ENDODONTOLOGY ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
|
|
- Gilbert Barker
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 To Analyze the Distribution of Root Canal Stresses after Simulated Canal Preparation of Different Canal Taper in Mandibular First Premolar by Finite Element Study An In Vitro Study. DHANYA KUMAR N. M. * ABHISHEK SINGHANIA ** VASUNDHARA SHIVANNA *** ABSTRACT Was to Investigate stress distribution patterns in simulated biomechanically prepared mandibular first premolars with four different tapers at two different compaction forces and an occlusal load with finite element analysis. Six recently extracted, intact, non-carious, undestroyed mandibular premolars similar in-straight root canals were selected. Four finite element models were designed on the software varying only in canal taper of mandibular first premolars. Gutta-percha was compacted by vertical condensation technique in three separate vertical increments under two different vertical compaction forces that are 10N and 15N. Finite element meshes were generated with this model by using soft ware to know the pattern of distribution of radicular stresses during obturation. At last access opening will be filled by using simulated restorative material (composite). A masticatory load of 50N was applied; again Finite element meshes were generated. The highest circumferential and radial stresses were found during compaction of first gutta percha increment, while an increase in taper reduced the stress level for the same compaction force. During obturation, higher stresses were found at the canal surface, using the smallest taper, in apical third, during the first gutta percha increment and gradually decreased along the canal length. Root stresses during occlusal load application generates the highest stresses at external root surface and concentrate at cervical third, an increase taper size caused only slight lower root stresses. With increasing taper root stresses decreased during root canal obturation. Root fracture at the apical third is likely initiated during obturation. Root fracture at the cervical third is likely initiated during occlusal load. KEYWORDS: canal taper, compaction force, finite element analysis, occlusal load, root stresses, vertical compaction, vertical root fracture. INTRODUCTION After endodontic therapy, teeth are more prone to vertical root fracture because of loss of moisture (9%) and become more brittle when compared to vital tooth. Vertical root fracture can occur in teeth during or subsequent to endodontic therapy. The causative factors for vertical root fractures are the compaction of gutta percha, placement of intraradicular posts, masticatory load, trauma, and traumatic injuries. Vertical root fractures are more * PROFESSOR, ** POST GRADUATE, *** PROFESSOR & HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS, COLLEGE OF DENTAL SCIENCES (C.O.D.S.), DAVANGERE , KARNATAKA. 12
2 DHANYA KUMAR N. M., ABHISHEK SINGHANIA, VASUNDHARA SHIVANNA common during the vertical condensation technique of obturation and often complicate or prevent subsequent restorative procedures. These fractures a count for the most serious complication of root canal treatment and often result in tooth extraction because of poor prognosis 6. It is generally accepted that the strength of an endodontically treated tooth is directly related to the amount of remaining tooth structure. Several treatment procedures such as caries removal, access preparation, instrumentation of root canal, irrigation of root canal with sodium hypochlorite, and long term intracanal dressing with calcium hydroxide lead to loss of tooth structure or weaken the root dentine. The prevalence of Vertical root fracture is not equally distributed over the different tooth types. Maxillary and mandibular premolars have both recorded a high prevalence 6. Stresses distribution in endodontically treated teeth can be measured by photoelastic method, strain gauge and instron testing machine. But the major disadvantage of all these methods in stresses can measured at selected sites only and not inside the root canal 7. Finite element analysis is an engineering method for the numerical analysis of complex structures based on their material properties (Young s modulus and Poisson ratio) to determine the distribution of stresses and strain pattern induced in internal structure of tooth / bone / implants / any living tissue 5. The purpose of the present study is to investigate stress distribution patterns in simulated biomechanically prepared mandibular first premolars with four different tapers at two different compaction forces and an occlusal load with finite element analysis. METHODOLOGY Twenty four samples have been derived from six recently extracted, intact, non-carious, undestroyed mandibular first premolars. Six x-ray films were used to know the canal curvature of six mandibular first premolars. Optical scanner was used to digitalize the external surface morphology of six extracted mandibular first premolars on computer software that has been designed for Finite Element analysis. GROUPING Four finite element models were designed on the software varying only in canal taper of each mandibular first premolar. Each model carried six specimens. These models were assigned as: Group 1 with taper 2%, Group 2 with taper 4%, Group 3 with taper 6% and Group 4 with taper 12%. All other aspects of the models were held constant including boundary conditions, material properties, compaction forces during filling and magnitude / direction of applied occlusal load. The tooth model was created by digitizing the external surface of extracted human mandibular first premolar with an optical scanner in combination with Finite element analysis computer software (NISA). A straight root was chosen for this study to eliminate effects due to canal curvature. Guttapercha were compacted by vertical condensation technique in three separate vertical increments (apical 1/3, middle 1/3, cervical 1/3) under two different vertical compaction forces that are 10 Newton and 15 Newton for each increment. 200µm thick periodontal ligament layer and a surrounding bone volume to support the root were created on 13
3 TO ANALYZE THE DISTRIBUTION OF ROOT CANAL STRESSES AFTER SIMULATED CANAL PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT CANAL TAPER IN MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR BY FINITE ELEMENT STUDY AN IN VITRO STUDY. finite element model. Subsequently, a simulated standard access opening was made in the crown, and root canals were created that represented 2%, 4%, 6% and 12%. The 4% and 6% tapers were chosen for clinical relevancy, as these are incorporated into commonly used nickel titanium rotary files and are representative of clinically imparted tapers on the canal space. The drastic 12% tapered canal preparation was chosen arbitrarily to simulate the effects of excessive canal preparation. All models were created with a final apical preparation of 0.35 mm at the point of constriction, 0.5 mm from what would be clinically perceived as the radiographic apex. All canal preparations were straight. Isotropic properties were applied for the dentine, periodontal ligament, supporting bone volume, gutta-percha and restorative composite. The periodontal ligament was modeled as a soft incompressible connective layer. An arbitrary range of friction coefficients ( ) were evaluated to account for the friction between the gutta-percha and the root canal wall. The development