Introduction to Virology

Transcription

1 Introduction to Virology

2 Introduction to Virology K. M. SMITH C.B.E., D.Se., Ph.D., F.R.S. Formerly Director, Virus Research Unit, Agricultural Council, Cambridge Chapter 9, The replication of viruses and Chapter 10, Virus genetics contributed by D.A. RITCHIE Ph.D. Professor of Genetics, University of Liverpool CHAPMAN AND HALL London and New York

3 First published 1980 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall in association with Methuen, Inc. 733 Third Avenue, New York NY K.M. Smith and D.A. Ritchie Photoset in English Times by Red Lion Setters, London and printed in Great Britain by J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd., Bristol This title is available in both hardbound and paperback editions. The paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Smith, Kenneth Manley Introduction to virology. 1. Virus diseases I. Title II. Ritchie, Donald Andrew '94 RC ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: /

4 Contents Preface ix 1. Introduction Virus characteristics Some virus definitions 3 2. Some representative viruses - size, morphology, ultrastructure and replication Size Morphology Ultrastructure Replication Purification of viruses Plant viruses Insect viruses Viruses affecting the higher animals Classification and nomenclature Introduction Viruses of invertebrates Viruses of bacteria Some virus diseases in man and other animals Man and the higher animals Insects and other invertebrates Some virus diseases in plants and micro-organisms Plants The higher plants Fungi Micro-organisms Protozoal viruses Algal viruses 83

5 vi Introduction to Virology Bacterial viruses, bacteriophages, phages Mycoplasma viruses Spiroplasma viruses 7. The spread of viruses from host to host 7.1 Methods of virus dissemination Higher animals Insects Plants 7.2 Viruses and vectors Plant viruses Animal viruses 8. Latency, satellite and incomplete viruses, viroids and virus-like particles 8.1 Latency 8.2 Satellite viruses and incomplete viruses 8.3 Viroids 8.4 Virus-like particles 9. The replication ofviruses 9.1 The virus-host relationship 9.2 Adsorption and entry 9.3 The eclipse Transcription of virus genomes Translation of virus DNA Regulation of gene expression Replication of virus genomes 9.4 Maturation 9.5 Release of progeny virus 9.6 Replication of bacterial viruses Single-stranded DNA phages Double-stranded DNA phages RNA phages Lysogeny 9.7 Replication of animal viruses DNA animal viruses RNA animal viruses DNA-RNA animal viruses 9.8 Replication of plant viruses 10. Virus genetics 10.1 The role of genetics in virology

6 Contents vii 10.2 Variation among viruses 10.3 Genetic analysis of viral functions Complementation analysis Biochemical characterization of mutants 10.4 Recombination and mapping virus genomes Recombination Mapping virus genomes 11. Tumour viruses 12. Tissue and cell culture of viruses 12.1 Plant viruses Protoplast culture of plant viruses 12.2 Animal viruses 13. Virus assay 13.1 Plaque assay 13.2 Plant virus assay Serological methods of plant virus assay 13.3 Counting virus particles 13.4 Mixed virus infections 14. Control of virus diseases 14.1 Animal viruses Avoiding infection Immunization procedures Chemotherapy 14.2 Plant viruses 14.3 Viruses as agents of biological control References Subject index

7 Preface The study of viruses, or virology as it is now called, had its origin in 1892 when a Russian botanist, Iwanawsky, showed that sap from a tobacco plant with an infectious disease was still highly infectious after passage through a filter capable of retaining bacterial cells. From such humble beginnings the study of these 'filter-passing agents', or viruses, has developed into a separate science which rivals, if it does not excel, in importance the whole of bacteriology. The importance of viruses lies not only in the diseases they cause in every type of living organism, but also because of their intimate relationship with the living cell, in which alone they can reproduce. Their study has influenced the whole of biology by greatly increasing our knowledge of the gene, genetics, and molecular structure; there is also the possible connexion of viruses with human cancer, in view of the occurrence of many viral cancers in other animals. The book attempts to give a comprehensive but necessarily superficial survey of the subject as a whole and should help senior undergraduates and postgraduate students who wish to gain some knowledge of virology. Further information is available from the extensive bibliography. Grateful acknowledgement is due to Council of the Royal Society from one of us (K.M.S.) for a grant of money towards the expenses of writing this book. We are also indebted to many friends and collagues who lent us photographic prints or sent us reprints; the names of these authors are given under each borrowed illustration. Acknowledgement is also due to the publishers Chapman and Hall and the Longman Group for permission to reproduce certain passages and illustrations from previous writings. Kenneth M. Smith Donald A. Ritchie