C-Reactive Protein and Electrocardiographic ST-Segment Depression Additively Predict Mortality The Strong Heart Study
|
|
- Solomon Henry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 45, No. 11, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /05/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi: /j.jacc C-Reactive Protein and Electrocardiographic ST-Segment Depression Additively Predict Mortality The Strong Heart Study Peter M. Okin, MD, FACC,* Mary J. Roman, MD, FACC,* Lyle G. Best, MD, Elisa T. Lee, PHD, James M. Galloway, MD, FACC, Barbara V. Howard, PHD, Richard B. Devereux, MD, FACC* New York, New York; Timber Lake, South Dakota; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Washington, DC OBJECTIVES BACKGROUND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS This study was designed to examine whether high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and electrocardiographic (ECG) ST-segment depression (STD) have additive utility for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) death and all-cause death (ACD). C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation, and ECG STD, an index of myocardial ischemia and hypertrophy, independently predict mortality. Electrocardiograms and CRP levels were examined in 2,155 American Indian participants in the second Strong Heart Study examination. ST-segment depression 50 V (n 127) and CRP 7.0 mg/l (defining the upper quartile of CRP levels, n 540) were considered abnormal. After years follow-up there were 95 CVD deaths and 310 ACD. In univariate Cox analyses, the combination of CRP and ECG STD improved risk stratification compared to either alone, with the presence of both CRP 7.0 and ECG STD associated with a 7.7-fold increased risk of CVD death (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3 to 18.2) and a 6.5-fold increased risk of ACD (95% CI 4.1 to 10.3). After adjustment for age, gender, and relevant risk factors, the combination of high CRP and STD remained predictive of CVD death and ACD, with the presence of both abnormal CRP and STD associated with the highest risks of CVD death (hazard ratio [HR] 3.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 10.5) and ACD (HR 3.9, 95% CI 2.1 to 7.2) and the presence of either high CRP or abnormal STD associated with intermediate risks of CVD death (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.4) and ACD (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0). The combination of ECG STD and CRP increases the risk of mortality, demonstrating the additive impacts of active inflammation and preclinical CVD on prognosis. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45: ) 2005 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation The resting electrocardiogram (ECG) is an inexpensive and widely used noninvasive tool for assessing risk in population-based studies and clinical practice. ST-segment depression (STD) on the ECG, a sign of ventricular repolarization abnormality, is a well-established marker of risk in the general population (1 10) that is also strongly associated with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD), including left ventricular hypertrophy (11,12). Indeed, even minimal degrees of computer-measured STD are associated with higher left ventricular mass and greater prevalence of anatomic ventricular hypertrophy (11) and provide additional prognostic information beyond that afforded by echocardiographic hypertrophy and traditional risk factors (10). C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, has been demonstrated to predict incident CVD, hypertension, systemic atherosclerosis, sudden death, and From the *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York; Missouri Breaks Industries Research Inc., Timber Lake, South Dakota; College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and MedStar Research Institute, Washington, DC. This work was supported by grants HL-41642, HL-41652, HL-41654, and HL from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and by grant M10RR (GCRC) from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Indian Health Service. Manuscript received December 8, 2004; revised manuscript received February 15, 2005, accepted February 22, CVD and all-cause mortality (13 26). The additive prognostic value of combining CRP with other markers of risk, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or total cholesterol (19), glycated hemoglobin (20), metabolic syndrome (21,22), systemic hypertension (23), and Framingham risk scores (24,25) to improve risk stratification has been well documented. However, there are few data regarding the relationship between STD and CRP (27,28), and whether these two readily available noninvasive risk factors provide additive prognostic value has not been examined. Thus, the present study examined the relationship between highsensitivity CRP and ECG STD and whether CRP and STD have additive utility for predicting CVD and all-cause mortality, controlling for clinical and demographic variables that could confound these relationships. METHODS Study population. The Strong Heart Study is a population-based study of CVD and its risk factors in American Indians from 13 communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota. Information about the population, methods, and enrollment procedures for the study has previously been reported in detail (8,9,11,29,30). The current study examined a subset of 2,155 of the 3,638 original participants in the second Strong Heart Study exam (64% women, mean age 59 8 years) who had digital ECG