of radicular stresses was analyzed during three consecutive filling steps as well as for an occlusal load after the root filling using finite element analysis. Warm gutta-percha was compacted in three separate vertical increments until the canal was filled. The gutta-percha temperature at the start of compaction was 60 o C o and was gradually cooled down during the filling procedure until it reached 37 o C o. In this analysis, two vertical compaction forces were tested at 10 and 15 N for each increment. The forces were applied by means of a simulated plugger. The plugger surface had slightly rounded edges and a tip-diameter that was 0.5 mm smaller than the canal diameter at each compaction increment. After complete simulated obturation, the simulated access space was closed using a simulated bonded restorative composite. The composite was filled; a 50 N occlusal load was applied in the buccolingual plane to the triangular ridge of the buccal cusp (functional cusp) at an angle of 60 0 with the vertical axis. The value of the occlusal force was chosen to represent a relatively high biting force and buccal cusp was selected because it is the functional cusp and lingual cusp is rudimentary in mandibular first premolar. During the analysis, the root was supported by the surrounding bone volume via the soft periodontal ligament layer, which was given incompressible properties to approximate fluid behavior. The mean value, standard deviation and one way ANOVA was used to evaluate the site of maximum stress concentration. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was used for multiple comparison and correlation analysis to assess the relationship between different taper and radicular stresses. RESULTS Four finite element models were designed on the software varying only in canal taper as- Group 1 with taper 2%, Group 2 with taper 4%, Group 3 with taper 6% and Group 4 with taper 12%. In group 1 with taper 2%, the highest mean value and standard deviation was at apical third followed by middle and cervical third under compaction force of 10 newton (Table-1). From group 1 to group 4, the highest mean value and standard deviation was at apical third of 14
4 DHANYA KUMAR N. M., ABHISHEK SINGHANIA, VASUNDHARA SHIVANNA 2% taper (group-1) followed by middle and cervical third of 2% taper under compaction force of 10 Newton (Table-1). Similar results were obtained in different groups under compaction force of 15 Newton (Table-2). During occlusion load application (50N) in different group, highest mean was recorded in group 1 with 2 % taper and least in group 4 with 12% taper. Highly significant pairs were group 1 & 2, group 1 & 3 and group 1 & 4 (Table 3). On comparing the different tapers with each increment under compaction force of 10N shows the significant pairs apical third and coronal third for taper 2% ( P<0.05), apical third and middle third, apical third and coronal third for taper 6% and 12% taper (P<0.001) (Table 4). Also on comparing the different tapers with each increment under compaction force of 15N shows the significant pairs apical third and middle third, apical third and coronal third for taper 4%, 6% and 12% taper (P<0.001) (Table 5) Results: Highest circumferential and radial stresses were found during compaction of first gutta percha increment, while an increase in taper reduced the stress level for the same compaction force. During obturation, higher stresses were found at the canal surface and in apical third with smallest taper and during the first gutta percha increment and gradually decreased along the canal length. Root stresses distribution during occlusal load application generated the highest stresses at external root surface that concentrated at the tooth surface of the cervical third, an increase taper size caused only slight lower root stresses. DISCUSSION The prognosis of endodontically treated teeth depends not only on the success of the endodontic treatment but also on the amount of remaining dentine tissue, and the nature of final restoration. Fractures of restored endodontically treated teeth are a common occurrence in clinical practice and it is the second most frequent identifiable reason for loss of endodontically treated teeth 4. The increased susceptibility of fracture in endodontically treated teeth had been attributed due to the increased brittleness of dentine, due to loss of moisture - Helfer et al reported that the moisture content of dentine from endodontically treated teeth was about 9% less than teeth with vital pulp. However, Papa et al emphasized the importance of conserving the bulk of dentine to maintain the structural integrity of post-endodontically restored teeth. Other studies have also emphasized that the loss of tooth structure is the key reason for the increase in fracture predilection of endodontically treated teeth 1. The fracture resistance of the restored endodontically treated tooth is a function of the strength of the root (taper of prepared canal) and remaining coronal tooth structure. 34 Tooth fracture has been described as a major problem in dentistry, and is the third most common cause of tooth loss after dental caries and periodontal disease. Generally, an endodontically treated tooth undergoes coronal and radicular tissue loss due to prior pathology, endodontic treatment, and/or restorative procedures. The loss of dentine tissue will compromise the mechanical integrity of the remaining tooth structure 1. Mandibular premolars and maxillary premolars 15
5 TO ANALYZE THE DISTRIBUTION OF ROOT CANAL STRESSES AFTER SIMULATED CANAL PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT CANAL TAPER IN MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR BY FINITE ELEMENT STUDY AN IN VITRO STUDY. have both recorded a high prevalence of vertical root fracture in endodontically treated teeth 21. Vertical root fracture seems to be a more common reason for extraction of endodontically treated teeth. 2 Root canal biomechanical preparation can be done by a hand file or rotary file. Canal preparation involves dentin removal and may compromise the fracture strength of the roots 25. The development of new design features such as varying tapers, noncutting safety tips and varying length of cutting blades in combination with the metallurgic properties of alloy nickel-titanium have resulted in a new generation of instruments and concepts 33. Although no significant difference in the fracture load of hand and rotary nickel titanium canal preparation could be demonstrated 3. Given increasing acceptance of rotary instrumentation as a technique for cleaning and shaping the canal space, it is important to examine the effect of specific tapers imparted by rotary instrumentation of the canal wall as it relates to vertical root fracture. The clinician must make a decision to use instruments which have an inherently larger or smaller taper based on the architecture present in a given canal. Choosing a smaller taper may reduce the risk of procedural accidents and untoward events during cleaning and shaping, but it may compromise the cleanliness of the canal system and placement of filling material. Choosing too large a taper may increase canal cleanliness (especially in the coronal and mid-root areas), but may also increase the potential for strip perforations, other procedural accidents, and may predispose the root to vertical fracture if, indeed, greater reduction of root structure increases stress in the canal wall. 7 Assessment of stress levels patterns in root canal can be