Kimberly M. Thornton, 1,2 Hongying Dai, 3 Seth Septer, 2,4 and Joshua E. Petrikin 1,2. 1. Introduction

Transcription

1 International Pediatrics, Article ID , 7 pages Research Article Effects of Whole Body Therapeutic Hypothermia on Gastrointestinal Morbidity and Feeding Tolerance in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Kimberly M. Thornton, 1,2 Hongying Dai, 3 Seth Septer, 2,4 and Joshua E. Petrikin 1,2 1 Department of Neonatology, Children s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA 2 School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA 3 Research Development and Clinical Investigation, Children s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Children s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Kimberly M. Thornton; kimmcdonaldthornton@gmail.com Received 4 June 2014; Accepted 25 July 2014; Published 25 August 2014 Academic Editor: Tonse N. K. Raju Copyright 2014 Kimberly M. Thornton et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objective. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the effects of whole body therapeutic hypothermia () on gastrointestinal (GI) morbidity and feeding tolerance in infants with moderate-to-severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Study Design. Infants 35 weeks gestational age and 1800 grams birth weight with moderate-to-severe HIE treated from 2000 to 2012 were compared. 68 patients had documented strictly defined criteria for : 32 historical control patients did not receive (non-) and 36 cohort patients received. Result. More of the non- group infants never initiated enteral feeds (28% versus 6%; P = 0.02), never reached full enteral feeds (38% versus 6%, P = 0.002), and never reached full oral feeds (56% versus 19%, P = 0.002). Survival analyses demonstrated that the group reached full enteral feeds (median time: 11 versus 9 days; P = 0.02) and full oral feeds (median time: 19 versus 10 days; P = 0.01) sooner. The non- group had higher combined outcomes of death and gastric tube placement (47% versus 11%; P = 0.001) and death and gavage feeds at discharge (44% versus 11%; P = 0.005). Conclusion. may have beneficial effects on GI morbidity and feeding tolerance for infants with moderateto-severe HIE. 1. Introduction Perinatal HIE is associated with high morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period as well as long-term neurocognitive deficits. Although slightly different inclusion criteria were used among studies, multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate that has a statistically significant improvement in neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 24 months of [1 3] followup and 6 to 7 years of followup [4]for infants with moderate-to-severe HIE at birth. However, the effects of a perinatal hypoxic ischemic event extend beyond the brain and neurodevelopment. Decreased perfusion to the GI tract [5] and decreased motility leading to feeding intolerance [6] may follow perinatal asphyxia. Patients can present with symptoms of GI bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, and even necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) following HIE [7, 8]. Since acts to prevent secondary damage to the brain from ischemia and reperfusion injury that occurs following periods of perinatal anoxia, it is plausible to believe that could have similar preventative effects on the ischemic damage to the GI system. Previous studies demonstrate conflicting results. There were some indications of hepatic dysfunction and feeding disturbances seen in subjects involved in a few of the major studies for therapeutic hypothermia, but none of those studies focused specifically on the effects to the GI system as a primary outcome. For example, the Cool Cap study, using selective head cooling, reported elevated liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase > 200 IU/L and alanine transaminase > 100 IU/L) in 38% of the cooled subjects versus 53% of

2 2 International Pediatrics controls (P = 0.02)[9]. Another selective head cooling trial, performed by Zhou et al., reported raised liver enzymes (not defined) in 35% of the cooled subjects versus 28% of the controls (P > 0.05)[10]. The ICE study reported 35% of subjects who received with hepatic dysfunction (alanine aminotransferase level > 100 U/L) versus 45% of controls (P > 0.05). This study also found a higher incidence of GI impairment (sloughing of the bowel, rectal bleeding, or NEC) in 4% of cooled subjects versus 2% of controls (P > 0.05) [2]. Another study, sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), reported hepatic dysfunction (aspartate aminotransferase level > 200 IU and alanine aminotransferase level > 100 IU) in 20% of cooled subjects versus 15% of controls (significance not reported but calculated P > 0.05). In the cooled group, 11% of patients were discharged on gavage feeds versus 7% of controls (significance not reported but calculated P > 0.05) and 7% of patients were discharged with a gastric tube (GT) versus 17% of controls (significance not reported but calculated P > 0.05)[3]. Finally, the TOBY trial for reported only one