REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Transcription

1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Sincere efforts have been made by the researcher to locate literature related to this study. The relevant studies found from various sources, which the researcher has come across are cited below. There are number of study have been conducted on Suryanamaskar and find positive effect of Suryanamaskar practices on physical and physiological parameters. There are various schools of yoga differ in the practice of Suryanamaskar with different paces (speed). Some schools advocate performance in a slow pace in tune with slow breathing, while others advocate a rapid method of performing multiple rounds in a fast pace similar to physical exercise. It has been suggested that Suryanamaskar at different speeds (pace) provides different benefits and that when it is done rapidly it warms up the body and acts as a cardio tonic, whereas when done slowly pace it strengthens and tones the musculature and enhances functioning of internal organs. Akshay Tomar (2013), THE EFFECTS OF SURYANAMASKAR ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF PARAMILITARY FORCES SPORTSPERSON, The objective of the study was to determine the effects of Suryanamaskar (sun salutations) on the selected physiological variables of paramilitary forces sportsperson of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. The sportsperson as subjects for this study were selected from the 6th Battalion, Provincial Armed Constabulary(P.A.C.) and 44th Battalion, Provincial Armed Constabulary(P.A.C.) of Meerut (U.P), India. A total of 40 male (20 from each Battalion) subjects were selected and used as one practice group. Suryanamaskar was considered as the Independent Variable and Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate, BMI and Breath holding capacity were considered the Dependent Variable. The statistical technique employed for this study was mean, standard deviation and paired't' test. The level of significance was tested at 0.05 level. A significant (p<.05) effect of Suryanamaskar was found in relation to Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate and Breath holding capacity. In case of BMI no significant difference was found at (p<.05) level after six week training. The independent variables were assessed before and after the training period. Dr. Abhay N. Buchha(2012), Importance of Surya Namaskar ForA Healthy Life studied that Recently many people are turning towards Yoga to get rid of physical problems and found Surya Namaskar a simple, yogicexercise that provides immense health benefits. Surya Namaskar is a sequence of yogic postures along with chants that together comprise a complete yoga called Surya Namaskar (Sun Salutation) which is a worship system of worshiping Surya, has been practiced in India for thousands of years. It's a combination of twelve poses in the series with graceful movement. For the physiological system of the body to be fit, the systems must function well enough to support the specific activity that the individual is performing. More over

2 different activities make different demands upon the organism with respect to circulatory,metabolic, neurological and temperature regulatory functions. Bhavanani et. al (2011) conducted a study on comparative of slow and fast Suryanamaska (SN) on physiological function. Aim: the aim of this study was to compare the effects of 6 months training in slow Suryanamaskar (SS N) and fast Suryanamaskar(FSN). Method: the study was conducted on 42 students of Government Higher Secondary School, Indira Nagar, and Pondicherry. All 42 students divided in two groups, one group for slow Suryanamaskar and one group for fast Suryanamaskar. The subjects of FSN group were trained to perform SN in a rapid manner so that all 12 postures were completed in 2 minutes and the subjects of SSN group were trained to perform SN in a slow manner so that each of the 12 postures was held for 30 seconds, each round took 6 minutes to complete one round. Student's (unpaired) t test was used to compare the values between the groups before and after training. Result: training in SSN produced a significant decrease in diastolic pressure. In contrast, training in FSN produced a significant increase in systolic pressure. Although there was a highly significant increase in isometric hand grip (IHG) strength and hand grip endurance (HGE) in both the groups, the increase in HGE in FSN group was significantly more than in SSN group. Pulmonary function tests showed improvements in both the groups though intergroup comparison showed no significance difference. Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure increased significantly in both the groups with increase of MIP in FSN group being more significant than in SSN. Conclusion: Suryanamaskar has positive physiological benefits and the effect of FSN is similar to physical aerobic exercises, whereas the effect of SSN is similar to those of yoga training. Javadekar P, Manjunath NK (2012) Effect of Surya Namaskar on Sustained Attention in School Children, J Yoga Phys Ther 2:110. doi: / Sun salutation (Surya Namaskar) is a comprehensive Yoga technique which incorporates physical activity, breath regulation, relaxation and awareness. Apart from improving physical stamina and endurance, Surya namaskar has been shown to influence an individual s perception and performance. Hence, the present study has been designed to measure the performance of school children in a digit letter substitution task following the practice of Surya namaskar compared to physical exercise. Methods: 320 school children between the age group of 12 to 14 years, belonging to both genders were screened and 64 healthy volunteers were selected. They were randomly allocated to 2 groups with 32 students each (Experimental group and Control group). Subjects were assessed at the beginning and end of 30 days of intervention (Surya namaskar or Physical Exercise) using a Digit Letter Substitution Task. Results: The data were normally distributed and the baseline data across the groups were not statistically different (p>.05). The pre -post data within each group was analyzed using a paired t test. There was a significant increase in number of letters substituted per digits in both

3 yoga (p<.001) as well as control groups (p<.001). The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p>.05). conclusion: Physical activity given regularly in a structured manner followed by supine rest improves the process of attention. Kristine M. Fondran (1992), the effect of THE EFFECT OF SURYA NAMASKARA YOGA PRACTICE ON RESTING HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE, FLEXIBILITY, UPPER BODY MUSCLE ENDURANCE, AND PERCEIVED WELL-BEING IN HEALTHY ADULTS, study shows- Surya Namaskara (SN) is a yoga practice(routine) that consists of a series of 12 physical postures made up of a variety of forward and backward bends. The series of movements stretch the spinal column and massage, tone and stimulate vital organs through alternately flexing the body forwards and backwards. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of a twice daily SN yoga practice on resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), flexibility, upper bo dy muscle endurance, and perceived well-being in low to moderately active adult males and females. Methods: Participants (24 females, 6 males; mean age 34 years) were randomly assigned to a yoga or control group using the fishbowl technique of random assignment with replacement. After a 3 hour introduction to proper SN techniques, the subjects were directed to perform two SN routines daily for 10 minutes each followed by a 5 minute relaxation period, 5 times per week for a period of 6 weeks. Pre and post measurements were conducted for HR, BP, hamstring flexibility, upper body muscle endurance, and perceived well-being. Inferential statistics with repeated measures (2 -way ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results: A significant increase was found in flexibility with an improvement of 2.9 inches (p=.000) and 4.4 push -ups (p=.003) after yoga the training program, with little or no change in the control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that SN is effective in increasing hamstring flexibility and improving upper body muscle endurance. P A Balaji et.al ( 2012), Physiological Effects of Yogic Practices and Transcendental Meditation in Health and Disease study shows: - Data were constructed; issues were reviewed and found that there were considerable health benefits, including improved cognition, respiration, reduced cardiovascular risk, body mass index, blood pressure, and diabetes. Yoga also influenced immunity and ameliorated joint disorders. Pratima M. Bhutkar et. Al (2008), Effect of Suryanamaskar Practice on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Parameters: A Pilot Study -The present study tested efficacy of regular practice of suryanamaskar in improving the cardio-respiratory fitness. The present study was conducted on 78 subjects, (48 males and 30 female s). It was observed that 6 months of suryanamaskar practice decreases resting pulse rate and blood pressure. At the same time it increases cardio-respiratory efficiency and respiratory capacity as evaluated by bicycle ergometry and various lung functions tests, in both male and female subjects. From this study we conclude that suryanamaskar practice can be advocated to improve cardio-respiratory efficiency for patients as well as healthy individual