measured by a number of ways that includes Instron universal machine, photoelastic method, strain gauges and most recent one is finite element analysis 10. Assessment of stress levels by measuring deformation patterns inside the root canal is extremely difficult, leaving investigators with indirect external observations at best extremely difficult. Finite element analyses have been utilized to address these difficulties and gain insight into internal stress distributions 7,2. Finite element analysis which is an engineering method for the numerical analysis of structure based on their material properties has been used for stress analysis. Material properties such as the Young s modulus and Poisson Ratio can be utilized by computer generated analyses to describe the mechanical behavior of a structure 5. CONCLUSION With in the limitation of this finite element analysis, the following conclusions were drawn. During simulated obturation, root stresses decreased as the root canal taper increases and stresses were greatest at the apical third and along the canal wall. After simulated root canal obturation was completed and occlusal force was applied, the generated stresses were greatest at the cervical portion of the root surface, and decreased as taper increases. It was likely that vertical root fractures initiated at the apical third as result of compaction forces, whereas vertical root fractures initiated cervically were a manifestation of subsequent masticatory load on the root canal obturated teeth. However additional in-vivo and in-vitro tests and clinical trial are desirable in order to elucidate the accuracy of finite element analysis. 16
6 DHANYA KUMAR N. M., ABHISHEK SINGHANIA, VASUNDHARA SHIVANNA 10 NEWTON OF COMPACTION FORCE Apical 1/3 Middle 1/3 Cervical 1/3 Tapers Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD 2% % % % Table-1: Compaction Force of 10N on Apical, Middle and Cervical Third in Different Tapers. 15 NEWTON OF COMPACTION FORCE Apical 1/3 Middle 1/3 Cervical 1/3 Tapers Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD 2% % % % Table-2: Compaction Force of 15N on Apical, Middle and Cervical Third in Different Tapers. Tapers Mean 2% % % % P* Value, Sig P<0.001 HS Significant Pairs** I&II, I&III,I&IV Table-3: Comparision of Mean Occlusion Load of 50N in Different Tapers. Tapers Apical 1/3 Middle 1/3 Cervical 1/3 P* Value, Sig Significant Pairs** 2% P<0.05 S At & Ct 4% P>0.05 NS - 6% P<0.001 HS At &Mt, At & Ct 12% P<0.001 HS At &Mt, At & Ct Table-4: Comparison Of Different Tapers With Each Increment To Evaluate Significant Pair Under Compaction Force Of 10N. 17
7 TO ANALYZE THE DISTRIBUTION OF ROOT CANAL STRESSES AFTER SIMULATED CANAL PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT CANAL TAPER IN MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR BY FINITE ELEMENT STUDY AN IN VITRO STUDY. Tapers Apical 1/3 Middle 1/3 Cervical 1/3 P* Value, Sig Significant Pairs** 2% P>0.05 NS - 4% P<0.001 HS At &Mt, At & Ct 6% P<0.001 HS At &Mt, At & Ct 12% P<0.001 HS At &Mt, At & Ct Table-5: Comparison Of Different Tapers With Each Increment To Evaluate Significant Pair Under Compaction Force Of 15N Fig 1 apical third g.p filling on model with taper 2% under compaction forces (10n) fig. 2 (15n). Fig 3.middle third g.p filling on model with taper 2% under compaction forces (10n).fig 4 (15n). Fig 5cervical third g.p filling on model with taper 2% under compaction forces (10n). Fig 6 (15n). Fig 7 occlusal load of 50n applied on model (2%), after filling the access cavity with composite (stress graph ).fig 8 occlusal load of 50n applied on model (2%), after filling the access cavity with composite (displacement graph). Fig 9 apical third g.p filling on model with taper 4% under compaction forces (15n). Fig 10 (10n). Fig 11middle third g.p filling on model with taper 4% under compaction forces ( 15n). Fig 12 (10n). 18
8 DHANYA KUMAR N. M., ABHISHEK SINGHANIA, VASUNDHARA SHIVANNA Fig 13 cervical third g.p filling on model with taper 4% compaction forces (15n) fig 14 (10n) fig 15 occlusal load of 50n applied on model (4%), after filling the access cavity with composite(stress graph ) fig 16 (displacement graph) fig 17 apical third g.p filling on model with taper 6% compaction forces ( 15n) fig 18 (10n) fig 19 middle third g.p filling on model with taper 6% under compaction forces ( 15n). Fig 20 (10n). Fig 21 cervical third g.p filling on model with taper 6% compaction forces (15n) fig n fig 23 cervical third g.p filling on model with taper 6% compaction forces (10n) occlusal load of 50n applied on model (6%), after fiiling the access cavity with composite (stress graph ) fig 24occlusal load of 50n applied on model (6%), after fiiling the access cavity with composite (displacement graph)
9 TO ANALYZE THE DISTRIBUTION OF ROOT CANAL STRESSES AFTER SIMULATED CANAL PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT CANAL TAPER IN MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR BY FINITE ELEMENT STUDY AN IN VITRO STUDY Fig 25 apical third g.p filling on model with taper 12% under compaction forces (10n). Fig 26 (15n). Fig 27 middle third g.p filling on model with taper 12% under compaction forces (10n) fig 28 (15n). Fig 29 cervical third g.p filling on model with taper 12% under compaction forces (10n). Fig 30 (15n). Fig 31 occlusal load of 50n applied on model (12 %), after fiiling the access cavity with composite (stress graph ) fig 32 occlusal load of 50n applied on model (12 %), after fiiling the access cavity with composit e (displacement graph) MATERIAL PROPERTIES APPLIED IN THE STRESS ANALYSIS (FEA) Material Elastic Reference Poisson s Reference Modulus (GPa) Ratio Reference Enamel 84 Craig & Powers 0.33 Farah et al. (1989) (principal direction) (2002) Enamel 42 Craig & Powers 0.31 Farah et al. (1989) (transverse plane) (2002) Dentine 14.7 Sano et al. (1994) 0.50 Farah et al. (1989) Periodontal ligament Dyment and Synge 0.30 (1935) Bone 0.49 Moroi et al. (1993) 0.30 Farah et al. (1989) Gutta-percha Temperature 0.30 (0 C 0 ) 0.35 Dependent (30 C 0 ) 0.40 (60 C 0 ) Restorative composite 14 Willems et al. (1992) 0.24 Craig & Powers 0.24 Craig & Powers (2002) (2002) GRAPHS 20
10 DHANYA KUMAR N. M., ABHISHEK SINGHANIA, VASUNDHARA SHIVANNA BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) Aviad Tamse. Vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth: diagnostic signs and clinical management. Endodontic Topics 2006;13: ) B. D. Rundquist & A. Versluis. How does canal taper affect root stresses? International Endodontic Journal. 2006;39: ) Chankhrit Sathorn, Joseph E.A. Palamara, and Harold H. Messer. Effect of root canal size and external root surface morphology on fracture susceptibility and pattern: A Finite Element Analysis. J Endod 2005;31: ) Chankhrit Sathorn, Joseph E.A. Palamara, and Harold H. Messer. A comparison of the effect of two canal preparation technique on root fracture susceptibility and pattern, J Endod 2005;31: ) Linda J.-William, Peter G. Fotos, Vijay K. Goel, James D. Spivey, Eric M. Rivera and Satish C. Khera. A-three dimensional finite element stress analysis of an endodontic prepared maxillary central incisor. J Endod 1995; 21: ) Tannaz Zandbiglari et al. Influence of instrument taper on the resistance to fracture of endodontically treated roots. Oral surg oral med oral path oral radio endo 2006;101: ) Yeera Lertchirakarm et al. Finite element analysis and strain gauge studies of vertical root fracture.j Endod 2003;29:
How does canal taper affect root stresses?
