CLOSED CAPTIONING WORKING GROUP (ENGLISH-LANGUAGE) FINAL REPORT. Submitted to the CRTC. February 9, 2011

Transcription

1 CLOSED CAPTIONING WORKING GROUP (ENGLISH-LANGUAGE) FINAL REPORT Submitted to the CRTC February 9, 2011 Introduction With respect to CRTC File No , Follow up to Broadcasting and Regulatory Policy , Accessibility of telecommunications and broadcasting services Working Groups on quality of closed captioning, the present constitutes the Final Report of the English-language Closed Captioning Working Group. The Report provides a summary of the work undertaken by the Working Group, and includes the views and proposals of the members of the Working Group to January 26, A separate report summarizing the validation of standards is attached. The revised version of the Closed Captioning Standards and Protocol Manual for Canadian Englishlanguage Television Programming Services is also attached. A. Mandate of the Working Group Within the mandate of the Working Group, standards were to be developed for: Speed of captioning (pop-on and roll-up captions). It should be noted that, in the course of Working Group discussions, it was determined that a standard for lag time, i.e. the gap between the audio track and the appearance of captions during live programming, should also be explored. Captions that obscure or are obscured by other on-screen information (such as game information during hockey telecasts). Speed and format of captioning for children s programming (pop-on versus roll-up) Digital television broadcasting. Rate of error, including (i) a definition of what constitutes a captioning error and (ii) a methodology for determining an acceptable error rate. Further to this, the Commission required that Closed Captioning Standards and Protocol Manual for Canadian English-language Television Programming Services be revised by the Working Group to contain imperative language, examples of acceptable captioning,

2 additional definitions and illustrations, and consistent information. A first draft of these revisions was filed with the Commission in September A second version of the amendments to the closed captioning standards is appended to this report. The Working Group was also required to undertake a validation exercise with users of captioned programming, in order to ensure the suitability and applicability of new captioning standards with user groups. A report summarizing the validation exercise is appended to this report. B. Working Group Meetings The Working Group held five face to face meetings: August 19 th, September 22 nd, October 20 th, November 17 th and December 14 th. Considerable discussion also took place among Working Group members between meetings, which provided a forum for a fulsome exchange of ideas and information. Reports summarizing Working Group discussions and progress were filed with the Commission on September 30, 2010; October 25, 2010; December 7, 2010; and January 26, C. Summary of Working Group Discussions and Proposals 1. Speed of Captioning Pop-on Captions The Working Group did not express any significant concerns with respect to the existing speed of pop-on captions. The current edition of the CAB Closed Captioning Standards and Protocol for Canadian English-language Television Programming identifies the following standard at page 16: Off-line caption writers should follow these presentation rate guidelines for popon captions: Allow a minimum of 1.5 seconds duration for up to 32 characters of text. Allow a minimum of two seconds duration to display the last 32 characters of text before blanking or moving captions. Do not display any caption for less than 1.5 seconds. The maximum presentation rate should be three seconds duration for each 32 characters of text. This equates to approximately 200 words per minute (wpm). The Working Group does not recommend any changes to this standard. 2

3 2. Speed of Captioning Roll-up Captions Considerably more discussion took place with respect to the speed of roll-up captions for live programming such as news and sports. Members of the Working Group agreed that roll up captions should follow the audio track, verbatim, closely and accurately. To this end, the Working Group proposed the following standard: a. Roll up captions must follow the audio track; that is, captions should be written at the speed the audio is delivered. b. When the audio reaches a certain rate of speed, it may be necessary to edit the audio in order to make the captions comprehensible. Editing of roll up captions should only be used sparingly. (Feedback from users may refine the standard for the use of editing.) c. Captions should not lag behind the audio track beyond ( ) seconds more than ( ) percent of the time. With respect to (b) above, organizations representing deaf and hard of hearing are of the view that editing should not as a rule take place. However, the Working Group as a whole acknowledges that limited editing may be necessary if the speed of audio is too great for a captionist to keep up with and, without editing, could result in garbled or unreadable captions With respect to (c) above, members generally agreed that live programming captioned from a script should follow the audio track as closely as possible. However, there is a difference of perspective on the matter of lag time for live, unscripted programming (such as live sports). Representatives of deaf and hard of hearing organizations stated that, as a starting point, time-lag for live programming cannot be more than five seconds maximum; 80 percent of the time it should be three seconds. There can be no acceptable time-lag for pre-recorded programming. Broadcaster representatives stated that this goal for live programming is impossible to achieve given (i) the human factor, where a captionist may be behind the audio track by varying lengths of time depending upon the complexity of the subject matter, the number of speakers, the difficulty identifying the speakers, and skill of the captionist, and (ii) technical factors related to the route of the captioned video, from the captionist to the broadcaster. In order to reduce lag time, the broadcaster members of the Working Group stated a willingness to expand the use of audio couplers where a captionist will create captions through an audio feed alone, rather than from the video feed that is viewed at the same time as users. 3