case of NEC in a cooled patient and no cases of NEC in the control group (<1% versus 0%, no significance) [1]. To our knowledge, there are no published clinical trials evaluating the effects of therapeutic hypothermia for GI ischemia and reperfusion injury following HIE in humans, but several animal studies suggest a benefit. Pierro and Eaton [11]developedaratmodelofintestinalischemia-reperfusion by surgically isolating and temporarily occluding the superior mesenteric artery for 30-minute duration and then assessing signs of metabolic and histologic damage incurred to the GI tract after 60 minutes of reperfusion. They demonstrated evidence of liver energy failure, intestinal damage, and 100% mortality in the animals within 4 hours of reperfusion at normothermia. However, when the rats were kept hypothermic (32-33 C) by controlling the environmental temperature, therewasasignificantdecreaseinmetabolicandhistologic damage as well as 100% survival [11]. Hassoun et al. used a similarratmodelwith45minutesofinducedischemiaand 6 hours of reperfusion to demonstrate decreased levels of inflammatory markers (nuclear factor kappa-b and inducible nitric oxide synthase); an increased level of a protective marker (heme oxygenase-1) and decreased histologic intestinal damage after direct hypothermia was applied to the GI tract during the ischemic period [12]. Finally, Stefanutti and colleagues [13] used the same rat model with rescue hypothermia applied by controlling the environmental temperature only during the reperfusion period. After 60 minutes of ischemia and 2 to 5 hours of reperfusion, hypothermia led to 100% survival and reduced inflammation, metabolic injury, and histologic damage to the GI tract [13]. We wanted to apply this evidence for use in animal models with ischemia-reperfusion injury to clinical practice. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of on GI function and feeding tolerance in infants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe HIE. The primary objective was to determine the number of days to reach full enteral feeds and to reach full oral feeds in a group of infants with HIE treated with compared to a historical control group of infants with HIE prior to the routine use of. Our hypothesis was that would have a protective effect on GI function and feeding tolerance status post-moderate-to-severe HIE. 2. Methods 2.1. Study Population: Total. Study approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Children s Mercy Hospitals(KansasCity,MO).Therewere435totalpatients identified for retrospective analysis: 347 in the non- group and 88 in the group. 287 total patients were excluded from the study because they did not meet criteria for moderate-to-severe HIE, because they had a significant congenital defect at birth, because they were enrolled in another research study involving, or because there was insufficient data available in the medical record. There were 78 patients in the non- general criteria (defined below) group and 70 patients in the general criteria group. There were 32 patients in the non- strict criteria (defined below) group and 36 patients in the strict criteria group (Figure 1) Study Population: Non- Group. Medical charts were reviewed for all infants 35 weeks of gestational age and 1800 grams of birth weight admitted to our institution from January 2000 to December 2008 with at least one of the following diagnoses on admission: hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, birth asphyxia, meconium aspiration, nuchal cord, placental abruption, seizure, depression at birth, acidosis at birth, and/or shoulder dystocia. Strict criteriafortheuseofatourinstitutionarebasedon previously published data [1 3, 9, 10, 14] and defined as a history of birth asphyxia, severe metabolic acidosis on cord blood gases or blood gas obtained within 1 hour of life (ph 7 or base deficit 16 or ph or base deficit and 10-minute APGAR score 5orassistedventilationat birth continued 10 minutes), and seizures or other evidence of moderate-to-severe encephalopathy (decreased consciousness, decreased-to-no activity, distal flexion or decerebrate posturing, hypotonia, decreased or absent reflexes, abnormal pupillary response, and abnormal breathing pattern) as documented in the medical record. Patients with adequate documentation were included in the study as historical controls and defined as the non- strict criteria group. When data for these criteria was missing, the record was reviewed further to identify other evidence of significant HIE. If patients had indirect evidence of moderate-to-severe HIE (abnormal lab values, abnormal neuroimaging, death, etc.), they were included as historical controls in the larger non- general criteria group. If the degree of HIE was considered to be mild or insufficient evidence was ultimately found to determine HIE status, the patient was excluded from the analysis. Patients with significant congenital anomalies at birth (congenital heart disease, gastroschisis, omphalocele, intestinal atresia, chromosomal trisomy, hydrocephalus, etc.) or patients involved in another study protocol using were also excluded.