How does canal taper affect root stresses? B. D. Rundquist 1 & A. Versluis 2 1 Restorative Sciences Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota; and 2 Minnesota Dental Research Center for
More informationInfluence of cervical preflaring on apical file size determination - An in vitro study
Original Research Influence of cervical preflaring on apical file size determination - An in vitro study VASUNDHARA SHIVANNA * DEEPALI AGARWAL ** ABSTRACT Aim: To investigate the influence of cervical
More information5 Days Comprehensive Endodontic Course Topics
5 Days Comprehensive Endodontic Course Topics 1. Pulp Dentin Complex/Retrogressive Changes: The significance of structural elements and its physiological, pathological and age related changes on the diagnosis
More informationFinite Element Evaluation of Stress Distribution in Mature and Immature Teeth
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Finite Element Evaluation of Stress Distribution in Mature and Immature Teeth Ali Talati 1, Reza Disfani 1, Maryam Javidi 1*, Ashkan Afshar 2, Akbar Fallah Rastegar 3 1. Department of
More informationWaveOne Gold reciprocating instruments: clinical application in the private practice: Part 2
C L I N I C A L WaveOne Gold reciprocating instruments: clinical application in the private practice: Part 2 Peet van der Vyver 1 and Martin Vorster 2 1 Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, University
More informationStaining Potential of Calcium Hydroxide and Monochlorophenol Following Removal of AH26 Root Canal Sealer
Staining Potential of Calcium Hydroxide and Monochlorophenol Following Removal of AH26 Root Canal Sealer Abstract Aim: The focus of this study was to examine the staining potential of calcium hydroxide
More informationCase Note Retrieval of a separated file using Masserann technique: A case report
Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2006), Vol. 4, No. 2, Issue 14, 238-242 Case Note Retrieval of a separated file using Masserann technique: A case report Pai ARV 1, Kamath MP 2, Basnet P 3 1 Associate
More informationLarge periapical lesion: Healing without knife and incision
Large periapical lesion: Healing without knife and incision Ridhima Suneja College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE ABSTRACT Three dimensional obturation of root space has always yielded
More informationTypes of prostetic appliances Dr. Barbara Kispélyi
Semmelweis University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics Types of prostetic appliances Dr. Barbara Kispélyi Types of prostetic appliances Types of the fixed prostetic appliances According
More informationIn-Silico approach on Offset placement of implant-supported bridges placed in bone of different density in Orthodontics.
In-Silico approach on Offset placement of implant-supported bridges placed in bone of different density in Orthodontics. Chandrasenan.P 1, Vishnu.G 2, Akshay K Nair 3 1M Tech student, Department of Mechanical
More informationFEM analysis of the mandibular first premolar with different post diameters
Odontology (2011) 99:148 154 DOI 10.1007/s10266-011-0011-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE FEM analysis of the mandibular first premolar with different post diameters Je-Kang Du Wei-Ko Lin Chau-Hsiang Wang Huey-Er Lee
More informationEndodontics Cracked Tooth: How to manage it in daily practice
Calogero Bugea Endodontics Cracked Tooth: How to manage it in daily practice 5 Feb 2016 Tooth Fractures are not rare, surface cracks, or craze lines, are relatively common in teeth. In most of cases they
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE INTRODUCTION
ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN VITRO MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF APICAL 3MM OBTURATION AFTER GT, LIGHTSPEED, AND PROFILE ROOT CANAL PREPARATION Mian Khalid Iqbal, Louay Abrass, Marlene Oviedo-Marmo, Helmut Walsch. ABSTRACT
More informationKeyong Yuan 1, Chenguang Niu 1, Qian Xie 2, Wenxin Jiang 1, Li Gao 1, Zhengwei Huang 1, Rui Ma 1
Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124: 591 596 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12303 Printed in Singapore. All rights reserved Ó 2016 Eur J Oral Sci European Journal of Oral Sciences Comparative evaluation of the impact of minimally
More informationAdditional studies on the distribution of stresses during vertical compaction of gutta-percha in the root canal
Additional studies on the distribution of stresses during vertical compaction of gutta-percha in the root canal C. Telli, 1 P. Gülkan, 2 and W. Raab, 3 Objective This study was designed to investigate
More informationCreating a glide path for rotary NiTi instruments: part two
Clinical Creating a glide path for rotary NiTi instruments: part two Peet van der Vyver 1 Introduction In part one of this series the author discussed the rationale for the preparation of a glide path
More informationField Guide to the Ultrasonic Revolution
