Credits: 4 Prerequisites: Enrollment in the Physician Assistant Master s Program Day and Time: Location:

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1 PAS Pharmacology I Fall 20XX COURSE INFORMATION Course Description: Develops a foundation in the general principles of pharmacology (including pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapy and pharmacodynamics) and application to patient care. Classes of pharmaceuticals will parallel the organ systems studied in anatomy and physiology: cardiology, pulmonology, musculoskeletal and head and neck. Credits: 4 Prerequisites: Enrollment in the Physician Assistant Master s Program Day and Time: Location: INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION Instructor: Office: Phone: Fax: Office Hours: REQUIRED MATERIALS Required Textbooks: all available on Access Medicine: Text #1: Tindall, W, Sedrak, M, Boltri, J.eds. Patient-Centered Pharmacology: Learning System For The Conscientious Prescriber. Philadelphia, PA: F.A.Davis Company; ISBN Text #2: : Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ISBN Text #3: Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC. eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ISBN

2 Text #4: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LH. eds.principles of Critical Care, 3e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ISBN: Text #5: Fuster V, Walsh RA, Harrington RA. eds. Hurst's The Heart, 13e.New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ISBN Text #6: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Manual of Medicine, 18e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ISBN Text #7: Lalwani AK. eds. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, 3e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ISBN Text #8: Skinner HB, McMahon PJ. eds. Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics, 5e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; ISBN Required Resources: Papadakis, M. Quick Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. AccessMedicine. (2014) Available at: Accessed September 18, COURSE OUTCOMES Students will introduce students to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and application of drugs to therapeutic situations. This course takes a patient-centered approach to pharmacology. At the end of this course, students will be able to: 1) Identify major drug classes in cardiology, pulmonology, musculoskeletal, HEENT. 2) Explain the indication, mechanism of action, and adverse effects of each major drug class in cardiology, pulmonology, musculoskeletal, and HEENT. 3) Evaluate for drug-drug interactions. 4) Evaluate medication options regarding safety, cost, effectiveness, drug-monitoring requirements. Learning objectives by chapters At the end of this course, students will be able to: Chapter 1: Conscientious and Rational Prescribing in the 21st Century 1. List six steps clinicians can take to adopt a rational approach to drug therapy. 2. Understand why medication errors result from faulty systems, not faulty people. 3. List the reasons why medication errors occur as described by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). 4. Recall the components of a legal prescription and how each component communicates different information to patients and dispensing personnel. 5. Describe practical ways to improve adherence to a prescribed regimen. 6. Discuss the impact of the Controlled Substances Act on prescribing habits. Chapter 2: An Introduction to Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics 1. Describe how drug receptors work and explain their roles. 2

3 2. Differentiate between an agonist and an antagonist. 3. Differentiate between a drug s efficacy, affinity,and potency. 4. Differentiate between a receptor-mediated drug activity and a second-messenger drug activity. 5. Explain how ion channels, enzymes, and transporter systems behave as sites of drug activity. 6. Define what is meant by a drug s median effective dose (ED50), median lethal dose (LD50), median toxic dose (TD50), and therapeutic index (TI). 7. Describe how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates drugs. 8. Describe the blood-brain barrier and explain its significance in drug action. 9. Explain why a drug s potency is a factor in its dosing. 10. Describe how drug clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life can be used to monitor patient therapy Chapter 3: Communicating With Patients About Medications: A Patient-Centered Approach 1. Describe how a shifting health-care environment has created the opportunity for patientcentered communications to flourish. 2. Describe the reasons for the development of patient-centered care and how it contributes to better health-care delivery. 3. Describe the personal barriers that hinder a clinician s ability to have an effective dialogue with patients. 4. Analyze the effectiveness of patient-centered communication in preventing noncompliance with medications. 5. Define empathy and recall how it can be employed to improve the clinician-patient relationship. 6. Describe the differences between open-ended and closed-ended questions and how best to use open-ended questions to help prevent medication errors. Chapter 4: Drugs Used in the Treatment of Bone and Joint Disorders 1. State the pharmacological interventions involved in treatment algorithms for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. 2. Recall the uses of NSAIDs, their appropriate doses, and their common adverse effects and contraindications. 3. Describe salicylism, its symptoms, and its treatment. 4. Explain COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme activity. 5. Describe DMARDs, give examples of them, and state how they are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. 6. Explain how gold salts are used as antirheumatic drugs. 7. Describe two TNF treatments that are made by DNA synthesis and used in rheumatoid arthritis. 8. Describe the pharmacology of the drugs used to treat gout. Chapter 5: Drugs Used in the Treatment of Eye and Ear Disorders 1. Describe the common disorders of the ear and suggested therapy for infections, pain, inflammation, and cerumen impaction. 2. Describe the common diseases of the eye, such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and glaucoma, and suggest a course of therapy for each. 3. Recall the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the drugs involved in treating glaucoma. 3