4 It should be noted that, while captioning experts suggest that the use of an audio coupler for live, unscripted programming may reduce lag time by one second, broadcasters have raised the possibility that captioning via audio alone may reduce captioning accuracy. This is because captionists are accustomed to creating captions from video feeds, and draw information from video that cannot be detected from audio alone, such as body language or actions taking place on-screen that cannot be detected from audio. The broadcasters and captioning representatives stated that there is a trade-off to be expected between speed and accuracy in human performance. The broadcasters further stated that progress on lag time would not be possible in the absence of reliable, broadly-based research that would serve to establish a baseline for captions on live, unscripted programming. In other words, targets for lag time can be established, but little is known about the achievability of those targets in the absence of solid research, and whether it is realistically possible to reduce lag time significantly. All members of the Working Group agree that a baseline for lag time for live programming should be established through research. Results from a major study on accessibility of Canadian broadcasting content are to be released in February 2011, and includes an examination of lag time. 3. Captions which block out other on-screen information Progress on the development of a standard for captions that block out other on-screen information was limited. Representatives of the deaf and hard of hearing organizations said this issue goes to the heart of inclusive design, where a particular product or service is developed on the basis of accessibility first. Inclusive design acts as a type of electronic curb cut : the products or services become universally accessible. In the case of captions which block other on-screen information, the representatives of the deaf and hard of hearing organizations said that captions are treated as an afterthought or add-on and in this regard, are the last part of on-screen information to be considered for a place on the screen. Broadcasters, on the other hand, said that captioning is an essential part of production, but must work around information already embedded as part of the screen, whether logos, tickers, advertising or other information. Broadcasters said that a transformation of screen design could negatively impact the commercial viability of their service, as screen design is a feature which broadcasters use to compete in attracting audiences. A mandated transformation of screen design would render Canadian broadcasters unfairly disadvantaged and therefore uncompetitive with U.S. and other foreign services. Nonetheless, the on-screen location of captions can be moved during a telecast, by the captionists. Broadcasters have committed to ensuring that the captionists they retain for service will through contractual obligations provide a best effort at ensuring that captions 4

5 do not block out other on-screen information. Deaf and hard of hearing representatives said that best effort would make the standard meaningless. 4. Speed and format for captioning of children s programming Representatives of the deaf and hard of hearing organizations on the Working Group said that, All pre-recorded programming should have pop-up captioning. Children's programming may be excepted. In order to ensure that all variations and possibilities are taken into account, we advocate the approach of creating program categories and finding the best approach for each. Broadcaster representatives on the Working Group said that roll-up captioning is appropriate for children s programming. With respect to speed of captioning for children s programming, previously released research suggests a speed of approximately 120 to 130 words per minute. There is general agreement among the members of the Working Group that this speed is likely appropriate for children s programming. 5. Captions for digital television broadcasting The development of captioning standards for digital television broadcasting was discussed during one full meeting of the Working Group, and was supported by a technical presentation from Rogers Cable. The Rogers presentation to the Working Group explained that, for digital broadcasting in particular, the signal transmitted by broadcasters follows industry standards developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC). In addition, industry standard CEA 708-D is used to format closed caption data, so that any digital television set can decode and display the text. The Working Group did not undertake any further discussions of ATSC standards in general or CEA 708-D specifically, as there was a general understanding that these industry standards are essential enablers for caption delivery in digital television. The Rogers presentation and subsequent dialogue included information and discussion concerning: how consumers access closed captions for digital television and factors contributing to consumers confusion when trying to access closed captioning on digital TV signals; and situations when, due to either delivery or configuration issues, BDUs may not be passing through all captions as supplied by broadcasters. These situations, when they occur, can result in even greater frustration when a consumer attempts to activate captions which may not, in fact, be present in a given program. 5