Helsē Ultrasonic Field Guide to the Ultrasonic Revolution 20 Endo Tasks... Simplified. Sparking an Ultrasonic Revolution At Helse Ultrasonic, our unwavering mission is to turn your ultrasonic unit into
More informationENDO- DONTICS ENDODONTIC THERAPY
ENDODONTIC THERAPY TRAINERS Dr. Christos Dandakis Dr. Konstantinos Kodonas Dr. Kalyva Maria From diagnosis to obturation Τhe aim of this course is the presentation and analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic
More informationThe Endodontics Introduction. By: Thulficar Al-Khafaji BDS, MSC, PhD
The Endodontics Introduction By: Thulficar Al-Khafaji BDS, MSC, PhD Introduction Definition Endodontology form function health of the dental pulp and the periradicular tissues that surround the root(s)
More informationLec. 3-4 Dr. Saif Alarab Clinical Technique for Class I Amalgam Restorations The outline form
Lec. 3-4 Dr. Saif Alarab Clinical Technique for Class I Amalgam Restorations Class I refers to -Restorations on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, - The occlusal two thirds of facial and lingual
More informationMANAGEMENT OF ROOT RESORPTION- A REBIRTH CASE REPORTS DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS
MANAGEMENT OF ROOT RESORPTION- A REBIRTH CASE REPORTS AUTHORS Dr. SHALINI.H, PG Student Dr. B. RAMAPRABHA, MDS Professor Dr. M. KAVITHA, MDS Professor and HOD DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS
More informationCase Report Endodontic Management of Maxillary Second Molar with Two Palatal Roots: A Report of Two Cases
Volume 2012, Article ID 590406, 4 pages doi:10.1155/2012/590406 Case Report Endodontic Management of Maxillary Second Molar with Two Palatal Roots: A Report of Two Cases Surbhi Patel 1 and Pawan Patel
More informationCase Report Endodontic Treatment of Bilateral Maxillary First Premolars with Three Roots Using CBCT: A Case Report
Case Reports in Dentistry, Article ID 505676, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/505676 Case Report Endodontic Treatment of Bilateral Maxillary First Premolars with Three Roots Using CBCT: A Case Report
More informationAn In Vivo Evaluation of Two Types of Files used to Accurately Determine the Diameter of the Apical Constriction of a Root Canal: An In Vivo Study
An In Vivo Evaluation of Two Types of Files used to Accurately Determine the Diameter of the Apical Constriction of a Root Canal: An In Vivo Study Sumeet Darda, BDS, MDS; Narendra Manwar, BDS, MDS; Manoj
More informationDowel restorations Treatment with a post and core
Dowel restorations Treatment with a post and core A post and core is a dental restoration used to sufficiently buildup tooth structure for future restoration with a crown when there is not enough tooth
More informationThe cracked tooth Diagnosis and evaluation
The cracked tooth Diagnosis and evaluation Dr Raphael Bellamy looks at the rising incidence of the cracked tooth and describes the five different types that could affect your patients the suspect tooth
More informationShah. Management of a maxillary second premolar with an S-shaped root canal - An endodontic. Management of a maxillary second premolar
Case Report Management of a maxillary second premolar with an S-shaped root canal - An endodontic challenge Nabi Shahnaz 1, Amin Khalid 2, Hussain Aijaz 3, Baba Irfan Ashraf 4*, Aasim Farooq Shah 5 1 PG
More informationFundamentals of Endodontics Peter Briggs, Ahmed Farooq and Tracy Watford, Trish Moore and QED
Fundamentals of Endodontics Peter Briggs, Ahmed Farooq and Tracy Watford, Trish Moore and QED Practical Hands-on course St George s Hospital, SW17 0QT St George s Dental Simulation Today Take the opportunity
More informationEducational Training Document
Educational Training Document Table of Contents Part 1: Resource Document Disclaimer Page: 2 Part 2: Line Item Grade Sheets Page: 3 Release: 11/2016 Page 1 of 6 Part 1: Resource Document Disclaimer The
More informationEndodontics. Lec.7 د. حسن الرماحي 5 th class. Obturation techniques
Endodontics Lec.7 د. حسن الرماحي 5 th class Obturation techniques Broadly speaking, techniques of filling canals with gutta-percha can be divided into three main groups: 1- Use of cold gutta-percha. 2-
More informationFundamental & Preventive Curvatures of Teeth and Tooth Development. Lecture Three Chapter 15 Continued; Chapter 6 (parts) Dr. Margaret L.
Fundamental & Preventive Curvatures of Teeth and Tooth Development Lecture Three Chapter 15 Continued; Chapter 6 (parts) Dr. Margaret L. Dennis Proximal contact areas Contact areas are on the mesial and
More informationPrinciples of diagnosis in Endodontics. Pain History. Patient Assessment. Examination. Examination 11/07/2014
Principles of diagnosis in Endodontics Diagnosis, pulpitis, perio-endo. Treatment planning & case selection Patients assessment Special tests which help us diagnose pulpal disease How reliable are they?
More informationEndo Easy Efficient. The efficient NiTi system. User Information.