4 Rajeev Choudhary et.al (2010), The Effects of Dynamic Surya Namaskar on Differential Chest Circumference of Physical Education Students The objective of the study was to determine the effects of dynamic Surya Namaskar (sun salutations) on the differential chest circumference of selected physical education students at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Basic procedures. The subjects for this study were selected from the Department of Physical Education at Banaras Hindu University. A total of 20 male subjects were selected and used as one practicing group. Dynamic Surya Namaskar was considered the independent variable and differential chest circumference was considered the dependent variable. The test was for differential chest circumference. The Repeated Measures Design was used for this study. Only one group of 20 participants was created. Tests were administered at regular intervals of two weeks. The tests started four weeks prior to the dynamic Surya Namaskar (DSN) treatment and took place every two weeks, three times. Thereafter, tests took place every two weeks during the treatment and after the completion of the treatment, they were continued for the following fourweek period. Main findings. To determine the effect of dynamic Surya Namaskar on physiological and anthropometric variables of selected physical education students at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, one way ANOVA was used at.05 level of significance. Conclusions. In relation to differential chest circumference, a significant ( p < 0.05) effect of dynamic Surya Namaskar was found. S. N. Omkar (2013), Surya Namaskaar for Holistic Well Being: A Comprehensive Review of Surya Namaskaar, study says-the world of yoga research is aware of the numerous benefits of the sun salutation exercise, little has been done to dwell deep into the finer nuances of this ancient yoga exercise, such as the method of performing the exercise. Much of the research is focused on the benefits of the exercise but little has been done to ensure that the exercise is performed in the way it is intended to be practiced, that is with graceful movements and consistent repetitions. Although millions across the globe practice this unique prostration exercise for its health benefits, it is only with the right synchrony of breathing and graceful execution can one reap the myriad of benefits the exercise has to offer. Sasi et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of Suryanamaskar on cardio vascular and respiratory parameters in school students. Aim: The aim was to improve the physical health and increase the quantity of sportsmen with effective cardiorespiratory efficiency. Methods: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 45 days daily practice of Suryanamaskar on blood pressure(bp), heart rate(hr), respiratory rate (RR), forced vital capacity(fvc) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in school students of both sexes.115 school students aged 10 to 14 years were recruited for the study. The participants were trained to perform Suryanamaskar for 45 days study period. The participants were trained to perform Suryanamaskar in a slow manner so that each of the 12 poses was held for duration of 30 seconds. Each round took 6 minutes to complete and 5 rounds were performed in minutes. The cardio vascular and respiratory parameters BP, HR, RR, FVC and PEFR were measured before and after practice of suryanamaskar. T test was used to compare the values before and after training. Results: The

5 results showed that the Systolic blood pressure, PEFR and FVC increased significantly and RR, HR and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly after the practice of Suryanamaskar. Conclusion: The beneficial effects of Suryanamaskar can be applied to all schools to improve the physical health and sports activities of the students. Sinha et. al (2002) conducted a study on ener gy cost and cardiorespiratory changes during the practice of Suryanamaskar. Aim: The present study was undertaken to observe critically the energy cost and different cardiorespiratory changes during the practice of SN. Method: Twenty one male volunteers from the Indian Army practiced selected Yogic exercises for six days in a week for three months duration. The Yogic practice schedule consisted of Hatha Yogic Asanas (28 min), Pranayama (10.5 min) and Meditation (5 min). In the Yogic practice schedule 1st they practiced Kapal Bhathi (breathing maneuvers) for 2 min then Yogamudra (yogic postural exercise) for 2 min, after that they took rest until oxygen consumption and heart rate (HR) came to resting value. Subsequentl subjects performed SN for 3 min 40 seconds on an average. After three months of training at the beginning of the fourth month subjects performed entire Yogic practice schedule in the laboratory as they practiced during their training session and experiments were carried out. Their pulmonary ventilation, carbondioxide output, Oxygen consumption, HR and other cardiorespiratory parameters were measured during the actual practice of SN. Result: Oxygen consumption was highest in the eighth posture (1.22 ± min 1) and lowest in the first posture (0.35 ± min 1). Total energy cost throughout the practice of SN was kcal and at an average of 3.79 kcal/min. During its practice highest HR was 101 ± 13.5 b.p.m. Conclusion: As an aerobic exercise SN seemed to be ideal as it involves both static stretching and slow dynamic component of exercise with optimal stress on the cardiorespiratory system. Halder et. al conducted a study on The effect of Suryanamaskar on resting heart rate blood pressure, flexibility and muscle endurance on school going children. Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of ten weeks Suryanamaskar yoga practice on resting heart rate (RH) and blood pressure (BP), flexibility, upper body muscle endurance. Method: Participants (50female, 50males; mean age 12years) were randomly assigned to yoga. The subject were directed to perform one SN routines daily for 30 minutes each followed by 5minute relaxation period 5time per week for a period of 10 weeks. Pre and post measurements were conducted for HR, BP Hamstring flexibility; upper body muscle endurance pair t test was used to analyze the data. Hamstring flexibility was measured using a standard sit and reach box. Upper body muscle endurance, particularly of the triceps, anterior deltoids and pectoralis, was measured by a standard push up test. Result: A significant increase was found in flexibility and upper body muscle endurance and some change on resting heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusion: it can be concluded that SN is effective in increasing hamstring flexibility and improving upper body muscle endurance Gauri et. al (2011) conducted a study on Effect of Suryanamaskar Yoga Practice on The Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Flexibility and Upper Body Muscle Endurance in Healthy Adult.

6 Aim: To determine the effects of Suryanamaskar yoga practice on resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), flexibility and upper body muscle endurance in low to moderately active adult males and females. Methods: A total of 80 normal healthy subjects (40 males and 40 fema les) between age group years from SumandeepVidyapeeth University were randomly assigned a yoga or control group. After a 1.5 hour introduction to proper Suryanamaskar techniques, the subjects were directed to perform two Suryanamaskar routines daily for 10 minutes each followed by a 5 minute rest period, for duration of two weeks. Results: The post-hoc t test showed a significant (p=0.000) increase in flexibility and push-ups and decreased blood pressure in yoga group, with little or no change in control group. Conclusion: Suryanamaskar is effective in increasing hamstring flexibility and improving upper body muscle endurance and helps to reduce blood pressure. Another study aiming to determine the effect of regular practice of yogic asana on health related physical fitness was conducted. A total of 48 residential male students (12 ± 1 year) participated in this study. It was randomized into two equal groups as yoga group (n=24) and waitlist control group (n=24). Yoga group was regularly practiced only yogic asana for 1 to 1.5 hour per day, 6 days per week, for 12 weeks with a progressive load method. The health related physical fitness was assessed by measuring strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and body composition. In the present study all the measurements were done at the baseline (before onset of training) after 6 and 12 weeks of āsana training. A repeated measure of ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis was used for analyzing the data. Simple percentage also calculated from the mean value to see the quantitative changes of the asana training. After 12 weeks, yoga group showed a significant improvement in right hand grip strength (14.10%), left hand grip strength (16.28%), muscular endurance (77.59%), cardiovascular endurance (8.61%), flexibility (18.72%) where as lean body mass (7.69%) and body fat percentage (33.63%) decreased significantly. It is concluded that yogic asana alone may elicit a positive improvement in the health related fitness. (Barman, Aloke Sen; Mondal, Samiran; Chatterjee, Sridip, 2012). Riddle (1972) compared three methods of stretching to determine the most effective method of increasing hip and trunk flexibility in college women. The flexibility of hip and trunk (combined) of 252 women students at the university of Oregon was at the beginning and end of the full term. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the results of the spring stretch, held stretch, and the combination stretch methods at 0.05 levels. It was concluded that spring stretch was the most effective method for increasing flexibility of the hip and trunk joints when compared with other two methods. Loudreth (1959) made an attempt to compare the effects of two methods for improving muscle group which was compared with fast momentum stretching exercise for improving the range of movements of the hip joint. After the pre-test groups using each exercise methods were exercised six times in two weeks. The range of movement was tested after each period within group changes from test to test were compared for significance difference between groups on

