10/4/18. Muscular System. 1 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction. Anatomy. Physiology. Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
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1 Introduction Muscular System Chapter 20 Shortening or lengthening of a muscle results from changes in relative positions of one small part of a muscle cell to another To understand contraction, we will examine muscles from the cellular level to the organ level 1 2 Anatomy Skeletal muscles Associated structures - Tendons - Aponeurosis Related fascial structures Physiology Movement Posture maintenance - Contributes to joint stability Muscles are the most metabolically active structures in the body Heat production (thermogenesis); important in maintaining body temperature 3 4 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy Muscle fibers: - Sarcolemma: Equivalent of a cell membrane in a typical cell - Sarcoplasm: Equivalent of cytoplasm in typical cells - Sarcoplasmic reticulum: System of interconnected tubes; store and release calcium ions Skeletal Muscle Anatomy Muscle fiber = muscle cell - Distinct, threadlike shape - Often run the length of the muscle Myofibril - Strands within muscle fibers containing sarcomeres Sarcomere: Basic unit of contraction - Each one contains myofilaments 5 6 1
2 Actin: Resembles a twisted strand of beads; contains binding sites for myosin Thin Myofilaments Myosin Thick Myofilaments - Shaped like golf clubs with the golf shafts bundled together - Heads sticking out of the bundle are angled toward thin filaments Modified from Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby. 7 8 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy Connective Tissues: Fascia Fascicle: Bundles of muscle fibers - Groups of fasciculi form muscle organs or skeletal muscles Muscle organization review from macroscopic to microscopic structures - Muscle fascicle muscle fiber myofibril sarcomere myofilaments Superficial fascia: Fascial layer just beneath skin Deep fascia: Extends from superficial fascia and surrounds muscles Myofascial: Skeletal muscles and related fascial coverings 9 10 Tendons Tendon: Cords anchoring muscle to bone Aponeurosis: Broad, flat tendon Tendon sheaths: Tubes that wrap tendons crossing multiple joints Retinacula Retinacula: Retaining bands - Stabilize tendons and keep them in place - Found primarily in elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists
3 Connective Tissue Coverings Neuromuscular Junction Muscle and fibers are protected by connective tissue - Epimysium: Surrounds an entire muscle - Perimysium: Surrounds fasciculi - Endomysium: Surrounds each individual muscle fiber Where motor neuron excites sarcolemma and initiates contraction Three parts: - Motor end plate: Contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters (acetylcholine [ACH]) - Motor neuron: Responsible for sending impulses that stimulate muscles to contract - Synaptic gap: ACH moves from synaptic vesicles across the synaptic gap and connects receptors on the motor end plate to propagate the stimulus Motor Units and Recruitment All-or-none response: All muscle fibers in a motor unit will contract to fullest ability or not at all Motor unit: Single motor neuron and all fibers to which it attaches Recruitment: Motor unit activation based on units needed to perform an action - If more strength is required, more motor units are recruited Adenosine Triphosphate Universal unit of energy in the cell Between contractions, myosin heads are ready for action Myosin binds to actin when calcium ions are present Produced by mitochondria Oxygen and Glucose Oxygen is stored on myoglobin on the sarcoplasm until needed Myoglobin: Red respiratory pigment similar to hemoglobin in red blood cells - Fibers containing large amounts are deep red (often called red muscle) - Fibers with fewer amounts are lighter in color (often called white muscle) Glucose is needed to produce ATP Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscles Anaerobic Respiration Occurs as soon as muscles start contracting Does not contribute a large amount of energy Lasts 30 to 60 seconds Lactic acid is the end product of anaerobic contraction
4 Aerobic Respiration Mitochondria brings in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide Continues as long as oxygen is available through cellular respiration Type 1: Slow Twitch (Red Muscle) Contain large amounts of mitochondria and myoglobin Contract more slowly Resist fatigue of sustained activity Most back muscles and muscles of the lower extremity are Type 1 Marathon runners have high ratio in lower extremities Type 2: Fast Twitch (White Muscle) Contract more quickly for shorter periods of time Fatigue quickly due to rapid ATP depletion Low amounts of myoglobin and fewer numbers of mitochondria and capillaries give them a lighter color Muscles of upper extremity contain many type 2 fibers Parallel/Fusiform Tapered off at both ends or spindle-shaped Fibers run parallel along long axis of the bone Most skeletal muscles have parallel fibers Parallel muscles also called fusiform muscles Example: Rectus abdominis (anterior abdominal wall) - Contains tendinous intersections to help maintain its length and for added strength Convergent Fibers join at one end and spread out at other end (like a fan) Can pull in several directions instead of just one Example: Pectoralis major (located in the chest) Spiral Spiral and Circular - Fibers twist between points of attachment - Example: Latissimus dorsi (lower back) and levator scapulae (lateral neck) Circular - Rounded fiber arrangement - Example: Orbicularis oris (around mouth) and orbicularis oculi (around eyes)
5 Pennate Arranged around a central tendon with fibers extending diagonally Gives muscle featherlike appearance Types are unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate - Example: Flexor pollicis longus (forearm [unipennate]), rectus femoris (anterior thigh [bipennate]), and deltoid and scapularis (shoulder [multipennate]) Parts of a Skeletal Muscle Most skeletal muscles cross at least one joint while attached to two other structures When a muscle contracts, it pulls on these bones and causes movement at the joint Belly - Wide central portion that contains contractile units or sarcomeres Origin - Tendinous attachment on a more stable (less movable) bone during contraction Insertion - Tendinous attachment more moveable during contraction Classifying Muscle by Number of Joints They Cross When a muscle crosses a joint, it acts on that joint to create movement Classifications are: - Uniarticular: Cross only one joint - Biarticular: Cross two joints - Multiarticular: Cross three or more joints Muscle Actions Some muscles contract, while others offer support by either relaxing and lengthening or stabilizing joints Muscles assume differing roles depending on the required task Prime Movers and Synergists Agonist (Prime mover) - Muscle causing specific movements; also called agonists - Example: Brachialis is prime mover in elbow flexion Synergists - Facilitate prime movers by performing the same movements at the same time - Example: Pronator teres is a synergist to biceps brachialis because they both cause elbow flexion Fixators and Antagonists Fixators - Specialized synergists that stabilize joints so that prime movers can exert their actions - Example: Deltoid stabilizes shoulder joint Antagonists - Opposing muscle that relaxes, lengthens, and contracts to produce movement
6 Isotonic Contractions Muscles generate force and cause length to change Also called dynamic contractions because they involve movement Types: - Concentric contractions: Muscles shorten while generating force - Eccentric contractions: Muscles lengthen and elongate while generating force Isometric Contractions Muscle generate force as muscle length stays the same No movement occurs Often occur in fixators and stabilizers Muscle Spindles Activated when muscle is stretched rapidly Respond by stretching muscle reflexively Located within muscle belly Golgi Tendon Organs Detect tension; activated when tension exceeds a certain threshold and triggers a lengthening reaction Respond by inhibiting contraction, which causes muscles to relax Located in musculotendinous junctions Posture and Muscle Tone Posture: Body positioned over a base of support Muscle tone: Continued partial contraction of skeletal muscles - Good baseline tone enables us to stand, sit, walk, and run - Muscles with less tone are flaccid; muscles with more tone are spastic Posture and Muscle Tone Tonus: Continued partial contraction - Flaccid: Less-than-normal tone - Spastic: More-than-normal tone
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