Endo Easy Efficient The efficient NiTi system User Information www.vdw-dental.com 02 Mtwo Instruments at a Glance Basic Sequence Shaping of Larger Canal Anatomies 1 Shaping of Larger Canal Anatomies 2
More informationأ.م. هدى عباس عبد اهلل CROWN AND BRIDGE جامعة تكريت كلية. Lec. (2) طب االسنان
Lec. (2) CROWN AND BRIDGE أ.م. هدى عباس عبد اهلل Patient selection and examination A thorough diagnosis must first be made of the patient's dental condition, considering both hard and soft tissues. this
More informationDirect pulp capping Indirect pulp capping Pulpotomy Importance of calcium hydroxide
Preclinical dentistry - Endodontics Morphology: Dental pulp, pulp chamber, root canal. Endodont is a complex of dentin and dental pulp It is morphological and functional unit. Healing potential of dental
More informationENDODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF C-SHAPED CANAL IN MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR: A CASE REPORT
Case Report International Journal of Dental and Health Sciences Volume 03, Issue 04 ENDODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF C-SHAPED CANAL IN MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR: A CASE REPORT Thakur Savita 1,Rani Nidhi 2,Dosanjh
More informationCase Report Management of Complex Root Canal Curvature of Bilateral Radix Entomolaris: Three-Dimensional Analysis with Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Case Reports in Dentistry Volume 2013, Article ID 697323, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/697323 Case Report Management of Complex Root Canal Curvature of Bilateral Radix Entomolaris: Three-Dimensional
More informationRoot end preparation techniques Summary of papers
Root end preparation techniques Summary of papers 34 Flath 1987 This paper presented 2 cases in which retrograde fillings were carried out using new sonic or ultrasonic instruments (endo files held in
More informationVertical Root Fracture and Root Distortion: Effect of Spreader Design
0099-2399891507-0294$02.000 JOURNAL OF ENDODONTICS Copyright 9 1989 by The American Association of Endodontists Printed in U.S.A. VOL. 15, No. 7, JULY 1989 Vertical Root Fracture and Root Distortion: Effect
More informationComparison of the Effects of Three Different Nickel titanium Rotary Instruments on the Fracture Resistance of Obturated Roots: An in vitro Study
Saimanaaz AH Shaikh et al ORIGINAL RESEARCH 10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1191 Comparison of the Effects of Three Different Nickel titanium Rotary Instruments on the Fracture Resistance of Obturated Roots:
More informationAnnotation. Pre-clinical course on Operative Dentistry and Endodontics (5 and 6 semester) include theory and practice on:
Annotation Pre-clinical course on Operative Dentistry and Endodontics (5 and 6 semester) include theory and practice on: 1. Essences of operative dentistry. Basic principles of treatment preparation, medication,
More informationBioRoot RCS, a reliable bioceramic material for root canal obturation Jenner O. Argueta D.D.S. M.Sc.
Case Studies 15.qxp_Mise en page 1 04/05/2017 15:54 Page4 BioRoot RCS, a reliable bioceramic material for root canal obturation Jenner O. Argueta D.D.S. M.Sc. Introduction During the treatment of root
More informationIn vitro evaluation of root canal preparation with plastic endodontic rotary finishing file - A SEM study
Original Research In vitro evaluation of root canal preparation with plastic endodontic rotary finishing file - A SEM study ASHUTOSH * ASEEM P. TIKKU ** ANIL CHANDRA ** PROMILA VERMA *** RAKESH K. YADAV
More informationAnisotropy of Tensile Strengths of Bovine Dentin Regarding Dentinal Tubule Orientation and Location
Original paper Dental Materials Journal 21 (1): 32-43, 2002 Anisotropy of Tensile Strengths of Bovine Dentin Regarding Dentinal Tubule Orientation and Location Toshiko INOUE, Hidekazu TAKAHASHI and Fumio
More informationCase Report Treatment of Two Canals in All Mandibular Incisor Teeth in the Same Patient
Case Reports in Dentistry, Article ID 893980, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/893980 Case Report Treatment of Two Canals in All Mandibular Incisor Teeth in the Same Patient Vandana B. Kokane, Swapnil
More informationWHERE SAFETY MEETS EFFICIENCY
WHERE SAFETY MEETS EFFICIENCY Clinicians have always had to choose between reciprocation and rotary; safety and efficiency. So which do you choose? CLINICIANS NEED A FILE SYSTEM THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH
More informationTools for Endodontic Success
CLEANING & SHAPING Tools for Endodontic Success A Look Inside: C-Files Gates Glidden Drills K-Files Mid-Sized K Files To Dye For Flexicut Files Sodium Hypochlorite Hedstrom Files C.L. Canal Lubricant Reamers
More informationSafety and Simplicity!
Safety and Simplicity! A safe and precise system for your daily practice A safe and precise system for your daily practice CMA system consists of 4 nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments for root
More informationFinal Thesis Defense Examination. Anthony L. Horalek, DDS June 12, 2002
Final Thesis Defense Examination Anthony L. Horalek, DDS June 12, 2002 The Effect of Gates Glidden Bur Size on Residual Dentin Thickness in Mandibular Molars A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of
More informationPROPAEDEUTICS OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY VARNA FACULTY OF DENTAL MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ORAL PATHOLOGY QUESTIONNAIRE OF PROPAEDEUTICS OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY Academic year 2016/2017 Questions for
More informationAdvanced Endodontics Course
Advanced Endodontics Course 2017 London Course Information Booklet Hello and Welcome! Welcome to one of UK s most hands on Advanced Endodontics course where you will be receiving the best hands on teaching
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering Technology and Scientific Innovation PHOTOELASTIC AND FINITE ELEMENT STRESS ANALYSIS OF HUMAN TEETH
PHOTOELASTIC AND FINITE ELEMENT STRESS ANALYSIS OF HUMAN TEETH Sadiq J. Abass, Noora A. Abdul-Alhussain, Jamal A. Hassan Al-Nahrain University, Collage of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department
More informationPLATE 1. Outline Form
PLATE 1 Outline Form A. A standard radiograph (left) in buccolingual projection provides only a two-dimensional view of what is actually a three-dimensional problem. If a mesiodistal x-ray projection could
More informationPaediatric Dentistry Avulsion: Case reports
Australian Dental Journal 1997;42.(6):361-6 Paediatric Dentistry Avulsion: Case reports J. E. Rutar, BDSc(Qld), GCEd(Qld)* Abstract Children may present at a dental surgery for management of oro-facial
More informationRESTORING ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH POST RESTORATIONS CROWNS. Dr. Szabó Enikő associate professor
RESTORING ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH POST RESTORATIONS CROWNS Dr. Szabó Enikő associate professor Why is the risk of fracture greater? loss of tooth structure large caries trepanation cavity access to
More informationSIGNIFICANCE OF WORKING LENGTH IN RCT: A CASE REPORT
SIGNIFICANCE OF WORKING LENGTH IN RCT: A CASE REPORT Dr Priyanka Bhushan MDS Public Health Dentistry, Asst Prof RIMS Dental College, Lamphelpat, Imphal, drpiyu24@yahoo.co.in Maj Kundan Kumar BDS Army Dental
More informationNon-Surgical management of Apical third root fracture with MTA: A Case report
International Journal Dental and Medical Sciences Research (IJDMSR) ISSN: 2393-073X Volume1, Issue 2 (Jul- 2017), PP 05-09 www.ijdmsr.com Non-Surgical management of Apical third root fracture with MTA:
More informationAdvanced Endodontics Course
Advanced Endodontics Course 2017 London Course Information Booklet Hello and Welcome! Welcome to one of UK s most hands on Advanced Endodontics course where you will be receiving the best hands on teaching
More informationIJCPD Biomechanical Stress Analysis of Mandibular First Permanent Molar; Restored with Amalgam and Composite Resin
10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1047 IJCPD Biomechanical Stress Analysis of Mandibular First Permanent Molar; Restored with and Resin ORIGINAL ARTICLE Biomechanical Stress Analysis of Mandibular First Permanent
More informationA finite element analysis of ferrule design on restoration resistance and distribution of stress within a root
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01085.x A finite element analysis of ferrule design on restoration resistance and distribution of stress within a root I. Ichim 1, D. V. Kuzmanovic 2 & R. M. Love 2 1 Department
More information36 year-old Caucasian male presented for evaluation and treatment of tooth #3.
