1. Program Power Point Diseases of Pancreas and Spleen 2. ก ก ก Diseases of Pancreas and Spleen

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1 1 ก ก ก ก ก 90 ก ก ก ก 1. ก 2. ก ก 3. ก กก ก ก ก 4. ก ก ก ก 5. ก ก 1. Anatomy and Physiology of Pancreas and Spleen 2. Diagnosis and Treatment of common diseases of Pancreas 2.1 Congenital anomaly : Pancreas Divisum, Ectopic Pancreas, Annular Pancreas 2.2 acute pancreatitis 2.3 chronic pancreatitis 2.4 pancreatic tumor 3. Disease of Spleen that require surgery 2.1 indication for splenectomy 2.2 complication of splenectomy ก ก ก ก 20 ก 1. Program Power Point Diseases of Pancreas and Spleen 2. ก ก ก Diseases of Pancreas and Spleen 1

2 2 (Pancreas) Pancreas ก ก ก 2 PAN KREAS ก retroperitoneal organ anterior pararenal space ก ก ก ก ก 1 ก 4 (head) (neck) superior mesenteric ก (body) (tail) superior mesenteric ก uncinate process ก duct of Wirsung major papilla (papilla of Vater) duct of Santorini minor (accessory) papilla major papilla ก ก ก ก ก celiac axis superior mesenteric artery (SMA) pancreaticoduodenal artery ก splenic artery ก ก celiac superior mesenteric sympathetic greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T10) parasympathetic ก vagus nerve ก sympathetic celiac ganglion ก ก ventral dorsal bud foregut ก embryo ventral bud duodenum ก dorsal bud superior mesenteric artery (SMA) superior mesenteric vein (SMV) ventral bud ก dorsal bud ventral bud ก duct of Wirsung ก dorsal bud ก duct of Santorini ก ampulla of Vater ก (common bile duct; CBD) 2

3 3 (exocrine) (endocrine) ก 20 ก isosmotic ก ก duodenum / active form amylase ( carbohydrate) lipase ( ) inactive form protienase ( ) ก active form enterokinase ก ก ก ก 3 (cephalic phase) ก ก กก ก ก ก ก vagus nerve ก (gastric phase) antrum ก gastrin ก acinar ก ก ก gastropancreatic reflex ก (intestinal phase) ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก cholecystokinin (CCK) secretin ก ก ก ก กก islet of Langerhans ก ก ก ก islet of Langerhans ก 1 islet B cell insulin 25 A cell glucagon ก D-cell somatostatin F cell PP cell pancreatic polypeptide ก (congenital anomaly) ก 3 1. (annular pancreas) ก ก ventral bud ก ก ก duodenal obstruction ก ก ก 2 (annular pancrease) 3

4 4 ก ก ก (duodenoduodenostomy) ก (duodenojejunostomy) ก ก ก ก ก ก duodenal obstruction ก duodenojejunostomy 2. Pancreas divisum ventral bud dorsal bud ก duct of Santorini minor papilla ( ก ก major papilla) 10 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก minor papilla ก 3. Aberrant pancreas ก heterotopic ectopic accessory pancreas ก ก ก mucosa ก Meckel s diverticulum ก ก intussussception ก ก ก ก ก (Pancreatitis) ก ก 2 ก (acute pancreatitis) ก (chronic pancratitis) 1. Acute pancreatitis Atlanta classification 1992 acute pancreatitis Acute inflammatory process of pancreas with variable involvement of other regional tissues or remote organ systems ก ก ก (edematous pancreatitis) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก pancreatic necrosis, pancreatic abscess, pseudocyst, hemorrhagic pancreatitis ก ก 1.1 ก 300,000 ( ก ก 300 ) ก ก ก ก ก acute pancreatitis ก กก ก acinar cell ก ก ก duodenum ก fat necrosis ก lipase fatty acid glycerol fatty acid กก ก ก ก (saponification) ก กก ก (hemorrhagic pancreatitis) ก ก ก 4