3 International Pediatrics total potential study patients 269 excluded 261 mild or no HIE 32 congenital anomalies 8 missing data 347 non- 78 met general criteria met general criteria 18 excluded 6 congenital anomalies 7 involved in other studies 5 missing data 32 met strict criteria 36 met strict criteria Figure 1: Study population Study Population: Group. Adatasethadbeen previously collected for quality purposes on all patients receiving from the start of standard practice use at our institution in December 2008 up to December These patients had been diagnosed with moderate-to-severe HIE based on the aforementioned criteria and completed 72 hours of at C. In some instances, inadequate documentation existed so that all of the criteria were not found for each patient. The strict criteria group included only those patients with all criteria clearly documented, while the general criteria group included all patients who received. Again, patients with significant congenital anomalies at birth (congenital heart disease, gastroschisis, omphalocele, intestinal atresia, hydrocephalus, etc.) or patients involved in another study protocol using were excluded. Of note, patients with moribund conditions or congenital/chromosomal anomalies with poor likelihood of survival in the neonatal period were not treatment candidates as per the standard protocol for at our institution Study Design. We performed a twofold analysis of the data by comparing infants in the strict criteria group who received to those who did not and comparing infants in the general criteria group who received to those who did not. If information was missing in the medical record for the individual research parameters, the patient was excluded only from the statistical analysis of that specific parameter. Primary outcomes were day of life (DOL) enteral feeds started, DOL full enteral feeds reached, and DOL full oral feeds reached. Secondary outcomes included never started enteral feeds, never reached full enteral feeds, never reached full oral feeds, death, GT, combined death and GT, discharge with gavage feeds, combined death and discharge with gavage feeds, NEC, use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), elevated liver enzymes, elevated coagulation parameters, and days to hospital discharge or death. These outcomes were chosen as objective measures of GI morbidity and feeding tolerance that could be easily determined from the electronic medical documentation. Other variables such as gastric residuals and withholding of feeds were considered for outcome measures but were not well documented in the electronic medical record and could not be used for this study Statistical Methods. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous outcome variables and percentage for categorical outcome variables. Characteristics of and non- patients were compared using Chi-square test, Fisher s exact test, and t-test. Patients who did not start or reach full enteral feeds due to death were treated as censored data. Patients who did not reach full oral feeds due to death, GT placement, or discharge with gavage feeds were also treated as censored data. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for and non- patients.wethenperformedthelog-ranktesttocompare survival curves between the two groups. All analyses were performed using SAS 9.2 (Cary, NC) and SPSS 20. Statistical significance was claimed at 95% confidence level (P < 0.05). 3. Results 3.1. Comparison of Demographic Data. Overall, there were more males (59% of total study population) than females and more Caesarean sections performed (66% of total study population) than vaginal deliveries for infants with moderateto-severe HIE. There were slight differences in birth weight, gestational age, and maternal age between the groups, but we do not feel that these differences affected our results. The