Case Report William Hu Non-Surgical Retreatment #3 36 year-old Caucasian male presented for evaluation and treatment of tooth #3. Subjective Chief complaint: I was referred to see if you can do a new root
More informationCase Report. July 2015; Vol. 12, No. 7. Vineet Agrawal 1, Sonali Kapoor 2, Mukesh Patel 3
Case Report Ultrasonic Technique to Retrieve a Rotary Nickel-Titanium File Broken Beyond the Apex and a Stainless Steel File from the Root Canal of a Mandibular Molar: A Case Report Vineet Agrawal 1, Sonali
More informationVijay Shekhar and K. Shashikala. 1. Introduction
Case Reports in Dentistry Volume 2013, Article ID 714585, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/714585 Case Report Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Periapical Status of Nonvital Tooth with
More informationMorphology of an Anatomic Crown. By: Assistant Professor Dr. Baydaa Ali Al - Rawi
Morphology of an Anatomic Crown By: Assistant Professor Dr. Baydaa Ali Al - Rawi October 4, 2009 Elevated landmarks Depressed landmarks A) Elevated landmarks : 1. Dental lobe : is one of the primary centers
More informationThe Effect of Instrumentation Taper on Dentin Conservation
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2018 The Effect of Instrumentation Taper on Dentin Conservation Megan E. Green Virginia Commonwealth University
More informationManagement of a Type III Dens Invaginatus using a Combination Surgical and Non-surgical Endodontic Therapy: A Case Report
Management of a Type III Dens Invaginatus using a Combination Surgical and Non-surgical Endodontic Therapy: A Case Report Mithra N. Hegde, BDS, MDS, FPFA; Aditya Shetty, BDS, MDS; Rekha Sagar, BDS, MDS
More informationOriginal article: A Comparative evaluation of three different Ni-Ti rotary files using Crown Down technique. An Exvivo study using C T scan.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 16 No. 02 April 17 Original article: A Comparative evaluation of three different Ni-Ti rotary files using Crown Down technique. An Exvivo study using C T scan.
More informationTHERMAL CHANGES IN THE HARD DENTAL TISSUE AT DIODE LASER ROOT CANAL TREATMENT
10.1515/amb-2014-0018 THERMAL CHANGES IN THE HARD DENTAL TISSUE AT DIODE LASER ROOT CANAL TREATMENT Ts. Uzunov 1, R. Grozdanova 1, E. Popova 1 and T. Uzunov 2 1 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Section
More informationComparison of Spreader Penetration during Lateral Compaction of 0.04 and 0.02 Tapered Gutta-Percha Master Cones
Original Article Comparison of Spreader Penetration during Lateral Compaction of 0.04 and 0.02 Tapered Gutta-Percha Master Cones M. Saatchi 1, L. Etesami 2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics,
More informationInnovative revolutionary approach to root canal preparation
Innovative revolutionary approach to root canal preparation The promise Maintaining the anatomic structure of the canal Symmetric removal of the dentine layer Filing the canal walls rather then drilling
More informationEverything You Wanted to Know About Extractions but Were Afraid to Ask
Everything You Wanted to Know About Extractions but Were Afraid to Ask Tooth extraction is a surgical procedure with serious potential complications and should only be performed by a trained veterinarian.
More informationLecture 2 Maxillary central incisor
Lecture 2 Maxillary central incisor Generally The deciduous tooth appears in the mouth at 3 18 months of age, with 6 months being the average and is replaced by the permanent tooth around 7 8 years of
More informationRESTORATIONS IN ENDODONTIC. Epita S. Pane Cons Dept FKG USU
RESTORATIONS IN ENDODONTIC Epita S. Pane Cons Dept FKG USU Reasons for extraction of endodontically treated teeth Vire, 1991 Reasons for extraction of endodontically treated teeth Vire, 1991 Klein et
More informationendodontics 88 MARCH 2013» dentaltown.com feature by Kenneth Koch, DMD and Ali Nasseh, DDS, MMSc
by Kenneth Koch, DMD and Ali Nasseh, DDS, MMSc Endodontics has been, and continues to be, all about the preservation of the natural dentition. In the clinical practice of endodontics, once proper straight
More informationTrauma to the Central Incisor: The Story So Far
Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC DENTAL SCIENCE Review Article Trauma to the Central Incisor: The Story So Far Dania Siddik* Consultant Paediatric Dentist, Guy s & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK *Corresponding
More informationPeriapical Radiography
Periapical Radiography BARBARA E. DIXON B.D.S., M.Sc., D.P.D.S. Main Indications Detection of Apical infection/inflammation Assessment of the periodontal status After trauma Assessment of Unerupted teeth
More informationRibbond-Direct Composite on an Endo Premolar
Ribbond-Direct Composite on an Endo Premolar The Problem. What to do next? The Problem Best aesthetics will be to leave the facial enamel intact. The risk the tooth is biomechanically weak following removal
More informationPart II National Board Review Operative Dentistry. Module 3D General Questions Answers in BOLD (usually the first answer)
Part II National Board Review Operative Dentistry Module 3D General Questions Answers in BOLD (usually the first answer) Howard E. Strassler, DMD University of Maryland Dental School With special acknowledgements
More informationFinite element analysis: A Boon To Dental Research
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Dental Science Volume 6 Number 2 Finite element analysis: A Boon To Dental Research G Vasudeva Citation G Vasudeva. Finite element analysis: A Boon To Dental Research.