2 1788 Okin et al. JACC Vol. 45, No. 11, 2005 C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression June 7, 2005: Abbreviations and Acronyms ACD all-cause death CI confidence interval CRP C-reactive protein CVD cardiovascular disease ECG electrocardiogram/electrocardiographic HDL high-density lipoprotein HR hazard ratio LDL low-density lipoprotein STD ST-segment depression records showing sinus rhythm with no bundle branch block and with CRP levels. Electrocardiography. Standard 12-lead ECGs were performed with MAC-PC or MAC-12 digital ECG systems (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) as previously described (8,9,11). Absolute ST-segment deviation was measured by computer with 5- V precision at the midpoint of the ST-segment. ST-segment depression 50 V in any lead (excluding avr) was considered abnormal, a value that corresponded to the 95th percentile of ECG STD and that stratified mortality risk in participants in the first Strong Heart Study examination (8). CRP determination. C-reactive protein was measured using an in-house developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified CRP and anti-crp antibodies from CalBioChem (La Jolla, California) (31). This assay has been used extensively in epidemiologic studies and in the validation of the commercially available assay for high-sensitivity CRP (32). The coefficient of variation is approximately 8%. C-reactive protein was considered abnormal if 7.0 mg/l, defining the upper quartile of CRP levels in the study population. Determination of end points. Deaths were identified and verified and were classified as due to CVD if caused by myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden death from coronary heart disease, or congestive heart failure as determined by standardized review by the mortality committee (8,29). Data and statistical analyses. Data were analyzed with SPSS, release 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Data are presented as mean SD for continuous variables and as proportions for categorical variables. Mean values were compared between groups using two-way analysis of variance to adjust for possible gender differences. Proportions were compared by chi-square tests. Mortality rates were calculated and plotted by the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method; death rates were compared between groups with the log-rank test. Mortality analyses were performed by fitting Cox proportional hazards models to the data with stratification by center. The estimated hazard ratio of death associated with positive test outcomes was computed as the antilog of the estimated coefficient for dichotomous variables. The 95% CI of each relative risk was calculated from the estimated coefficients and their standard errors, and Wald chi-square statistics and probability values were calculated. To test the independence of STD and CRP as predictors of mortality, both variables were entered together into multivariate Cox models with a forward selection procedure. The models also included covariates that were significant predictors of CVD or all-cause mortality found in the univariate Cox models. To test the complementary information provided by CRP and STD criteria, a combined test criterion was derived that incorporated both measures into three categories: both STD and CRP negative, either STD or CRP positive, and both STD and CRP positive. For all tests, a two-tailed p value 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Patient characteristics. After a mean follow-up of years there were 310 deaths from all causes, including 95 CVD deaths. Clinical characteristics of participants grouped Table 1. Clinical Characteristics According to Level of C-Reactive Protein and Degree of ST-Segment Depression at Baseline Variable CRP <7.0 mg/l (n 1,615) CRP >7.0 mg/l (n 540) p Value STD <50 V (n 2,028) STD >50 V (n 127) p Value Age (yrs) Gender (% female) Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) Systolic BP (mm Hg) Diastolic BP (mm Hg) HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) Triglycerides (mg/dl) Albuminuria (log mg/g) Fasting glucose (mg/dl) Prevalent CHD (%) Smoking (% current) Diabetes (%) Fibrinogen (mg/dl) C-reactive protein (mg/l) STD ( V) BP blood pressure; CHD coronary heart disease; CRP C-reactive protein; HDL high-density lipoprotein; LDL low-density lipoprotein; STD ST-segment depression.