5 5 acute pancreatitis ก ก ก 1. Biliary tract disease (gallstone pancreatitis, biliary pancreatitis) 2. Alcohol 3. Hyperlipidemia 4. Hereditary 5. Hypercalcemia 6. Trauma(External, Surgical, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) 7. Ischemia(Hypoperfusion, Atheroembolic, Vasculitis) 8. Pancreatic duct obstruction(neoplasms, Pancreas divisum, Ampullary and duodenal lesions) 9. Infections (mumps, coxsackievirus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae) 10. Venom (scorpion's venom,antiacetylcholinesterase insecticides) 11. Drugs (thiazide diuretics, furosemide, estrogens, azathioprine, L-asparaginase, 6-mercaptopurine, methyldopa, the sulfonamides, tetracycline, pentamidine, procainamide, nitrofurantoin, dideoxyinosine, valproic acid, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) 12. Idiopathic 1.2 ก ก ก / 50 ก ก ก ก 75 ก ก ก 38.5 ก ก ก ก / ก ก ก ก ก (ileus) กก ก (oliguria) ก ก ก ก ก ก 2 3 (pleural effusion) ก (mental confusion) ก retroperitoneum (Grey-Turner s sign) (Cullen s sign) 1.3 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (biochemical tests) - serum amylase ก ก ก ก ก 3 sensitivity 61% specificity 95% ก ก 3-5 ก ก - serum lipase ก ก ก ก 3 sensitivity % specificity >95% ก ก 7-14 ก ก serum amylase lipase ก 5

6 6 - ก ก ก ampulla ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก - ก ก ก ก ก ก colon cutoff sign sentinel loop sign ก ก (ultrasonography; US) ก acute pancreatitis ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (computed tomography; CT) ก ก ก ก ก (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ERCP) ก ampulla (biliary pancreatitis) ก 48, serum total bilirubin > 4 mg%)ก ก (sphincterotomy) ก ก ก 1.4 ก Ranson's Prognostic Signs of Pancreatitis 11 ( 1) ก ก 93 ก 3 mild pancreatitis ก ก กก severe pancreatitis ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก (1) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก H2-blocker somatostatin atropine ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 6

7 7 (2) ก ก ก ก ก กก 30 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (peritoneal lavage) ก ก ก (3) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Criteria for acute pancreatitis not due to gallstones At admission During the initial 48 h Age >55 y Hematocrit fall >10 points WBC >16,000/mm 3 BUN elevation >5 mg/dl Blood glucose >200 mg/dl Serum LDH >350 IU/L Serum AST >250 U/dL Serum calcium <8 mg/dl Arterial PO 2 <60 mm Hg Base deficit >4 meq/l Estimated fluid sequestration >6 L Criteria for acute gallstone pancreatitis At admission Age >70 y WBC >18,000/mm 3 During the initial 48 h Hematocrit fall >10 points BUN elevation >2 mg/dl Blood glucose >220 mg/dl Serum LDH >400 IU/L Serum AST >250 U/dL Serum calcium <8 mg/dl Base deficit >5 meq/l Estimated fluid sequestration >4 L AST = aspartate transaminase, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, PO 2 = partial pressure of oxygen, WBC = white blood cell count. 1 ก acute pancreatitis Ranson's Prognostic Signs of Pancreatitis 7

8 ก ก (1) ก ก bowel obstruction, mesenteric ischemia/infarction, perforated hollow viscus (2) ก ก ก ก ก ก. ก ก ก ก ก (3) ก ก ก infected necrotizing pancreatitis ( ก Gas bubbles on CT scan,positive bacterial culture ก fine needle aspiration) (pseudocyst) (pancreatic abscess) ก endoscopic percutaneous drainage ก 2. Chronic pancreatitis ก (fibrosis, calcification, stone) 2.1 ก ก ก 5-27 ก ก ก Alcohol 70 Idiopathic (including tropical) 20 (Hereditary, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypertriglyceridemia, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Obstruction, Trauma, Pancreas divisum) 10 ก ก ก ก ก ก (protein plugs) ก ก กก (stone) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก fibrosis ก 2.3 ก ก ก ก กก ก ก (ductal hypertension ) ก (neural inflammation ) 10 ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก B cell ก (steatorrhoea) ก lipase ก ก ก ก ก 2.4 ก ก ก ก ก US CT MRI ก ERCP ก 8