4 4 International Pediatrics Table 1: Demographics for all subjects. Variable Non- P value General criteria group (n =70) (n=78) Gender (% male) 44 (63%) 44 (56%) 0.50 Birth weight (grams) ± ± Gestational age (weeks) 39.0 ± ± Maternal age (years) 25.4 ± ± Cesarean delivery 45 (64%) 52 (67%) minute APGAR score 3.0 ± ± Strict criteria group (n =36) (n=32) Gender (% male) 18 (50%) 18 (56%) 0.63 Birth weight (grams) 3510 ± ± <0.01 Gestational age (weeks) 39.2 ± ± Maternal age (years) 25.4 ± ± Cesarean delivery 21 (58%) 23 (72%) minute APGAR score 4.1 ± ± 1.8 <0.001 Significance defined by P < degree of HIE, defined by the 5-minute APGAR score, was similar for the general criteria group, but the strict group had lower APGAR scores at 5 minutes when compared withthenon-group (2.2±8 versus 4.1±1.8, P < 0.001). However, the mean score was below 5 at 5 minutes for both groups, suggesting that the groups had comparable degrees of depression at birth (Table 1) Comparison between (n =36)andNon- (n = 32)UsingStrictCriteria. The non- group had more infants who never started on enteral feeds due to death (28% versus 6%, P = 0.02), more infants who never reached full enteral feeds due to death (38% versus 6%, P = 0.002), and more infants who never reached full oral feeds due to death, GT placement, or discharge with gavage feeds (56% versus 19%, P = 0.002) as compared to the group. The non- group has a higher mortality rate than the group (32% versus 6%, OR (95% CI): 7.9 ( ), P = 0.009). The non- group had a higher rate of combined death and GT placement (46.9% versus 11.1%, P= 0.001) and combined death and gavage feeds at discharge (43.8 versus 11.1, P = 0.005). Survival analysis was performed to take the censoring into account. The Kaplan Meier curves demonstrated that infants in the group reached full enteral feeds (median time: 11 versus 9 days, P = 0.02) and full oral feeds (median time: 19 versus 10 days, P = 0.01) sooner than those in the non- group (Figure 2). There were only 3 cases of NEC, but they were all in the non- group (9% versus 0%, P = 0.1) There was no difference in elevation of liver enzymes (63% versus 63.9%, P = 0.94) or abnormal coagulation factors (91.3% versus 100%, P = 0.15) between groups (Table 2) Comparison between (n =70) and Non- (n = 78)UsingGeneralCriteria.There was no statistical significance between groups for primary outcomes, mortality, or GI morbidity measures. There were few cases of NEC, and there was no statistical significance of occurrence of NEC between groups (5% versus 3%, P = 0.68). However, there were an increased number of infants who never reached full oral feeds due to death, GT placement, or discharge with gavage feeds in the non- group versus the group (42% versus 26%, P = 0.03). Also, infants who received had elevated coagulation parameters (prothrombin time > 15.6 seconds and partial thromboplastin time > 41.5 seconds) (80% versus 100%, P = ) more often than thosenottreatedwith,buttherewasnodifference in the number of infants with elevated liver enzymes between groups (54.6% versus 62.9%, P = 0.33)(Table 3). 4. Discussion Our analysis suggests that infants treated with for moderate-to-severe HIE may have improved feeding tolerance,gimorbidity,andoverallmortalitycomparedwith those not treated with. Infants treated with strict criteria group reached full enteral feeds and full oral feeds sooner than those not treated. The strict criteria group had a lower overall mortality as well as combined GI morbidity (defined as GT placement or gavage feeds at discharge) and mortality. Our results show that the majority of subjects had elevated liver enzymes and elevated coagulation parameters, expected sequelae of HIE [15, 16]. Other studies have reported that these effects were only temporary with improvement in liver enzymes and coagulation parameters over time, and our results were consistent (data not shown). There was, however, no significant difference in the number of infants with elevated liver enzymes between the and non- groups in our study. Interestingly, there was no difference in the DOL feeds initiated between groups in either analysis. This retrospective study covered a wide time frame during which many changes occurred in medical practice, including the standard use of for moderate-to-severe HIE and the use of standardized feeding protocols. The feeding protocols are