6 Members of the Working Group agreed that captions may be absent for different reasons, including transmission, processing failures and end-user equipment issues. Insofar as broadcast transmission is concerned; the Working Group agreed on the need for monitoring and escalation procedures through the entire delivery chain, from the originator (broadcaster) to the end user (consumer). Broadcasters stated that steps are taken to ensure that captions are present in their transmissions, e.g. the use of alarms when captions are not present. With respect to future deliberations, the Working Group raised a number of possible options for addressing the above noted issues. While consensus was not reached, suggestions included: 1) More, and more thorough, education, and resources, for users, as well as, more, and more thorough education for broadcasters and BDUs. 2) Pressuring manufacturers to build equipment with inclusive design, e.g. integrating a CC button on remote control devices for easy access to captions. It was noted by members that the FCC, CRTC, broadcasting industry and consumers alike should address these concerns to manufacturers. 3) Exploring the feasibility of simplifying how users activate closed captions for display on a given program, irrespective of the format of the signal. 4) Investigating how BDUs can enhance the technical assistance provided to consumers. Compiling best practices in this type of customer service was also suggested. 5) Finding ways to more effectively educate consumers on how to access captions depending on the format of program signal and whether an SD or HD STB is used. Since consumers may rely on the over-the-air reception of digital TV signals, both broadcasters and BDUs will have a role to play in consumer education efforts. Representatives from deaf and hard of hearing organizations stated that persons with disabilities should not be responsible for fixing these issues that educating consumers diverts attention from poor design and practices and that rather the regulatory process or manufacturers themselves should step in to ensure that the rights of persons with disabilities are respected. Issues pertaining to the role of distributors in the delivery of closed captions for digital television have been set aside for consideration in a future phase of work. It is important to note that, in the context of future discussions, the work initiated recently in the U.S. in response to new accessibility legislation, the Twenty-first Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, will impact any improvements sought in closed caption delivery by Canadian distributors. 6

7 6. Rate of Error Discussions on rate of error, primarily for live, unscripted programming, occupied a significant portion of Working Group discussion, including: What constitutes an error Acceptable methodologies for measuring rate of error Optimal rate of error How to monitor programming for errors It was generally agreed by the members of the Working Group that the most critical errors are those that render captions unreadable or unintelligible. For example, members agreed that the American spelling of the word honor should not constitute an error if it does not detract from the meaning of the caption. In other words, the standard would include but not be limited to a reference concerning the accurate representation of meaning within the captions. It was agreed by the members that further progress on rate of error would not be possible in the absence of reliable, broadly-based research that would serve to establish a baseline for accuracy of captions for live, unscripted programming. In other words, targets for rate of captioning accuracy can be established, but little is known about the achievability of those targets in the absence of solid research on rate of accuracy as it stands today. D. Proposals Submitted in Writing Representatives from deaf and hard of hearing organizations submitted a document to the Working Group on a range of standardization and accessibility issues on December 8, Broadcaster representatives stated that the document did not support the consensus goals of the Working Group. Broadcaster representatives have since developed their responses to the document, but note for the record that these responses reflect their preliminary views only. Representatives from deaf and hard of hearing organizations did not have an opportunity to review the written broadcaster responses prior to the filing of this report, and have indicated they will be providing a reply in the near future. 1. Synchronization/lag time Programs and captioning should be fully synchronized. Targets for synchronization should be set out in a Best Practices document that should be revised yearly. As a starting point, time-lag for live programming cannot be more than 5 seconds maximum. 80% of the time it should be 3 seconds. There can be no acceptable time-lag for pre-recorded programming. 7

