3 muscle function_scr.notebook April 20, 2015
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1 the key to muscle function is an excitable membrane sarcolemma proteins on the sarcolemma allow muscle cells to communicate with other cells and the environment specific to muscle function is communication with nerve cells = motor neurons stimulate contraction of the cytoskeleton in muscle cells surrounding the sarcomere is the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane tubes and sacks these store and transport large amounts of Ca + to understand muscle function, need to know tropomyosin is wrapped around actin myofibrils blocks the binding of myosin to actin troponin is scattered across the tropomyosin sliding filament model and attachment unattachment of cross bridges myofilament model sarcomere contraction crossbridge formation
2 Muscle Function has 3 distinct phases 1) neural stimulation 2) muscle cell contraction 3) muscle cell relaxation neural stimulation occurs at a neuromuscular junction acetylcholine released acetylcholine binds to sarcolemma proteins need to know that in a resting muscle inside membrane outside membrane Na + Na + K + K +
3 the imbalance that results leads to an unstable condition = excitable membrane the imbalance is lost during neural stimulation disturbance of the imbalance leads to chemical reactions inside the cells How? acetylcholine opens protein channels in the membrane Na+ is able to flow freely into cells K+ is able to flow freely out of cells the movement of K + out of the cells promotes a series of reactions that releases Ca + from the sarcoplasmic reticulum neuromuscular function release of Ca + from the sarcoplasmic reticulum marks the beginning of the contraction phase
4 contraction phase Ca + binds to troponin this moves the tropomyosin off the binding sites on the actin this allows myosin (cross bridges) to attach to the actin troponin also transmits information that activates ATP synthesis around myosin ATP provides a phosphate (P) that energizes the cross bridge for action (the "swivel") the sarcoplasmic reticulum takes up Ca + cross bridge action It takes several neural stimulations to get the complete contraction of a muscle Repeated neural stimulations keep the myosin tightly bound to the actin molecules that help: creatine phosphate stores energy in muscle cells the molecule collects energy from ATP and stores it for long periods of time creatine phosphate then transfers the energy back to ATP when muscle contractions require energy glycogen provides a continuos supply of glucose, which the muscle cells need to produce ATP myoglobin stores oxygen for muscle cells leads to large amounts of ATP through aerobic respiration
5 relaxation phase the relaxation phase is marked by no more neural stimulation acetylcholine no longer opens the ion channels the sodium potassium pump helps the Na+ and K+ levels recover the sarcoplasmic reticulum retrieves Ca+, which allows the tropomyosin to once again block the binding sites on actin, releasing the myosin heads from actin no mechanism for lengthening of sarcomeres exists as a result the muscle remains contracted, but pliable This is why antagonistic action exists - to lengthen the sarcomeres to their original state antagonistic action weakens muscle contraction decreases muscle strength gravity can be antagonistic to muscle contraction special cartilage can be antagonistic to muscle action example: cartilage of the rib cage that assists in breathing other muscles can be antagonistic to muscle action in the case of death, Ca+ leaks out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomere, leading to rigor mortis +
6 Control of Muscle Contraction not all the muscle fibers (cells) in a muscle contract all at once to begin with, neural stimulation has to reach a threshold for each muscle fiber before contraction will occur this results in what is termed a graded effect more or less fascicles are stimulated to get more or less contraction endurance is achieved through contracting & relaxing different fascicles coordinated neural stimulation can result in synergistic action synergistic action increases muscle contraction by multiple groups of muscles working together example: contraction of the muscles of the forearm to make a fist
7 muscle contract in a number of ways isotonic vs. isometric active, shortening and lengthening of muscle fibers steady, constant length of muscle fibers concentric vs. eccentric active, shortening of muscle fibers active, lengthening of muscle fibers
8 skeletal muscle responds to amount of work done over time, over a lifetime disuse = atrophy loss of sarcomere proteins eventual shrinkage loss of contraction strength decrease in muscle size lack of neural stimulation = atrophy regular use = hypertrophy blood flow enlarge muscle cells diameter more muscle strength continuous, heavy use builds up sarcomere structure for some = diameter of muscle others = no diameter, but muscle density reason genetics, blood flow variations
9 Attachments muscle title.doc muscle S.mov
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