain is a component of virtually all clinical strategies, and management of pain is a primary
More informationPrescription Pain Management. University of Hawai i Hilo Pre- Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita 1 Narciso Pharm D
Prescription Pain Management University of Hawai i Hilo Pre- Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita 1 Narciso Pharm D 2 Objectives Understand how to preform a pain assessment Know which medications
More informationSensory coding and somatosensory system
Sensory coding and somatosensory system Sensation and perception Perception is the internal construction of sensation. Perception depends on the individual experience. Three common steps in all senses
More informationDrugs Used In Management Of Pain. Dr. Aliah Alshanwani
Drugs Used In Management Of Pain Dr. Aliah Alshanwani 1 Drugs Used In Management Of Pain A CASE OF OVERDOSE Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis His cancer of the jaw was causing him increasingly
More informationComplex Acute Surgical Pain Management. Thomas Baribeault MSN, CRNA
Complex Acute Surgical Pain Management Thomas Baribeault MSN, CRNA Introduction Anatomy and pathophysiology of acute surgical pain Pharmacology Chronic pain patient Opioid tolerant patient Introduction
More informationThe Nervous System. Chapter 4. Neuron 3/9/ Components of the Nervous System
Chapter 4 The Nervous System 1. Components of the Nervous System a. Nerve cells (neurons) Analyze and transmit information Over 100 billion neurons in system Four defined regions Cell body Dendrites Axon
More informationNervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters
Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons Structure of neurons Soma Dendrites Spines Axon Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Neurons Structure of neurons Axon collaterals 1 Neurons Structure of neurons
More informationName Biology 125 Midterm #2 ( ) Total Pages: 9
Name - 1 - Biology 125 Midterm #2 (11-15-07) Part 1: (30 pts) Part 2: (40 pts) Part 3: (6 pts) Part 4: (12 pts) Part 5: (12 pts) Total Pages: 9 Total Score: (100 pts) 1 Name - 2 - Part 1: True or False.
More informationSomatic Sensory System I. Background
Somatic Sensory System I. Background A. Differences between somatic senses and other senses 1. Receptors are distributed throughout the body as opposed to being concentrated at small, specialized locations
More informationSOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS: Pain and Temperature Kimberle Jacobs, Ph.D.
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS: Pain and Temperature Kimberle Jacobs, Ph.D. Sensory systems are afferent, meaning that they are carrying information from the periphery TOWARD the central nervous system. The somatosensory
More informationaction potential afferent neuron Weblike; specifically, the weblike middle layer of the three meninges. arachnoid astrocytes autonomic nervous system
action potential A large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber. afferent neuron Nerve cell that carries impulses
More informationUCSF Pediatric Hospital Medicine Boot Camp Pain Session 6/21/14. Cynthia Kim and Stephen Wilson
UCSF Pediatric Hospital Medicine Boot Camp Pain Session 6/21/14 Cynthia Kim and Stephen Wilson Rules Buzz first and player answers If answer correct, then the player asks teammates if they want to keep
More informationANALGESIA and LOCAL ANAESTHESIA. Professor Donald G. MacLellan Executive Director Health Education & Management Innovations
ANALGESIA and LOCAL ANAESTHESIA Professor Donald G. MacLellan Executive Director Health Education & Management Innovations Definition of Pain Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with
More informationANAT2010. Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018
ANAT2010 Concepts of Neuroanatomy (II) S2 2018 Table of Contents Lecture 13: Pain and perception... 3 Lecture 14: Sensory systems and visual pathways... 11 Lecture 15: Techniques in Neuroanatomy I in vivo
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM. Academic Resource Center. Forskellen mellem oscillator og krystal
NERVOUS SYSTEM Academic Resource Center Forskellen mellem oscillator og krystal Overview of the Nervous System Peripheral nervous system-pns cranial nerves spinal nerves ganglia peripheral nerves enteric
More informationPain Management: A Comprehensive Review
Pain Management: A Comprehensive Review 1) Pain related issues currently account for approximately of doctor s visits. a) 60% b) 70% c) 80% d) 90% 2) Which pain scale is frequently utilized with children?
More informationThermoreceptors (hot & cold fibers) Temperature gated Na+ channels. Adaptation in thermoreceptors
Thermoreceptors (hot & cold fibers) Temperature gated Na+ channels Adaptation in thermoreceptors Response of a cold receptor Drugs can mimic sensory stimuli Response of taste nerve to cold water or menthol
More informationPain and Temperature Objectives
Pain and Temperature Objectives 1. Describe the types of sensory receptors that transmit pain and temperature. 2. Understand how axon diameter relates to transmission of pain and temp information. 3. Describe
More informationNervous System - PNS and CNS. Bio 105
Nervous System - PNS and CNS Bio 105 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Autonomic Nervous Systems B. Somatic Nervous Systems III. Autonomic
More informationChapter 6. Gathering information; the sensory systems
Chapter 6 Gathering information; the sensory systems Gathering information the sensory systems The parts of the nervous system that receive and process information are termed sensory systems. There are
More informationCHAPTER 13 NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 13 NERVOUS SYSTEM LEARNING OUTCOMES 13.1 Overview of the Nervous System 1. Distinguish between the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system with regard to location and function. 2.