8 Response from broadcaster representatives Programs delivered to broadcasters in time for off-line captioning will be fully synchronized. No lag time is acceptable on these programs. For programming which is live-captioned, the maximum 5-second lag-time is impossible to achieve, given the largest part of the delay is caused by human factors as fully discussed during Working Group meetings. For example, a captionist may be behind the audio track by varying lengths of time depending upon the complexity of the subject matter, the number of speakers, the difficulty identifying the speakers, and skill of the captionist. Captionists are trained and tested for speed and accuracy, but speed and accuracy are negatively correlated, i.e. faster speeds can mean lower rates of accuracy. What small part of the lag-time is attributable to the technical routing of the audio signal to the captionist and the captions returning to the broadcaster has not been subject to empirical research. However, broadcasters have agreed to broaden the use of audio couplers to eliminate lag associated with the route of the audio to those captionists that have received the program via cable or satellite home delivery. Targets for lag time can be established, but little is known about the achievability of those targets in the absence of solid research, and whether it is realistically possible to reduce lag time significantly. 2. Pop-on Captioning All pre-recorded programming should have pop-up captioning. Children's programming may be excepted. In order to ensure that all variations and possibilities are taken into account, we advocate the approach of creating program categories and finding the best approach for each. Response of broadcaster representatives Paragraph 82 of the CRTC Accessibility Policy states the Commission s objective that pop-on captioning be provided for Category 7 (drama) and 2b (documentary) programming; in addition, the CRTC s letter to Sylvie Courtemanche of July 30, 2010 acknowledges those instances where programming does not lend itself to pop-on captioning, including instances where programming is not received by the broadcaster in time to create pop-on captions. Broadcasters note that pop-on captions take three to four times longer to produce than roll-up captions. 3. Digital Television Broadcasting 8

9 It is the industry's responsibility to correct difficulties in setting the captions on digital TV sets, not the consumer's responsibility. By "industry" we include broadcasters, cable and satellite service providers, retailers, and manufacturers. We consider a call for consumer education to be diverting attention from poor design and practices. Response of broadcaster representatives The Working Group mandate does not include standards or accessibility issues related to consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers, which is an industry separate from the Canadian broadcasting industry and over which the broadcasting industry has no control and very little influence. However, broadcasters have advocated within the Working Group for an approach over which they do have some control, which is public education. Further, broadcasters have suggested a joint effort be undertaken by to the deaf and hard of hearing community, the CRTC, broadcasters and distributors to influence manufacturers. It should be noted that the current FCC proceeding on accessibility includes manufacturers, so the weight of regulation in the U.S. market may result in positive change for the accessibility of devices in the Canadian market. 4. Terminology Captioning shall use consistent terminology. To facilitate this, we propose that the standard should refer to a standard terminology and that a standardized captioning terminology be created and maintained for the use by all captioners. This will also ensure that standard content such as national anthems, proper names and the like will be presented consistently and accurately. Response of broadcaster representatives Broadcasters requested clarification concerning the position of representatives of deaf and hard of hearing organizations on the subject of terminology. 5. Accuracy of Captioning Captions must relay accurately what is being said. Anything that detracts from understanding what is being said is a mistake and is unacceptable. Lack of data on current accuracy of captioning makes it difficult to specify an accuracy standard that could survive actual practice. Research must be done to determine what the accuracy standard should be. In the meantime a 98 percent accuracy standard should be adopted as Best Practice with a review annually. 9

10 Response of broadcaster representatives Broadcasters agree that captions must accurately relay what is being said. The Working Group has defined and agreed on what was to be considered an error. As to a target accuracy standard, broadcasters would like to achieve 100 percent accuracy in captioning, but no standard can be realistically adopted in the absence of empirical research on where the industry currently stands. Again, it must be noted that accuracy may be reduced by efforts to reduce lag time. 6. Accessibility of terminal equipment and electronic program guides Viewers devices, such as set-top boxes and electronic programming guides, shall offer all available accessibility features. In order to ensure that future advances are incorporated in a timely manner, we propose that the Best Practices document specify what the required features are, for example fonts. Such features should include title case format as standard practice. Another feature is colour coded captioning that assigns different colour of caption text to different speakers and neutral colour to sound effects. Consumers should be able to choose through their remote controller whether to use colour captions or black/white captions. The Best Practices guide should be revised on a set schedule, preferably annually. Response of broadcaster representatives This issues falls beyond the mandate of the Working Group, and is beyond the control of the Canadian broadcasting industry. 7. Captioning Compliance Monitoring and Reporting In view of the slow progress in achieving accessibility and the complexity of reporting captioning problems and obtaining action, we want the establishment of an independent, impartial, and adequately-funded third-party for compliance monitoring and reporting. Response of broadcaster representatives Broadcasters continue to explore options to improve captioning, such as measures that will support better communications between players in the captioning chain. 8. Distribution Platforms 10