7 each test was determined. Both types of stretching exercises produced a diminished range of movement. Bridell (1970) made a comparison of selected static and dynamic stretching exercise on flexibility of the hip joint. 92 college men were tested for hip flexibility before and after 9 week training program. Subjects were divided into four exercise groups, stitch stretching, dynamic stretching, combination stretching control group. Each group performed series of five exercises. In comparing the means of pre-test no significant difference was found among groups. Significant gains in flexibility were recorded in all groups, except the control. De Veries (1962) carried out studies on flexibility to dete rmine the relative effects of static and ballistic type of exercise in improving the flexibility with fifty seven college men students. He found no significant difference in flexibility with one method over the other. Puhl (1967) measured the flexibility o f 42 women and also determined the effects of specific static stretching exercise on flexibility. Two groups of college women had regular classes of activities and the experimental group had additional static stretching exercise for four weeks before being rested. Along with this seven members of the university gymnastics team were also tested and the test showed that they had significant greater (0.05) trunk flexion extension flexibility than the normal sample. The experimental group showed significantly greater improvement in trunk flexion extension along with marked improvement in the flexibility of other joints. Sinder (1945) investigated the change that occurred in hip joint strength and flexibility during seasons of gymnastics training. He concluded that per season training produces greater increase in during the regular season. Sharma et.al (1990) conducted comparative effect of yoga and proprioceptive neuro - muscular facilitation (PNF) technique for improving the hip joint flexibility. The study was conducted on seventy two boys ranging between years of age. They were randomly divided into three groups consisting of twenty four subjects each. The training was conducted on alternative days for each group for eight weeks. Right and left hip joint flexibility was measured before and after the experiment. Analysis of variance was carried out to find out the significance difference between the three groups. As F ratio was found significant the Scheffe s post hoc test was applied to find out the significant difference between the paired means. Robson (1974) studied the effect of yoga and respiration measure for vital capacity and breathe holding time. His major conclusion was that some flexibility and vital capacity can be improved by yogic exercise. Hansen (1963) studied the effect of stretching exercise of lower back hamstring flexibility of 33 grade nine junior high school students. Fifteen repetitions of a specific stretching

8 exercise were followed by resting immediately after and at 3, 6 and 24 hours after exercise. All post- test differed significantly from pre-test taking of flexibility after three hours was high. Cureton (1972) investigated the effects of flexibility exercise as an aspect of physical fitness. The flexibility exercises he used were calisthenics. The range of mobility was considered to reflect the structural make up; the relative muscular strength compared to the ability to relax opposing muscles and the state of condition the muscles. Morris (1974) investigated that comparative e ffect of the development of flexibility in three physical education programs. The sample consisted of 43 subjects participating in 3 physical education programs at Duke University, Durham, N.C.during the school years. Seven flexibility tests were administered before and after a 14 week period. The 3 samples participated in trampoline and floor exercise program. Active range of hip flexion using a Leighton flex meter and hip flexion strength were measured before and after the 3 weeks period as well the first day of each week during training. The relaxation method produced a greater increase in active range of hip flexion in comparision to other technique and no differential effects on strength of hip flexion were noted between all groups. A study was conducted to assess the effects of Suryanamaskar yogasana on muscular endurance and flexibility. Material and methods: Thirty randomly selected female students aged years volunteered to participate in the study. They were randomly assigned into two groups: A (experimental) and B (control). The subjects were subjected to a six week Suryanamaskar yogasana training program. The difference in the mean of each group for selected variable was tested for the significance of difference by "t" test. The level of significance was set at Results: The muscular endurance and flexibility significantly improved in group A compared with the control one.