3 JACC Vol. 45, No. 11, 2005 June 7, 2005: Okin et al. C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression 1789 Table 2. Cox Proportional Hazards Models of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression Criteria for Prediction of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality All-Cause Mortality Cardiovascular Mortality Variable Hazard Ratio 95% CI Chi-Square p Value Hazard Ratio 95% CI Chi-Square p Value Univariate STD 50 V CRP 7.0 mg/l Multivariate* STD 50 V CRP 7.0 mg/l *Including both ST-segment depression 50 V and hscrp 7.0 mg/l in the model. Age, body mass index, LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, history of smoking, and albuminuria also remain in the multivariate Cox model. Age, gender, and albuminuria also remained in the multivariate Cox model. CI confidence interval; other abbreviations as in Table 1. according to the level of CRP and degree of STD are examined in Table 1. Compared to those with lower CRP levels, the 540 participants with CRP 7.0 mg/l were slightly younger, more likely to be women, had higher body mass indexes, lower LDL cholesterol, higher fasting glucose and fibrinogen levels, greater albuminuria, higher prevalences of coronary heart disease and diabetes, and were slightly less likely to be current smokers, but did not differ with respect to systolic or diastolic pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or triglyceride levels, or degree of STD. The 127 participants with STD 50 V had higher systolic pressures, higher triglyceride, fasting glucose, fibrinogen, and CRP levels; had greater albuminuria and prevalences of coronary heart disease and diabetes; and were less likely to be current smokers, but did not differ with respect to age, gender, body mass index, diastolic pressure, and HDL or LDL cholesterol levels compared to participants with less STD. C-reactive protein and STD were only minimally correlated with each other (r 0.06, p 0.006). Prediction of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. In Cox analyses stratified for study center, abnormal STD and CRP were each significant predictors of CVD and all-cause mortality (Table 2, Figs. 1 and 2). ST-segment depression 50 V was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of CVD death and with a 2.5-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality, with CVD mortality of 15.0% (19 of 127) and all-cause mortality of 32.3% (41 of 127), compared with 3.7% (76 of 2,028) and 13.3% (269 of 2,028), respectively, in those with STD 50 V. C-reactive protein 7.0 mg/l was associated with a two-fold increased risk of CVD death and with a nearly two-fold higher risk of death from any cause, with CVD mortality of 6.7% (35 of 540) and total mortality of 20.0% (128 of 540), compared with 3.7% (59 of 1,615) and 12.5% (202 of 1,615), respectively, in those with lower CRP levels. After adjustment for the possible predictive values of age, gender, body mass index, diastolic and systolic blood pressures, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose and fibrinogen levels, albuminuria, alcohol use, diabetes, and history of smoking or prevalent coronary heart disease, both STD 50 V and an elevated CRP remained significant predictors of CVD and all-cause mortality (Table 2). Predictive values of STD and CRP for CVD and all-cause mortality were not dependent on the partition values selected for test positivity: considering STD and CRP as continuous variables preserved their independent predictive value for both CVD (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.52 per 25 V of STD and HR 1.015, 95% CI Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier plots of cumulative cardiovascular mortality (A) and all-cause mortality (B) according to the magnitude of ST-segment depression (STD) partitioned at 50 V.
4 1790 Okin et al. JACC Vol. 45, No. 11, 2005 C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression June 7, 2005: Combined high-sensitivity CRP and ECG STD criteria. Because CRP and STD criteria provided independent prognostic information, the ability of the combination of these variables to improve prediction of mortality was assessed (Table 3, Fig. 3). In Cox analyses stratified by study center, the combined CRP and ECG STD variable improved risk stratification compared to either CRP or STD alone for both CVD and all-cause mortality, with the presence of both ECG STD and an elevated CRP associated with the greatest risks. Cardiovascular disease mortality was 16.7% (6 of 36) in participants with both STD 50 V and CRP 7.0 mg/l, 7.2% (43 of 595) in those with either ECG STD or an abnormal CRP, and only 3.0% (46 of 1,524) in those in whom both variables were negative (p ). All-cause mortality was 55.6% (20 of 36) in the presence of both ECG STD and an elevated CRP, 18.3% (109 of 595) when either variable was abnormal, and 11.9% (181 of 1,524) when both tests were negative (p ). Multivariate Cox analyses (Table 3) demonstrated that after adjustment for other potential predictors of mortality, the combination of ECG STD and an elevated CRP level remained a significant predictor of CVD and all-cause mortality, with the presence of both ECG STD and increased CRP associated with a 3.2-fold increased risk of CVD death and a 3.9-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality after adjusting for covariates. Predictive value of the combined criterion was not dependent on use of the upper quartile of CRP to define abnormality: the combined predictive value of CRP and STD remained significant if CRP was partitioned using the population median (3.8 mg/l) or 90th percentile (15.0 mg/l) values. Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier plots of cumulative cardiovascular mortality (A) and all-cause mortality (B) according to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) partitioned at 7.0 mg/l. to per 1 mg/l of CRP) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.25 and HR 1.014, 95% CI to 1.023) in multivariate analyses. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that the combination of STD on the ECG and elevated high-sensitivity CRP is associated with an increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. Electrocardiographic STD and increased CRP provide ad- Table 3. Cox Proportional Hazards Models of Combined High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression Criteria for Prediction of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality All-Cause Mortality Cardiovascular Mortality Hazard Hazard Variables Ratio 95% CI Chi-Square p Value Ratio 95% CI Chi-Square p Value Univariate Combined CRP STD CRP /STD (n 1,524) 1 1 CRP /STD or CRP /STD (n 595) CRP /STD (n 36) Multivariate* Combined CRP STD CRP /STD (n 1,524) 1 1 CRP /STD or CRP /STD (n 595) CRP /STD (n 36) *Same variables remain in the multivariate models as listed in Table 2. Abbreviations as in Table 2.