9 9 2.5 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (1) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (2) ก ก ก ก (1) ก / ก ก ก (2) ก ก กก ก duodenal obstruction (3) ก ก ก 2 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 2 ก ก ก กก 90 ก ก ก ก ก (pancreatic endocrine tumor) ก ก ก ก ก pancreatic adenocarcinoma 1. (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) ก ก ก 30,300 ก ก ก cancer registry ก ก 40 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก 1.1 ก ก ก ก ก ก 2 3 ก ก / ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 9

10 10 ก 30 (Courvoisier s law) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 60 ก ก ก ก ก Trousseau s (migratory thrombophlebitis) ก insulin insulin ก ก ก 1.2 ก ก ก ก (tumor marker) CA 19-9, CA 50, CA 125, Span-1 Du-pan 2 ก (70-95 ) ก CT ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (ERCP) ก ก 90 ก ก ก ก (fine needle aspiration cytology) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (laparoscopy) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก 1.3 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (resectional surgery) ก liver metastases, celiac or hepatic hilar lymph node involvement, peritoneal implants, invasion of transverse mesocolon ก ก duodenum (Whipple s operation) ก ก antrum ก CBD ก (distal pancreatectomy) 10

11 11 ก (total pancreatectomy) ก ก ก ก (palliative surgery) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 3 ก (1) ก (2) กก ก (gastric outlet obstruction) 20 (3) ก / ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก celiac ganglion ก 6 ก (absolute alcohol) ก ก ก ก ก ก (nonoperative palliation) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (endoscopic biliary stenting) (percutaneous stenting) ก ก ก ก celiac ganglion ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1 ก ก 5 ก 10 ก 5 2. ก (Pancreatic endocrine tumors) ก 5-10 ก 1-2 ก benign malignant 2.1 (Insulinoma) ก ก ก ก B cell ก กก ก 90 ก ก กก ก multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 1) ก ก ก ก insulin ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก Whipple s triad ก 1. ก ก ก (fasting period) 2. ก 50 ก /100 ก ก 3. ก ก ก insulin กก 0.4 ก proinsulin C-peptide ก ก insulin ก ก ก ก 11

12 12 ก ก ก CT endoscopic US ก intraoperative US ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก insulin diazoxide 5-15 ก /ก ก somatostatin ก 2.2 Gastrinoma ก ก ก : = 3:2 ก ก ก immature neuroendocrine precursor กก กก ก ก ก ก 75 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก gastrin ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก CT MRI ก Gastrinoma Triangle (Passaro s Triangle) ก cystic duct, junction 2 nd ก 3 rd part duodenum junction neck ก body pancreas 3 Gastrinoma triangle ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก omeprazole ก ก ก ก ก ก 2.3 VIPoma 3-5 ก VIPoma ก ( ) ก ก (watery diarrhea) ก ก 12

13 Glucagonomas 1 ก ก กก ก ก ก ก A cell กก 60 ก ก ก ก necrotizing migratory erythema ก superficial epidermal bullous ก ก 2.5 Nonfunctioning islet-cell tumors ก ก ก ก ก pancreatic adenocarcinoma ก ก ก Pancreatic cyst ก (1) true cyst 20 cyst epithelium congenital cyst, polycystic disease, retention cyst cystic neoplasm (2) false cyst 80% cyst epithelium ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก cyst ก 13

