Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!!
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1 BI 358 Lecture 18 Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! I. Announcements Quiz 5 returned at end of lecture. Eye Dissection & Vision lab next Tuesday > Lecture by Dr. Sims! Final Quiz (6) next Thurs in class, then thoughts on grad schools in medicine & allied health. II. Physiology in the News The sight-saving diet? UC Berkeley WellnessLetter, November III. Eye I: Anatomy & Optics of Vision G&H ch 49 + LS + IV.Eye II: Retinal Receptor & Neural Function G&H ch 50 V.Eye III: Overview of Visual Pathways & Pathologies G&H ch 51 + LS1 + Silverthorn +...
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4 Sight-saving Diet? 1. High intakes of lutein & zeaxanthin (carotenoids) may reduce risk of macular degeneration (AMD) & cataracts. 2. Consuming plant-foods rich in antioxidants including vitamins C & E, selenium & β-carotene also may reduce risk of macular degeneration & cataracts. 3. Older vegetarians are 30-40% less likely to develop cataracts compared to daily meat eaters. 4. The above holds for foods, but there is little evidence that anti-oxidant supplements have this effect. 5. Zinc is essential to good vision & is found in the retina & may protect eyes from light damage & inflammation. Get zinc from food (oysters, shrimp, whole grains, yogurt...) 6. High intakes of fish rich in Ω-3 fats also reduce AMD.
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6 Eye: Elaborate sensory receptor Camera Aperture + Lens + Film!
7 Lens Separates Major Compartments Aqueous Humor Vitreous Humor/Body
8 Eye (L), Anterior View Lacrimal Gland L Sherwood 2012
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10 Eye: Saggital View L Sherwood 2012
11 Optic disk (blind spot) The Blind Spot? Central retinal artery and vein (+ optic nerve) Fovea Macula (b) D. Silverthorn 2010 Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
12 Convex lens convergence + focal length G&H 2011 fig 49-2
13 Concave lens divergence G&H 2011 fig 49-3
14 Image formation by convex lens G&H 2011 fig 49-7
15 What's a diopter? Refractive power measurement = f -1 or 1m divide by f G&H 2011 fig 49-8 Focal length = f
16 Refractive index? G&H 2011 fig 49-9
17 Mechanism of accommodation G&H 2011 fig 49-10
18 Mini-tramp analogy Suspensory ligaments Ciliary muscle Lens
19 Accommodation Lens Thickens + Pupils Constrict + Eyes Adduct! Radial/Dilator Muscles Radial Muscles Contract Circular/Constrictor Muscles Circular Muscles Contract
20 Normal, far- & near-sighted vision G&H 2011 fig 49-12
21 Correcting near- & far-sightedness Myopia Hyperopia G&H 2011 fig 49-13
22 Astigmatism? G&H 2011 fig 49-15
23 Fluid formation & flow G&H 2011 fig 49-19
24 Aqueous humor formation G&H 2011 fig 49-20
25 Glaucoma & intraocular pressure (IOP)? Glaucoma mm Hg up to mm Hg! IOP Normal _ mm Hg x = 15 ± 2 mm Hg G&H 2011 fig 49-22
26 G&H 2011 fig 50-1 Retinal layers
27 Optic nerve Direction of light Pigment layer Retina Direction of retinal visual processing Choroid layer Sclera Front of retina Back of retina Fibers of the optic nerve Ganglion cell Amacrine cell Bipolar cell Horizontal cell Cone Rod Photoreceptor cells Retina fig 6-17 p 158 LS1 2006
28 Macula & fovea hot spot! Direction of light G&H 2011 fig 50-2
29 Exposed Fovea/Macular Region Normal Fovea Photoreceptors Inner & Outer Segments! Nadia Al Kharousi, Upender K. Wali and Sitara Azeem Current Applications in Optical Coherence Tomography in Ophthalmology, March 2013.
30 Peripheral (L) vs. foveal (R) retina G&H 2011 fig 50-12
31 Rod & cone functional parts G&H 2011 fig 50-3
32 Rod & cone outer segments G&H 2011 fig 50-4
33 In rods, light converts cis to trans retinal Rhodopsin = Opsin + Retinal L Sherwood 2012
34 Rhodopsin-retinal visual cycle G&H 2011 fig 50-5
35 > 33 x more! Tab 6-2 p 161 LS1 2006
36 Intermediate Colors Are Produced When 1 0 Colors Are Superimposed
37 Ratios of cone stimulation determine color interpretation: orange 99:42:0 G&H 2011 fig 50-10
38 Color Deficiencies Can Impact Daily Activities, Pleasure & Work! Red Cone Deficiency = Protanopia Green Cone Deficiency = Deuteranopia Blue Cone Deficiency = Tritanopia
39 Ishihara Chart for Normal (74) vs. Red-Green Color Blindness (21) G&H 2011 fig 50-11a
40 Ishihara chart for red-blind protanope (2) vs. green-blind deuteranope (4) G&H 2011 fig 50-11b
41 Left (Viewing brain from above with overlying structures removed) Right Left eye Right eye 1 Optic nerve 3 2 Optic chiasm Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus Optic radiation Optic lobe Fig 6-24a p 163 LS1 2006
42 Visual deficits with specific lesions 1 Left optic nerve 2 Optic chiasm 3 Left optic tract (or radiation) = Site of lesion = Visual deficit Fig 6-24b p 163 LS1 2006
43 Rods in Darkness Rhodopsin Not Active, cgmp High, CNG and K + Channels Open Rods 3 Main Cation Channels 1. CNG (Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated) Channel Enable Na + and Ca 2+ entry into Rod 2.K + Channel Enables K + to leak out of Rod 3.Ca 2+ -Voltage-Gate Channel Enables Ca 2+ Entry into Synaptic Terminal to Regulate Glutamate Exocytosis
44 Sodium flows in photoreceptor - A G&H 2011 fig 50-6a
45 Sodium flows in photoreceptor - B G&H 2011 fig 50-6b
46 Phototransduction (outer segment) G&H 2011 fig 50-7
47 Summary: Let There Be Light! Light Bleaches Rhodopsin Opsin cgmp NT Release Light U Closes CNG Channel (No more free inflow of Na +, Ca 2+ ) Hyperpolarizes Membrane (to -70 mv)
Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!!
BI 358 Lecture 18 Annette Sims, MD, Ophthalmologist next Tuesday! Hooray!! I. Announcements Quiz 5 returned at end of lecture. Eye Dissection & Vision lab next Tuesday > Lecture by Dr. Sims! Final Quiz
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