Handbook of Sensory Physiology

Transcription

1 Handbook of Sensory Physiology Volume IV Chemical Senses Part 2 Editorial Board H. Autrum. R. Jung. W. R. Loewenstein D. M. MacKay' H. 1. Teuber

2 Taste By T. E. Acree J. Atema. J. E. Bardach. L. M. Bartoshuk L. M. Beidler R. M. Benjamin R. M. Bradley Z. Bujas H. Burton L. P. Cole A.1. Farbman L. Guth H. Kalmus M. Kare. K. Kurihara D. H. McBurney R. G. Murray M. Nachman C. Pfaffmann. M. Sato R. S. Shallenberger Y. Zotterman Edited by Lloyd M. Beidler With 176 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin' Heidelberg' New York 1971

3 ISBN-I3: e-isbn-13: : / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. by Springer' Verlag, Berlin' Heidelberg Library of Congress Catalog Card Number Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971 The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.

4 Preface Taste receptors monitor the quality of all the food ingested. They are intimately involved in both food acceptance and rejection. The sensation of taste is also important in the regulation of many specific chemicals necessary for maintenance of the body. For example, disturbance of the adrenal glands results in a change in the intake of salt which is necessary for regulation of the sodium balance. Curt Richter's early studies on specific hungers and preference thresholds initiated a large number of studies in this field. The relationship between taste and food intake is now well recognized by physiologists, psychologists and nutritionists. Our current concepts of the neural coding of taste quality and intensity are largely based upon the classical paper by PFAFFMANN in Many subsequent single nerve fiber studies have added to our understanding. In recent years Zotterman and Diamant have successfully recorded from the human taste nerves as they pass through the middle ear. This allowed them to study the relationships between the response of taste receptors and the resultant taste sensation. No similar feat has yet been accomplished with the visual and auditory systems. The mechanisms by which chemical substances stimulate taste receptors and initiate neural activity are only described in gross detail. Mathematical correlation of stimulus concentration and intensity of the neural response has contributed to the formulation of theories of possible mechanisms. Similarly, correlations between molecular structures of taste substances and their ability to excite taste receptors have resulted in suggestions as to how the stimulus interacts with the receptors. The problems involved in such studies are similar to those confronted by the pharmacologist. The taste buds are dependent upon innervation by taste nerves for their maintenance. The cells of the taste bud are constantly renewed and differentiated. Thus, the taste buds are an ideal system for the study of cellular differentiation. This Handbook provides basic information concerning the anatomy, physiology, chemistry and psychology of taste. The contributors hope it will be useful to those young investigators that believe their study of some aspect of taste will be both personally rewarding and relevant to the needs of humanity. Tallahassee, October 1971 L. M. BEIDLER

5 Contents Chapter Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter II Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Author Index Subject Index Tongue Topography. By R. M. BRADLEY. With 43 Figures Ultrastructure of Taste Receptors. By R. G. MURRAY. With 8 Figures , 31 Development of the Taste Bud. By A. 1. FARBMAN. With 4 Figures Degeneration and Regeneration of Taste Buds. By L. GUTH Taste Psychophysics. By C. PFAFFMANN, L. M. BAR TOSHUK and D. H. McBuRNEY. With II Figures The Recording of the Electrical Response from Human Taste Nerves. By Y. ZOTTERMAN. With 15 Figures Neural Coding in Taste as Seen from Recordings from Peripheral Receptors and Nerves. By M. SATO. With 18 Figures II6 Central Projections of the Gustatory System. By H. BURTON and R. M. BENJAMIN. With 7 Figures. 148 Genetics of Taste. By H. KALMUS. With 6 Figures 165 Electrical Taste. By Z. BUJAS. With 8 Figures., 180 Taste Receptor Stimulation with Salts and Acids. By L. M. BEIDLER. With 10 Figures....., 200 Chemical Structure of Compounds and Their Sweet and Bitter Taste. By R. S. SHALLENBERGER and T. E. ACREE. With 9 Figures Comparative Study of Taste. By M. KARE The Sense of Taste in Fishes. By J. E. BARDACH and J. ATEMA. With 22 Figures Role of Taste in Specific Hungers. By M. NACHMAN and L. P. COLE. With 5 Figures Taste Modifiers. By K. KURIHARA. With 10 Figures. 363 I

6 List of Contributors ACREE, Terry E., New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA ATEMA, Jelle, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Chemotaxis Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA BARDACH, John E, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA BARTOSHUK, Linda M., John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory and Yale Uni versity, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA BEIDLER, Lloyd M., Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA BENJAMIN Robert M., Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Department of Physiology, University Wisconsin Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA BRADLEY, Robert M., Nuffield Institute for Medical Research, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, Great Britain BUJAS, Zoran, Psihologijski Institut, Filozofski Fakultet, Zagreb, Jugoslavia BURTON, Harold, Department of Anatomy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA COLE, Loretta P., Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada FARBMAN, Albert 1., Department of Anatomy, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA GUTH, Lloyd, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014, USA KALMUS, Hans, The Galton Laboratory, University College, London, W. C. 1, Great Britain KARE, Morley, R., Monell Chemical Senses Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA KURIHARA, Kenzo, Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan McBURNEY, Donald H., Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA MURRAY, Raymond, G., Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA NACHMAN, Marvin, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California 92502, USA PFAFFMANN, Carl, The Rockefeller University, New York, N. Y , USA SATO, Masayasu, Department of Physiology, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto 860, Japan SHALLENBERGER, Robert S., New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA ZOTTERMAN, Yngve, Kungl. Veterinarhogskolan, Department of Physiology, S Stockholm 50, Sweden