14 14 (Spleen) Anatomy and Embryology ก ก mesoderm dorsal mesogastrium 5 lymphoid organ ก ก ก ก ( 150 ก ) ก ก ก ก ก ก 3 ก gastrosplenic ligament short gastric ก ก splenorenal ligament ก retroperitoneum splenophrenic ligament splenocolic ligament ก ก 20 ก accessory spleen ก ก hilum gastrocolic ligament greater omentum ก splenic artery celiac axis hilum ก splenic vein ก ก inferior mensenteric vein portal vein ก lymphatic tissue(white pulp) ก red pulp ก macrophage, histiocyte sinusoid ก Sites where accessory spleens are found in order of importance. A. Hilar region, 54%. B. Pedicle, 25%. C. Tail of pancreas, 6%. D. Splenocolic ligament, 2%. E. Greater omentum, 12%. F. Mesentery, 0.5%. G. Left ovary, 0.5%. Physiology 1. filtration ก ml/min ก ก 20 ml 2. immunologic function opzonization, phagocytosis antibody synthesis immunoglobulin M (IgM) 3. storage function ก ก 1/3 (sequestration) ก ก ก ก ก pancytopenia 4. hematopoiesis ก ก ก bone marrow myeloproliferative disorders 14

15 15 ก ก (splenectomy) ก - trauma - non trauma Red blood cell disorders Congenital : Hereditary spherocytosis, Hemoglobinopathies (Sickle cell disease, Thalassemia, Enzyme deficiencies) Acquired : Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Parasitic diseases Platelet disorders Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) White cell disorders Leukemias Lymphomas Hodgkin's disease Bone marrow disorders (myeloproliferative disorders) Myelofibrosis (myeloid metaplasia) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) Essential thrombocythemia Polycythemia vera Miscellaneous disorders and lesions Infections/abscess Storage diseases/infiltrative disorders: Gaucher's disease, Nieman-pick disease,amyloidosis Felty s syndrome Sarcoidosis Cysts and tumors Portal Hypertension Splenic artery aneurysm ก 338 ก ITP thalassemia ก Splenic trauma ก ก ก ก blunt penetrating ก ก (non operative management: NOM) ก ก ก (splenic repair : splenorrhaphy) ก (partial splenectomy) ก (splenectomy) ก ก ก ก 15

16 16 ก ก (hemodynamic instability) coagulopathy ก ก ก ก ก Hereditary spherocytosis ก ก autosomal dominant ก ก spectrin ก biconcave disc ก ก ก ก ก Splenectomy ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 4-6 ก ก ก ก ก ก Hereditary elliptocytosis spherocytosis ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Thalassemia ก ก ก hemoglobin(hb) ก thalassemia major ก ก ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก กก 9 mg/dl iron-chelating agent ก ก hemosiderosis ก iron overload (>200 ml/kg per year) ก ก Sickle cell anemia ก HbS HbA homozygous ก ก (deoxygenated) ก ก ก ก ก ก thrombosis, ischemia, infarction organ fibrosis ก ก ก (crisis) acute abdomen ก ก electrophoresis ก ก ก ก ก ก Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) ก ก ก antibodies ก ก hemolytic jaundice secondary AIHA ก ก ก collagen disease primary AIHA primary AIHA antibodies 2 1. IgG ก 2. IgM (cold-reactive antibodies) ก ก ก กก ก AIHA ก anemia reticulocytosis Coomb stest ก 16

17 17 Treatment กก ก ก ก corticosteroid ก 1. primary AIHA ก 2. ก ก Cr-51 RBC scan Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) ก ก non trauma bleeding disorder platelet ก ก 100,000 cells/cmm anti-platelet factor IgG ก RE system platelet ก ก ก ก ก ก ก platelet ก 20,000 cell/cmm spontaneous bleeding ก ก thrombocytopenia ก megakaryocyte ก bone marrow biopsy ก ก corticosteroid (prednisone 1 ก./กก./ ก platelet ก ก ITP ก 3. ก ก platelet transfusion ก platelet ก accessory spleen ก ก ก ก ITP platelet ก 1-3 corticosteroid 4-6 ก ก immunosuppressant vincristine, cyclophosphamide azathioprine Hodgkin s disease malignant lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cell(multinucleated giant cell) ก ก ก systemic กก ก ก biopsy ก ก ก irradiation local treatment chemotherapy systemic treatment ก ก ก stage staging ก ก Stage I ก Stage II กก ก ก ก ก Stage III กก ก ก ก Stage IV ก ก ( ก Staging laparotomy clinical stage I II ก staging laparotomy ก 1.biopsy celiac axis, lesser omentum, mesentery, paraaortic iliac vessels 2. ก 3. liver biopsy ก ก staging ก ก 17