4 4. Explain the differences between a mydriatic and a miotic and include examples of each and when each is used. 5. Recall the drugs used to treat dry eyes. 6. Describe the pharmacology of prostaglandin analogues, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alphaadrenergic blockers, sympathomimetics, and beta blockers. 7. Describe the pharmacology of the osmotic agent mannitol, including how and when it should be used. Chapter 6: Drugs Used in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders 1. Describe the role of digitalis in the treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure (HF). 2. Describe the modified Vaughan Williams classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs. 3. Compare and contrast the effects of available anti-arrhythmic drugs on ventricular conduction velocity, refractory period, automaticity, and inhibition of specific myocardial ion channels. 4. Apply knowledge of the mechanism of action, clinical use, and dosing of nitroglycerin and nitrates for the routine treatment of angina. 5. List the advice a clinician should give to patients or patients caregivers concerning the use of digoxin, nitrates, nitroglycerin, and anti-arrhythmics. 6. Describe the pharmacology of ranolazine, a unique cytoprotective agent used for chronic angina. 7. Describe the use of beta-adrenergic blockers in treating cardiac arrhythmias. 8. Describe the treatment of digitalis toxicity with Digibind. 9. Describe the essential first steps in initiating drug therapy for drugs used in life-threatening cardiovascular situations. Chapter 7: Drugs Used to Regulate Blood Pressure 1. Describe the etiology, prevalence, and pathophysiology of hypertension. 2. Define the treatment goals as established by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). 3. Understand the mechanism of action of the functional classes of oral antihypertensive agents. 4. List the common adverse reactions and contraindications of oral hypertensive agents. 5. Analyze the precautions and advisories conscientious clinicians need to be mindful of when using antihypertensives. 6. Differentiate between the various classes of oral hypertensives and the advantages and disadvantages of one class over another. 7. Synthesize the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs used in hypertensive emergencies. 8. Recall the rationale for drug selection for the various diuretics. 9. Describe the pharmacokinetic properties,contraindications, and major side effects of the various diuretics. 10. List the patient advisories conscientious clinicians should give to patients who are taking diuretics. Chapter 8: Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hyperlipidemias 1. Describe the relationship between plasma lipids and coronary heart disease. 2. Describe how cholesterol is formed and the various medications that are used to inhibit its formation. 4

5 3. Explain the rationale for drug selection among the various classes of drugs used to reduce triglycerides and cholesterol. 4. Describe the relevant pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the agents used to lower cholesterol. 5. List the patient advisories for patients receiving hyperlipidemia therapy. 6. List the types of combination therapies and their rationales. 7. Define rhabdomyolysis and its association with lipid-lowering agents. 8. Restate the rule of 6 and explain why it is important in statin therapy. 9. List the common side effects associated with each class of lipid-lowering agents. 10. Recall the optimal levels for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the 10-step process of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) treatment guidelines. Chapter 10: Drugs Used in the Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 1. Describe and discuss the drugs used in the treatment of pulmonary disorders. 2. Discuss the stepwise approach in classifying and treating patients with asthma. 3. Describe the use of steroids, inhaled and systemic, for pulmonary disorders. 4. Describe and discuss the drugs used in the treatment of COPD. 5. Understand the use of antihistamines, antitussives, and intranasal agents in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis COURSE CONTENT 1. Drug classes 2. Indication, mechanism of action, adverse effects of medications within classes 3. Selection of medication based on safety, cost, effectiveness, and monitoring requirements COURSE OUTLINE assignments/dates/schedule here Unit #1: Cardiology pharmaceuticals unit test: Unit #2: Pulmonology pharmaceuticals unit test: Unit #3: Musculoskeletal pharmaceuticals unit test: Unit #4: HEENT pharmaceuticals unit test: 5

6 COURSE ASSESSMENTS Evaluation Criteria: 80% Unit tests (Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4) 20% Cardiology 20% Pulmonology 20% Musculoskeletal 20% HEENT 20% Final examination- comprehensive (Outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4) Standards B2.01 The program curriculum must include instruction in the following areas of applied medical sciences and their application in clinical practice: pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics (Outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4) Physician Assistant Competencies Medical Knowledge Physician assistants are expected to understand, evaluate, and apply the following to clinical scenarios: management of general medical and surgical conditions to include pharmacologic and other treatment modalities. (Outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4) Patient care Physician assistants are expected to: make decisions about diagnostic and therapeutic interventions based on patient information and preferences, current scientific evidence, and informed clinical judgement. (Outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4) GRADING Students are graded according to the following grade scale: % = A A = Exceptional Work 93 95% = A- B = Acceptable Work 90 92% = B+ C = Minimally Acceptable Work 85 89% = B 82 84% = B % = C % = C Below 73 % = F Please see the policy regarding Academic Probation in found in the Physician Assistant Student Handbook. Link here 6

7 COURSE POLICIES Students are expected to follow all requirements in student handbook. Link here Late and Make-Up Work: Late assignments will not be accepted without prior arrangements between the faculty and the student. It is the student's responsibility to initiate such an arrangement, including an expected completion date for the assignment. Assignment extensions will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Incompletes: Please refer to the Physician Assistant Student Handbook for the Incomplete Policy. Link here Course Evaluation: Faculty strive for excellence in preparing and providing courses that will accomplish the mission of the PA program and it is crucial that we receive feedback from students. Graduate course evaluations are now completed online. You will be notified by when course evaluations are available and you are encouraged to complete and submit them prior to the end of the semester. Equal Access Statement: Students with disabilities, students who sustained injury in active military service, and students with chronic medical conditions are entitled to appropriate and reasonable auxiliary aids and accommodations through The Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of It is the student's responsibility to notify the Center for Equal Access as soon as possible to ensure that such accommodations are implemented in a timely fashion. For more information or to request academic accommodations, please contact the Center for Equal Access in Tower Hall 2126; by phone at (218) , ; or via at access@css.edu Academic Honesty Policy: Academic honesty and integrity are highly valued in our campus community. Academic honesty directly concerns ethical behaviors which affect both the academic environment and the civic community. Academic dishonestly seriously violates the integrity of the academic enterprise and will not be tolerated at St. Scholastica. The full text of the CSS Academic Honesty Policy is found in the Student Handbook or online at Affairs/Academic-Honesty-Policy.html. 7

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