5 International Pediatrics 5 Variable Table 2: Primary and secondary outcome variables for strict criteria group. (n =36) Non- (n =32) Primary outcomes (mean ± SD) DOL enteral feeds started 5.6 ± 2 6 ± DOL full enteral feeds reached 10.1 ± ± DOL full oral feeds reached 11.5 ± ± Secondary outcomes (%) Never started enteral feeds Never reached full enteral feeds Never reached full oral feeds P value Death GT Combined death and GT Discharged with gavage feeds Combined death and discharged with gavage feeds NEC ECMO Elevated liver enzymes Elevated coagulation parameters Days to hospital discharge or death 16.9 ± ± 12 1 Significance defined by P < Grosslybloodystool(Bell sstageiiaorgreater). Aspartate aminotransferase level >200 IU and alanine aminotransferase level >100 IU. Prothrombin time >15.6 seconds and partial thromboplastin time >41.5 seconds. Variable Table 3: Primary and secondary outcome variables for general criteria group. (n =70) Non- (n =78) Primary outcomes (mean ± SD) DOL enteral feeds started 5.4 ± ± DOL full enteral feeds reached 9.9 ± ± DOL full oral feeds reached 11.4 ± ± P value Secondary outcomes (%) Never started enteral feeds Never reached full enteral feeds Never reached full oral feeds Death GT Combined death and GT Discharged with gavage feeds Combined death and discharged with gavage feeds NEC ECMO Elevated liver enzymes Elevated coagulation parameters Days to hospital discharge or death 15.8 ± ± Significance defined by P < Grosslybloodystool(Bell sstageiiaorgreater). Aspartate aminotransferase level >200 IU and alanine aminotransferase level >100 IU. Prothrombin time >15.6 seconds and partial thromboplastin time >41.5 seconds.

6 6 International Pediatrics 1.0 P = P = Cumulative survival (n =36) Non- (n =32) Cumulative survival (n =36) Non- (n =32) DOL reached full feeds (days) DOL reached full oral feeds (days) 60 (a) (b) Figure 2: Survival curves for subjects with strict criteria. Censored subjects are labeled. primarily used for the initiation and advancement of feeds in preterm infants. There is no current standardized practice for initiating feeds in late-preterm and term infants with HIE at our institution. However, we expected to see a difference in practice for initiation of feeds over the twelve-year timeframe of our study, believing that many providers would feel more comfortable starting feeds sooner in the group of infants treated with. Since this was not the case, our results are actually strengthened by the fact that both groups were fed similarly. Limitations of the study include the small sample size and retrospective analysis of data. A historical cohort study was performed because therapeutic hypothermia has been accepted as the standard of care for infants with moderate-tosevere HIE; a prospective analysis or randomized controlled trial is not an ethical option to evaluate the effects of on GI morbidity and feeding following a perinatal hypoxic event. We estimate that fewer infants with HIE were referred to our tertiary care institution prior to use of due to the lack of therapeutic options, further limiting the number of patients available for analysis. The study was also limited by the quality of documentation in the medical record. This was the reason for dividing the groups into strict and general criteria based on the level of documentation available. When there was a lack of adequate information, the research team either determined an infant that met criteria for moderateto-severe HIE based on other findings in the medical record (such as multiple abnormal lab values or even death) or decided to exclude the infant from the study if insufficient evidence was found. Although the 5 minute APGAR score was lower in the non- strict group versus the strict group, both groups had a mean score <5at5minutesof life to suggest a considerable level of depression after birth in each one. The lower mortality seen specifically in the strict criteria group may arguably be explained by the fact that these infants were already a subgroup of infants with more significant illness. However, the lower mortality combined with more significant results seen in the groups of infants with clear evidence of moderate-to-severe HIE by a more strict definition validates the strict use of cooling criteria used by our institution. It should be noted that a requirement for GT placement or gavage feeds at discharge or the number of days to reach full oral feeds could all be reflections of oral skills. Those differences seen in our study could arguably be similar to the known improvements in neurologic function seen with.however,advancementofenteralfeedsisamore specific measure of GI motility and the decreased number of days to reach full enteral feeds alone suggests a nonneural benefit to. Future implications for study may include use of therapeutic hypothermia for other causes of gastrointestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury such as NEC. NEC