11 As a matter of principle in Canadian broadcasting, accessibility should be part of any method of distribution. Specifically, but not excluding other methods of distribution, any website uploads of video clips from captioned televised programming must include the captions in the uploads. Response of broadcaster representatives This issue falls outside the mandate of the Working Group. Nonetheless, it is a fact that there are significant technical challenges to the provision of closed captioning on websites and mobile devices. Much of the technology available to Canadian broadcasters from third party vendors requires significant adaptation to allow for captioning. The involvement of manufacturers and designers in the above noted FCC proceeding on accessibility may result in positive change for accessibility on the web and mobile devices in the Canadian market. 9. Research The report will acknowledge that insufficient time and resources prevented in-depth research into captioning studies and legislation. Response of broadcaster representatives It is the understanding of the broadcasters that the report in the above noted position refers to the Final Report of the Working Group. The mandate of the Working Group did not include the development and implementation of in-depth research in any area of captioning. 10. Consumer Feedback (Validation) Process The report will acknowledge that the consumer feedback obtained from test-clips is not reliable due to methodology, time and resources. Response of broadcaster representatives The report should acknowledge what the consumer feedback reveals, while explaining the constraints of the Working Group. 11

12 Summary Proposals on Closed Captioning Standards English-language Closed Captioning Working Group Standard Status Position of Representatives of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Organizations Position of Broadcaster Representatives Speed of captioning pop-up captions No change to the existing standard of speed of pop up captions. Agree Agree Speed of captioning roll up captions The standard will state that the speed of roll up captions should approximate the audio track as closely as possible. Agree Agree Speed of captioning children s programming The standard will state that the appropriate speed for children s captioning is 120 to 130 wpm. Agree Agree Format of captioning children s programming That standard will state that the use of roll-up captioning for children s programming is appropriate. Agree Agree Lag time Unresolved Time-lag for live programming cannot be more than five seconds maximum; 80 percent of the time it should be three seconds. There can be no acceptable time-lag for pre-recorded programming. No acceptable time lag for pre-recorded programming. For programming which is live-captioned, the maximum 5-second lag-time is impossible to achieve, given the largest part of the delay is caused by human factors. Agree to expanded use of audio couplers as a mean of reducing a 12

13 lag, recognizing that accuracy may diminish as a result. Captions which block out other on-screen information Unresolved Captions are treated as an afterthought or add-on and in this regard, are the last part of on-screen information to be considered for a place on the screen. Inclusive redesign of the screen is required. Transformation of screen design could negatively impact the commercial viability of their service, as screen design is a feature which broadcasters use to compete in attracting audiences. As onscreen location of captions can be moved during a telecast by the captionists, broadcasters commit to ensuring that the captionists they retain for service will through contractual obligations provide a best effort at ensuring that captions do not block out other onscreen information. Captions for digital television broadcasting As these are technical standards relating to distributors, they are set aside for a future phase of work. Members agree that captions may be absent for different reasons, including transmission, processing failures and end-user equipment issues. Agree that monitoring and escalation procedures are required throughout the entire delivery chain, from the broadcaster to the end user consumer. Persons with disabilities should not be responsible for fixing these issues; educating consumers diverts attention from poor design and practices. The regulatory process or manufacturers themselves should step in to ensure that the rights of persons with disabilities are respected. For a future phase of deliberation, the following measures could be considered: finding ways to more effectively educate consumers on how to access captions depending on the format of program signal and whether an SD or HD STB is used; approaching manufacturers to build equipment with inclusive design; exploring the feasibility of simplifying how users activate closed captions for display 13

14 on a given program, irrespective of the format of the signal; and investigating how BDUs can enhance technical assistance provided to consumers. Rate of error Unresolved; members agree that establishing a baseline rate of error through research is essential. Captions must relay accurately what is being said. Lack of data on current accuracy of captioning makes it difficult to specify an accuracy standard that could survive actual practice. Research must be done to determine what the accuracy standard should be. In the meantime a 98 percent accuracy standard should be adopted as a Best Practice with a review annually. Agree that captions must accurately relay what is being said. Broadcasters would like to achieve 100 percent accuracy in captioning, but no standard can be realistically adopted in the absence of empirical research on where the industry currently stands. Accuracy may be reduced by efforts to reduce lag time. The CAB Closed Captioning Standards and Protocol Manual A revised version of the Closed Captioning Standards and Protocol Manual for Canadian English-language Television Programming Services is attached to this report. All members of the Working Group expressed support for the first set of revisions, with the following exception: representatives of deaf and hard of hearing objected to the following language included in the current version of the Manual: Pop-on captions are to be used for new Canadian pre-recorded programming, especially dramas and documentaries, so long as broadcasters have sufficient time for pop-on captions to be produced between the delivery of a program and the airing of that program. (p.16) Organizations representing the deaf and hard of hearing stated that the second part of the sentence, so long as broadcasters have sufficient time should be deleted. 14

