Sedentary Behaviours and Body Weight: Should we be Preoccupied? Jean-Philippe Chaput, PhD

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2 Sedentary Behaviours and Body Weight: Should we be Preoccupied? Jean-Philippe Chaput, PhD

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6 Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (2012)

7 An Active Day? 30 min 30 min 4 hours 8 hours 30 min YES

8 Are you an active couch potato?

9 Can t see the forest for the trees? Recommendations for physical activity cluster around min MVPA daily Surely the other hours (96-98%) of the day matter! Why focus on the 2% and not the 98%? Beware of behaviour compensation

10 Are all sedentary activities equal? Do they all promote weight gain?

11 Screen time increases food intake in the absence of hunger Chaput JP et al. Obes Rev (2011)

12 Energy expenditure (kcal/45 min) Energy intake (kcal) Intellectual work induces excessive calorie intake * kj kj Rest Computing Rest Computing 0 Balance: +946 kj Chaput and Tremblay. Physiol Behav (2007)

13 Energy intake (kj) Video game playing increases food intake = 335 kj 5000 * Control Video Game 1 2 Chaput et al. Am J Clin Nutr (2011)

14 An increase in the most sedentary activity of all can prevent weight gain Chaput JP et al. Int J Obes (2012)

15 What about reading? 2013

16 Morris Bus Study: Active or Not Sedentary? Hamilton et al. Diabetes (2007)

17 Canadian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines Why two sets of guidelines?

18 Risk of Death Sedentary Time and Risk of Death 11% 36% 54% % Time Spent Sitting Katzmarzyk et al. MSSE (2009)

19 Deaths per 10,000 person-years Sedentary Time and Risk of Death Active Inactive p< p= <25% 25% 50% 75% >75% Time Spent Sitting (%) Katzmarzyk et al. MSSE (2009)

20 Sedentary Behaviour & Chronic Disease Wilmot et al. Diabetologia (2012)

21 Sedentary Behaviour & Chronic Disease Wilmot et al. Diabetologia (2012)

22 Sedentary Behaviour & Chronic Disease Wilmot et al. Diabetologia (2012)

23 Systematic review of the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth (232 studies, 983,840 participants) This review found that being sedentary for more than 2 hours per day was associated with: Unfavourable body composition Lower fitness Lower scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour Poorer academic achievement Tremblay et al. IJBNPA (2011)

24 % Increase 5 Days of Bed Rest = Reduced Metabolic Health Hamburg et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2007)

25 1 Day of Sitting = Reduced Insulin Sensitivity Whole-body insulin action 39% Reduction 1 Day Standing 1 Day Sitting Stephens et al. Metabolism (2011)

26 1 Day of Sitting = Reduced Insulin Sensitivity Dunstan et al. Diabetes Care (2012)

27 1 Day of Sitting = Reduced Insulin Sensitivity Dunstan et al. Diabetes Care (2012)

28 Acute Sedentary Behaviour Increases Health Risk Study (Subgroup) Duration Modality Triglycerides Yaroshenko 1998 ( Acute ) 1 Day Bed Rest Yaroshenko 1998 ( Rigorous ) 1 Day Bed Rest Yaroshenko 1998 ( Acute ) 3 Days Bed Rest Yaroshenko 1998 ( Rigorous ) 3 Days Bed Rest Yanagibori 1997 (Females) 3 Days Bed Rest Yanagibori 1997 (Males) 3 Days Bed Rest Navasiolova Days Bed Rest Hamburg Days Bed Rest Yaroshenko 1998 ( Acute ) 7 Days Bed Rest Yaroshenko 1998 ( Rigorous ) 7 Days Bed Rest Navasiolova Days Bed Rest Mean Difference IV, Random, 95% CI [mmol/l] Saunders et al. J Nutr Metab (2012)

29 Acute Sedentary Behaviour Increases Health Risk Study (Subgroup) Duration Modality Insulin Sensitivity Yanagibori 1997 (Males) 3 Days Bed Rest Yanagibori 1997 (Females) 3 Days Bed Rest Hamburg Days Bed Rest Blanc 2000 (Males) 6 Days HDBR Blanc 2000 (Females) 6 Days HDBR Stuart Days Bed Rest Glucose Tolerance Nygaard Hours Sitting Dunstan Hours Sitting Lipman Days Bed Rest Yanagibori 1997 (Males) 3 Days Bed Rest Yanagibori 1997 (Females) 3 Days Bed Rest Stuart Days Bed Rest % Mean Difference Saunders et al. J Nutr Metab (2012)

30 Breaks In Sedentary Time Dunstan et al. Touch Briefings (2010)

31 Benefits of Breaks in Sedentary Time Independent of total sedentary time and moderateto-vigorous intensity activity time, increased breaks in sedentary time were beneficially associated with waist circumference, BMI, triglycerides, and 2-h plasma glucose. Healy et al. Diabetes (2008)

32 Conclusion: Greater time spent standing is associated with a lower risk of mortality

33 M.S. Tremblay. Assessing the Level of Sedentarism. In C. Bouchard and P.T. Katzmarzyk (Eds.), Advances in Physical Activity and Obesity. Human Kinetics Publishers, 2010.

34 Should we Consider Strategies for Reducing auto-dependency car time Reducing nature-deficit disorder Reducing indoor time Reducing screen time Reducing chair time Other indices for reducing sedentary behaviours

35 FITT vs SITT Frequency Intensity Time Type Sedentary Interruptions Time Type

36 ( Connect sedentary behaviour researchers Advocate for public policies targeting sedentary behaviour Organize symposia and events Catalogue and synthesize current evidence

37 Research over the past years has been conducted in movement behavior silos MVPA Sedentary behavior Sleep Health outcomes Health outcomes Health outcomes An integrated approach is needed to understand the interactions or clustering of these behaviors

38 Development of the world s first Integrated 24-h Movement Behavior Guidelines for Children and Youth Physical activity guidelines Sedentary behavior guidelines + Light-intensity physical activity + Sleep

39 Adopting a full-day approach MVPA Light Physical Activity Sleep Sedentary Time

40 Concluding remarks Sitting time, independent of physical activity level, is a risk factor for weight gain Screen time is worse than non-screen sedentary behaviours for promoting weight gain Getting up every minutes can really help your risk profile

41 How to break up sitting time? Standing desks (workplace, school) Walking meetings Drink a lot of water Be creative and think about it!

42 we spend the first two years of life teaching kids to walk and talk and then the next 16 years telling them to sit down and shut up anonymous