Lab 14 Endocrine System

Transcription

1 Lab 14 Endocrine System Laboratory Objectives Identify the location of the primary endocrine organs. List the hormones produced by the endocrine organs. Relate the mechanisms of up-regulation and down-regulation to the cellular sensitivity to hormones. Illustrate examples or hormonal positive- and negative-feedback mechanisms. Describe the cellular activation mechanisms of lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones. Describe the anatomical and physiological relationship of the hypothalamus and pituitary. Relate the secretion releasing-hormones to the secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Describe the effects of a human-growth hormone hypersecretion disorder. Describe the structure of the pancreatic islets. Relate the terms glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to blood glucose regulation. Relate the dysfunction of insulin production or action to the disorder diabetes mellitus. Describe the relationship of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin 1

2 Activity 1: PowerAnatomy Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > PowerAnatomy > Table of Contents > 10 - The Endocrine System Complete exercise A - Hormone Abbreviations by clicking on the Exercises link in bottom left-corner. Complete exercise B - Location of Endocrine Glands Complete review assignment 1 - Main Endocrine Organs and Hormones by clicking on the Review link Complete review assignment 2 - Hormones 2

3 Activity 2: Pituitary Gland Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > Do > Activity 2: The Pituitary Gland 1. Describe the structural and functional relationship of the hypothalamus with the two lobes of the pituitary gland. 2. The pituitary is often referred to as the master gland. Is that true, or is the hypothalamus a better fit? 3

4 Activity 3: Hormone Regulation Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > See > Animation - Introduction to Hormonal Regulation, Secretion, and Concentration, > Sections Define and provide an example of a target cell. 2. How can a target cell increase its sensitivity to a hormone? 3. How does a target cell decrease its sensitivity to a hormone? 4. Relate insulin-resistance in type II diabetes to the process of down-regulation. 5. What would be the relationship if a patient had a high fasting blood glucose level concurrent with a high fasting blood insulin level? 4

5 Activity 4: Hormone Regulation Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > See > Animation - Introduction to Hormonal Regulation, Secretion, and Concentration, > Sections How do hormones regulate secretions from other cells? 2. Describe the origin and secretion of oxytocin. Relate the function of oxytocin to a positive-feedback mechanism. 3. Relate the actions of the insulin and glucogon to glucose regulation by negativefeedback. 5

6 Activity 5: Hormone Action Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > See > Animation - Mechanisms of Hormone Action > Sections If a hormone is lipid-soluble, what does that mean about its transport in the blood and its mechanism to stimulate a target cell? 2. Where are the receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located? 3. If a hormone is water-soluble (lipid insoluble), what how does that relate to its transport in the blood and mechanism to stimulate a target cell? 4. Where are the receptors for water soluble hormones located? 5. Why is adenylate cyclase referred to as an amplifier enzyme? 6. In easy-to-understand terms, what does it mean when a protein has been phosphorylated by a kinase? 6

7 Activity 6: The Case of the Growing Girl Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > Do > Homeostatic Imbalance: The Case of the Growing Girl 1. What disorder caused the hypersecretion of HGH? 2. Why does the patient have a high blood glucose level? 3. Why does the patient s intracranial pressure increase in this disorder? 7

8 Activity 7: The Pancreas Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > Do > Activity 5: The Pancreas 1. What is the anatomical location of the pancreas in the abdominal cavity?. 2. What is the structure of the pancreatic islets? 3. Compare the location and function of the pancreatic islets and acini. 8

9 Activity 8: Glucose Regulation Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > Do > Interactive Exercise: Glucose Regulation Feedback Loop 1. Compare the terms glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. 2. What is meant by the humoral-control of hormone release? 9

10 Activity 9: The Case of the Girl with Fruity Breath Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > Do > Homeostatic Imbalance: The Case of the Girl with Fruity Breath 1. What is the cause of the patient s frequent urination? 2. How does this patient s condition differ from diabetes insipidus? 3. Why is the patient s blood acidic? 4. Why is weight loss a common symptom of diabetes? 5. In type I diabetes, what is the common cause of beta-cell destruction? 10

11 Activity 10: Parathyroid and Calcitonin Navigation: WileyPlus > Lab Exercise 25. Endocrine System > Do > Interactive Exercise: Calcium Homeostasis 1. Define hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. 2. Describe the location and hormones secreted from the following: a. Follicular cells of the thyroid b. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid c. Principal cells of the parathyroid 3. Relate the change in bone density to the function of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. 11

12 Additional Activities: 1. To relate hormones to disease states, complete the Operations or Conditions under the review link in PowerAnatomy 2. Plasma protein levels are frequently reported in g/dl, plasma glucose in mg/dl. Hormones, vitamins, and some medications are reported in international units (IU). For example, the normal fasting level of insulin is 5-27 µiu/ml. What is an IU? 3. The kidneys are targets of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Why would PTH target the kidney cells? Think about the hormone s action. 4. Pituitary Surgery Video: 12