15 Broadcasters have stated the necessity of time required to create pop-on captions for a pre-recorded program. Representatives of deaf and hard of hearing organizations have requested two additional changes to the Manual: Roll-up captions are to be used for all live programming (p.19) should be changed to, Roll-up captions may be used Broadcasters note in response that roll-up captions are the only option for live programming. Where dialogue is particularly fast, captions must not be hurried; they should scroll evenly, using lag and lead time to accommodate an even pace should be removed, as it contradicts the greater imperative to reduce lag time. Too many programs these days use overlapping dialogue or rapid-fire exchanges, and a leisurely rolling scroll of captions is going to lose the entire point of the dialogue and get us hopelessly lagging. This is an example of where pop-ups are crucial. Broadcasters have stated in response that the standard should remain as is, given (i) the objectives of pacing and accuracy and (ii) that pop-on captioning is impossible in live programming. The revisions to the Manual and the above noted suggestions from representatives of deaf and hard of hearing organizations and from broadcasters include all recommended changes to January 26, Conclusion The English-language Closed Captioning Working Group approached its mandate with considerable effort and commitment. Commission staff was especially supportive, and their efforts made an important contribution to the process. A list of members of the English-language Closed Captioning Working Group and the Closed Captioning Advisory Committee is attached. 15

16 Members of the English-language Closed Captioning Working Group Jim Roots Executive Director Canadian Association of the Deaf (613) Harold Wesley On-air Operations CTVglobemedia (416) Henry Vlug Barrister and Solicitor (604) Heather Boyce Director, English TV Affiliates CBC (416) Dr. Charles Laszlo Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia Representing the Canadian Hard of Hearing Association 1 claszlo@telus.net Ed O Leary Director, Standards and Industry Relationships Rogers Communications (647) Ed.Oleary@rogers.rci.com Alternate : George Hart, george.hart@rci.rogers.com Liz Thorpe Manager, Accessibility Shaw Media (416) Liz.Thorpe@shawmedia.ca Martine Vallée (Observer) Director, English TV/Social Policy CRTC (819) martine.vallee@crtc.gc.ca Beverley Milligan Executive Director Media Access Canada Representing the Canadian Hard of Hearing Association 2 bmilligan@mediac.ca Brian Hallahan, President Christina Ricci, Manager Broadcast Captioning & Consulting Services (416) hallahan@closedcaptioning.com christina@closedcaptioning.com Chris Tully Manager, Program Preparation CBC (416) chris.tully@cbc.ca Richard Cavanagh (Coordinator) CONNECTUS Consulting Inc. (613) richard@connectusinc.ca 1 Replaced Louise Normand as a representative of the CHHA November Replaced Snookie Lomow as a representative of the CHHA January

17 Members of the Closed Captioning Advisory Committee Aron Teggart Manager Voice to Visual Inc. (416) Karen Clout Manager, Regulatory Affairs Canwest (416) Andrea Ducent Supervisor, Closed Captioning Astral Television Networks (416) Dennis Firby Director, Technical Operations Sun TV (416) Wendy Fisher Supervisor, Closed Captioning Corus Entertainment Inc. (416) Susan Wheeler Vice President, Regulatory Affairs Rogers Media Inc. (416) Peggy Tabet, Quebecor Trent Hasse President Vidix Technology Corporation (416) Christina Ricci General Manager Broadcast Captioning & Consulting Services (416) Tina-Marie Tatto Manager, Regulatory Affairs/Media Rogers Communications Inc. (416) Mara Tramontin Director, Production Management Services TVO (416) Michel Boissonneault Closed Captioning, Translation and Interpretation Senate of Canada (613) Michael Ferras, Shaw Cable Yves Mayrand, Cogeco Paul Armstrong, Bell TV Rena Nathanail Nathanail Captioning 17