More informationEvidence-based decision-making in endodontics
Clin Dent Rev (2017) 1:6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41894-017-0006-0 TREATMENT Evidence-based decision-making in endodontics Eyal Rosen 1 Igor Tsesis 1 Received: 15 June 2017 / Accepted: 9 July 2017 / Published
More informationDENTAL TRAUMA IN DECIDUOUS TEETH
Disclaimer This movie is an educational resource only and should not be used to manage your health. All decisions about the management of Dental Trauma in Deciduous Teeth must be made in conjunction with
More informationTreatment Options for the Compromised Tooth: A Decision Guide
Treatment Options for the Compromised Tooth: A Decision Guide www.aae.org/treatmentoptions ROOT AMPUTATION, HEMISECTION, BICUSPIDIZATION Case One Hemisection of the distal root of tooth #19. 13 mo. Recall
More informationConcept of Simultaneous Crown-Root Shielding in Endodontics
Volume 2 Issue 5 2018 Page 456 to 464 Case Report Oral Health and Dentistry Concept of Simultaneous Crown-Root Shielding in Endodontics ISSN: 2573-4989 Valdivia JE*, Nabeshima CK and Machado MEL Department
More informationDental Morphology and Vocabulary
Dental Morphology and Vocabulary Palate Palate Palate 1 2 Hard Palate Rugae Hard Palate Palate Palate Soft Palate Palate Palate Soft Palate 4 Palate Hard Palate Soft Palate Maxillary Arch (Maxilla) (Uppers)
More informationhow to technique How to treat a cracked, but still inact, cusp. Disadvantages. 1 Issue Full coverage crown. >>
Issue 37 2013 How to treat a cracked, but still inact, cusp. 1 Full coverage crown. >> Advantages. A full crown can splint all sections of the tooth together. 1 Disadvantages. 1 Encircles crown and acts
More informationNon-surgical endodontic treatment f invaginatus type III using cone bea Title tomography and dental operating mic report.
Non-surgical endodontic treatment f invaginatus type III using cone bea Title tomography and dental operating mic report. Author(s) Kato, H. Journal Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 5 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10130/3722
More informationENDO-EZE TM GENIUS ENDODONTIC SYSTEM WHERE SAFETY MEETS EFFICIENCY
ENDO-EZE TM GENIUS ENDODONTIC SYSTEM WHERE SAFETY MEETS EFFICIENCY WHERE SAFETY MEETS EFFICIENCY Clinicians have always had to choose between reciprocation and rotary; safety and efficiency. So which do
More informationInstructions For Use
Instructions For Use Self Adjusting File Instructions for Use A. Product description: SAF, Self-Adjusting File, a mechanically-operated endodontic file. B. Indication for use: The Self Adjusting file (SAF)
More informationIn vitro evaluation of root canals obturated with four different techniques. Part 3: Obturation of lateral canals
64 > research In vitro evaluation of root canals obturated with four different techniques. Part : Obturation of lateral canals SADJ July, Vol 67 no 6 p64 - p69 FS Botha, C van der Merwe, PJ van der Vyver,
More informationPermanent 2 nd Maxillary Molars
Permanent 2 nd Maxillary Molars In comparison to the first max molar First molars appears in the oral cavity at the age of 6 years old.. While 2 nd molar 3 rd molar Max. 2 nd molar have long roots (sometimes
More informationEmergency Management of Trauma
Aims and Objectives Emergency Management of Trauma Susan Parekh/Paul Ashley Unit of Paediatric Dentistry Knowledge and understanding of the following: Epidemiology of traumatic injuries Classification
More informationCore build-up using post systems
Core build-up using post systems Dr. Gergely Pataky Department of Conservative Dentistry What to speak about today General considerations Classification of post systems Dowel-core or fibre post? Biologic
More informationUse and description of endodontic instruments
Use and description of endodontic instruments Today s lecture is on the endodontic tools that we re going to use in the root canal therapy. As we already know all of the steps of root canal therapy beginning
More informationObturation of internally prepared cavities (simulating internal resorption) with three different techniques
Obturation of internally prepared cavities (simulating internal resorption) with three different techniques Received: 3/5/2010 Accepted: 16/1/2011 Media A. Saeed * Raid F. Salman* Abstract Background and
More informationTechnical quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Technical quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students Bahareh Dadresanfar 1 * DDS, MS, Nahid Mohammadzadeh Akhlaghi 1 DDS, MS, Mehdi Vatanpour 1 DDS, MS,
More informationRoot Canal Treatment. with a mechanical treatment system. Clinical case
Endo motor with MANI Silk File Root Canal Treatment with a mechanical treatment system Case file by Markus Ludolph, Dortmund/Germany. Focus of activities: Endodontics. Clinical case In January of 2016,
More informationTreatment Options for the Compromised Tooth
New Edition Treatment Options for the Compromised Tooth A Decision Guide American Association of Endodontists www.aae.org/treatmentoptions TREATMENT PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS The Treatment Options for the
More informationPreclinical Dentistry. I. Dental Caries Non carious lesions: trauma, erosion. abrasion, wedge shaped defects. Lenka Roubalíková
Preclinical Dentistry I. Dental Caries Non carious lesions: trauma, erosion. abrasion, wedge shaped defects Lenka Roubalíková Understanding dental caries crown pulp chamber neck root canal root Dental
More informationEffects of Simulated Lateral Canals on the Accuracy of Measurements by an Electronic Apex Locator
ca Applied Research Cite this article as: J Can Dent Assoc 2010;76:aXXX 2012;78:c65 Effects of Simulated Lateral Canals on the Accuracy of Measurements by an Electronic Apex Locator Özgür Uzun, DDS, PhD;
More informationFIGURE 1: OBTURATION OF TEETH IN GROUP 1, GROUP 2 AND GROUP 3 RESPECTIVELY
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861. Volume 13, Issue 3 Ver. II. (Mar. 2014), PP 54-58 A Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically
More information