More informationPain Management: A Comprehensive Review
Pain Management: A Comprehensive Review 1) Pain related issues currently account for approximately of doctor s visits. a) 60% b) 70% c) 80% d) 90% 2) Which pain scale is frequently utilized with children?
More information3/15/17. Outline. Nervous System - PNS and CNS. Two Parts of the Nervous System
Nervous System - PNS and CNS Bio 105 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Autonomic Nervous Systems B. Somatic Nervous Systems III. Autonomic
More informationAutonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system organization Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
More informationDendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon
Dendrites Receive impulse from the axon of other neurons through synaptic connection. Conduct impulse towards the cell body Axon Page 22 of 237 Conduct impulses away from cell body Impulses arise from
More informationChapter 15! Chapter 15 Sensory Pathways, Somatic Nervous System! Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System!
Chapter 15! Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the SECTION 15-2! Sensory receptors connect our internal and external environments with the nervous system! 2 Sensation and Receptors! Transduction!
More informationThe Nervous System. Chapter 35: Biology II
The Nervous System Chapter 35: Biology II Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: the study of structure Physiology: The study of how living organisms function, including such processes as nutrition, movement,
More informationGeneral Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs
General Sensory Pathways of the Trunk and Limbs Lecture Objectives Describe gracile and cuneate tracts and pathways for conscious proprioception, touch, pressure and vibration from the limbs and trunk.
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline
Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience
More informationBiomechanics of Pain: Dynamics of the Neuromatrix
Biomechanics of Pain: Dynamics of the Neuromatrix Partap S. Khalsa, D.C., Ph.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering The Neuromatrix From: Melzack R (1999) Pain Suppl 6:S121-6. NIOSH STAR Symposium May
More informationPrimary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information
NERVOUS SYSTEM Monitor changes External / internal Integrate input Primary Functions Process, interpret, make decisions, store information Initiate a response E.g., movement, hormone release, stimulate/inhibit
More informationSOMATIC SENSATION PART I: ALS ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM (or SPINOTHALAMIC SYSTEM) FOR PAIN AND TEMPERATURE
Dental Neuroanatomy Thursday, February 3, 2011 Suzanne S. Stensaas, PhD SOMATIC SENSATION PART I: ALS ANTEROLATERAL SYSTEM (or SPINOTHALAMIC SYSTEM) FOR PAIN AND TEMPERATURE Reading: Waxman 26 th ed, :
More information21 st June BDS BASHD Therapeutics Pain and Analgesia. BASHD Therapeutics Analgesics and Pain Management. Links to other BASHD content
Volume of Prescribing by Dentists 2011 ( a reminder) BASHD Therapeutics Analgesics and Pain Management Analgesics account for 1 in 80 dental prescriptions made A lot more analgesics will be suggested for
More information10.1: Introduction. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial cells) Dendrites.
10.1: Introduction Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial
More informationNervous system. Made up of. Peripheral nervous system. Central nervous system. The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system.
Made up of The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal Cord Cranial nerve Spinal nerve branch from the brain connect
More informationNervous System Notes
Nervous System Notes The nervous system consists of a network of nerve cells or neurons. I. A nervous system is an important part of a cell s (or an organism s) ability to respond to the environment. A.
More informationNSG 3008A: PROFESSIONAL NURSING TRANSITION. Objectives NATURE OF PAIN. Pain is key to the survival of an organism
NSG 3008A: PROFESSIONAL NURSING TRANSITION PAIN MANAGEMENT: STRESS ADAPTATION; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ETHICAL ISSUES Objectives 1. Describe the physiology of pain and related theories
More informationPathophysiology of Pain. Ramon Go MD Assistant Professor Anesthesiology and Pain medicine NYP-CUMC
Pathophysiology of Pain Ramon Go MD Assistant Professor Anesthesiology and Pain medicine NYP-CUMC Learning Objectives Anatomic pathway of nociception Discuss the multiple target sites of pharmacological
More informationPsychophysical laws. Legge di Fechner: I=K*log(S/S 0 )
Psychophysical laws Legge di Weber: ΔS=K*S Legge di Fechner: I=K*log(S/S 0 ) Sensory receptors Vision Smell Taste Touch Thermal senses Pain Hearing Balance Proprioception Sensory receptors Table 21-1 Classification
More informationLujain Hamdan. Ayman Musleh & Yahya Salem. Mohammed khatatbeh
12 Lujain Hamdan Ayman Musleh & Yahya Salem Mohammed khatatbeh the last lecture, we have studied the differences between the two divisions of the ANS: sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways which work
More informationThe Nervous System. Anatomy of a Neuron
The Nervous System Chapter 38.1-38.5 Anatomy of a Neuron I. Dendrites II. Cell Body III. Axon Synaptic terminal 1 Neuron Connections dendrites cell body terminal cell body cell body terminals dendrites
More informationNeurons, Synapses and Signaling. Chapter 48
Neurons, Synapses and Signaling Chapter 48 Warm Up Exercise What types of cells can receive a nerve signal? Nervous Organization Neurons- nerve cells. Brain- organized into clusters of neurons, called
More informationFundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part C Warm Up What is a neurotransmitter? What is the
More informationHuman Anatomy. Autonomic Nervous System
Human Anatomy Autonomic Nervous System 1 Autonomic Nervous System ANS complex system of nerves controls involuntary actions. Works with the somatic nervous system (SNS) regulates body organs maintains
More information