18 18 ก ก irradiation ก (oophoropexy) ก iliac vessels Malignant lymphoma non-hodgkin s lymphoma ก RE system ก Hodgkin s lymphoma ก ก systemic กก ก ก ก ก staging laparotomy ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก hypersplenism ก ก ก infarction Chronic leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocyte lymphocytosis ก ก ก ก ก chemotherapy, corticosteroid irradiation chronic myeloid leukemia myeloid cell granulocyte ก ก leukocytosis ก ก ก chemotherapy, irradiation, radioactive phosphorus extracorporeal irradiation ก leukemia hypersplenism ก ก ก Myeloid dysplasia ก progressive fibrosis ก ก ก fibrosis ก ก myeloid leukemia polycythemia vera ก ก ก 1. blood transfusion 2. corticosteroid androgen 3. chemotherapy 4. splenic irradiation 5. splenectomy hypersplenism ก ก ก high-output cardiac failure ก A-V shunt Felty s syndrome ก rheumatoid arthritis granulocytopenia antibodies granulocyte ก Splenic vein thrombosis ก ก ก pseudocyst ก ก ก ก splenic vein ก portal hypertension collateral short gastric veins ก varices ก ก varices ก celiac angiography venous phase ก ก ก varices Splenic abscess ก ก septicemia กก infarction hematoma ก ก ก CT scan ก ก ก ก ก Splenic cyst 18

19 19 - pseudocyst ก ก ก hematoma - true cyst epidermoid cyst ก ก - echinococcal cyst ก กก E. granulosus ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Splenic tumor benign hemangioma, lymphoma harmartoma lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma metastasis ก ก ก ก Splenic artery aneurysm ก ก medial dysplasia ก ก atherosclerosis ก ก ก ก aneurysm ก ก ก ก กก aneurysm ก ก ก ก ก ก splenic artery Wandering spleen ก กก ligament ก ก ก (torsion) pedicle ก ก ก (splenopexy) ก ก torsion infarction Complication for splenectomy Early postoperative complications Bleeding ก ก ก ก ก hematoma ก ก ก ก hematoma ก left lower lobe atelectasis ก 16 pleural effusion, pneumonia Acute pancreatitis ก กก ก pancreatic fistula, pseudocyst ก Deep vein thrombosis Longterm complication Thrombocytosis Recurrent disease ITP ก ก accessory spleen ก Splenosis ก ก กก ก ก peritoneal surface ก ก ก ก Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) ก 5 ก ก ก ก vaccine ก ก ก ก ก 4 ก RE system S. pneumoniae(50-90%), N. meningitis, 19

20 20 H. influenzae ก ก ก ก กก ก 48 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก vital signs partial splenectomy ก ก pneumococcal, meningococcal H. influenzae type B vaccine ก 7-14 ก penicillin( ก mg oral q 12 hr, mg oral q 12 hr) amoxicillin( ก 5 10 mg/kg/day, mg/day) 2 ก ก ก ก ก ก 1.. ก ก. ก : ก ก ; กก.. 5 ( ก ). ก : ก ก ; ,. Acute Pancreatitis: Role of Surgery. :, ก,, ก. 37 Update in General Surgery. ก : ก ก ; F. Charles Brunicardi, Dana K. Andersen, Timothy R. Billiar, David L. Dunn, John G. Hunter, Raphael E. Pollock. Schwartz's Surgery. 8 th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill; Courtney Townsend, R Daniel Beauchamp, B Mark Evers. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 17 th ed. United States: Townsend; John E. Skandalakis, Gene L. Colborn, Thomas A. Weidman, Roger S. Foster, Jr., Andrew N. Kingsnorth, Lee J. Skandalakis' Surgical Anatomy. 2 nd ed. United States: Paschalidis Medical Publications;

16 April 2010 Resident Teaching Conference. Pancreatitis. W. H. Nealon, M.D., F.A.C.S. J.J. Smith, M.D., D.W.D.

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