is a unique form of gastrointestinal ischemia that occurs most often in preterm infants. Its exact etiology is not fully elucidated and felt to be multifactorial. In 2010, Hall et al. [17] published a small randomized prospective pilot study establishing the safety of using in preterm infants with advanced stage surgical NEC. The authors of the study plan to complete a larger multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluating the use of therapeutic hypothermia to decrease the amount of GI ischemic injury and surgical intervention required for NEC. Although our study was not powered for the incidence of NEC, we see interesting trends in the small numbers of patients with NEC and moderate-to-severe HIE. Our study strongly supports the need for further research in this area. Next steps could include a larger, multicentered cohort study evaluating the incidence of NEC in infants with HIE before andaftertheuseof. In conclusion, use for moderate-to-severe HIE may have beneficial effects to the newborn that extend beyond neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

7 International Pediatrics 7 Our findings suggest that improves GI morbidity and feeding tolerance for infants with moderate-to-severe HIE when strict criteria for cooling are applied. Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interests. References [1] D. V. Azzopardi, B. Strohm, A. D. Edwards et al., Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy, The New England Medicine,vol.361,no.14,pp , [2] S.E.Jacobs,C.J.Morley,T.E.Inderetal., Whole-bodyhypothermia for term and near-term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, vol.165,no.8,pp , [3] S. Shankaran, A. R. Laptook, R. A. Ehrenkranz et al., Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, The New England Medicine,vol.353, no.15,pp ,2005. [4] S. Shankaran, A. Pappas, S. A. McDonald et al., Childhood outcomes after hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy, The New England Medicine, vol.366,no.22,pp , [5] H.Akinbi,S.Abbasi,P.L.Hilpert,andV.K.Bhutani, Gastrointestinal and renal blood flow velocity profile in neonates with birth asphyxia, Pediatrics, vol. 125, no. 4, pp , [6] C.L.BersethandH.H.McCoy, Birthasphyxiaaltersneonatal intestinal motility in term neonates, Pediatrics, vol. 90, no. 5, pp ,1992. [7] A.Martin-Ancel,A.Garcia-Alix,F.Gaya,F.Cabanas,M.Burgueros, and J. Quero, Multiple organ involvement in perinatal asphyxia, Pediatrics,vol.127,no.5,pp ,1995. [8] R. N. Goldberg, D. W. Thomas, and F. R. Sinatra, Necrotizing enterocolitis in the asphyxiated full-term infant, The American Perinatology,vol.1,no.1,pp.40 42,1983. [9] P. D. Gluckman, J. S. Wyatt, D. Azzopardi et al., Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial, The Lancet,vol.365, no.9460,pp ,2005. [10] W.Zhou,G.Cheng,X.Shaoetal., Selectiveheadcoolingwith mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial in China, Pediatrics, vol. 157, no. 3, pp , [11] A. Pierro and S. Eaton, Intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury and multisystem organ failure, Seminars in Pediatric Surgery, vol. 13, no. 1, pp , [12] H. T. Hassoun, R. A. Kozar, B. C. Kone, H. J. Safi, and F. A. Moore, Intraischemic hypothermia differentially modulates oxidative stress proteins during mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion, Surgery,vol.132,no.2,pp ,2002. [13] G.Stefanutti,A.Pierro,E.J.Parkinson,V.V.Smith,andS.Eaton, Moderate hypothermia as a rescue therapy against intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat, Critical Care Medicine,vol.36,no.5,pp ,2008. [14] H. B. Sarnat and M. S. Sarnat, Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress: a clinical and electroencephalographic study, Archives of Neurology, vol. 33, no. 10, pp , [15] P.Shah,S.Riphagen,J.Beyene,andM.Perlman, Multiorgan dysfunction in infants with post-asphyxial hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition,vol.89,no.2,pp.F152 F155,2004. [16] S. Shankaran, E. Woldt, T. Koepke, M. P. Bedard, and R. Nandyal, Acute neonatal morbidity and long-term central nervous system sequelae of perinatal asphyxia in term infants, Early Human Development,vol.25,no.2,pp ,1991. [17] N.J.Hall,S.Eaton,M.J.Petersetal., Mildcontrolledhypothermia in preterm neonates with advanced necrotizing enterocolitis, Pediatrics,vol.125,no.2, pp.e300 e308,2010.

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