5 JACC Vol. 45, No. 11, 2005 June 7, 2005: Okin et al. C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression 1791 Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier plots of cumulative cardiovascular mortality (A) and all-cause mortality (B) according to combined ST-segment depression (STD) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) criteria. (STD / CRP represents both negative; STD or CRP represents either positive; STD /CRP represents both positive). ditive prognostic information, independent of each other and of other risk factors known to predict mortality. The additive prognostic value of increased CRP and STD persists across the full range of CRP and STD values and is independent of factors previously demonstrated to provide additional prognostic information in the presence of an elevated CRP (19 26). The absence of both an elevated CRP and ECG STD identifies a large group at relatively low five-year risk of death, whereas the presence of both abnormalities identifies a subgroup with a markedly increased five-year mortality. These findings support the ability of combining simple computerized ECG STD and CRP criteria to improve risk stratification. Relationship of CRP and STD to outcome. The separate predictive values of CRP and ECG STD have been well documented in a range of populations, with convincing evidence for continuous relationships between increasing values of both STD and CRP and event rates (8,9,11,13 26). Quantitative measures of STD using computerized ECG have been associated with an increased risk of anatomic hypertrophy (11) and with both CVD and all-cause mortality (8,9), with the combination of ECG STD and echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy providing complementary prognostic information for these outcomes (9). Similarly, the prognostic value of CRP has been extensively documented in a variety of prospective epidemiologic studies, with evolving evidence that CRP provides additive prognostic information beyond that afforded by assessment of cholesterol levels (19) and the Framingham risk score (24,25), further supporting the additive value of CRP as a risk factor for vascular disease and outcomes. However, only limited data exist on the relationship between CRP and ECG findings (27,28), and the value of combining CRP and ECG STD for risk prediction has previously not been examined. In a population-based study of 8,076 subjects, Asselbergs et al. (27) demonstrated that although ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities by Minnesota code were modest univariate correlates of an increased CRP, only Q-wave myocardial infarction by Minnesota code remained associated with increased CRP levels after adjusting for standard cardiovascular risk factors. The current study demonstrates only a weak correlation between CRP and ECG STD as continuous variables and that each provides significant independent prognostic information for both CVD and ACD (Table 2), providing the impetus for combining the variables to enhance risk stratification. Importantly, the present study further demonstrates that the additive predictive value of STD and CRP is independent of the prognostic value of cholesterol and other risk factors that constitute the Framingham risk score, and of serum fibrinogen levels and albuminuria, risk factors previously demonstrated to predict outcome in this population (9,30). In light of the recent report demonstrating the additive value of ECG STD and echocardiographic hypertrophy for predicting mortality in this population (9), it is important to note that inclusion of echocardiographic hypertrophy in alternative multivariate Cox models (data not shown) did not affect the predictive value of the combined ECG STD and CRP variable. These findings suggest that active inflammation (reflected by increased CRP) and preclinical CVD (as denoted by even minor degrees of STD on the ECG) provide complementary and additive stimuli in the development of mortality due to atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that CRP may play a direct role in atherogenesis at the level of the endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle (33 36), whereas STD on the ECG has been directly linked with CVD, including left ventricular hypertrophy (1 12). The interaction of inflammation with ventricular and vascular hypertrophy to produce atherosclerosis provides an attractive hypothesis for the additive impact of these two risk markers in predicting outcome. Several aspects of the study population need to be considered with respect to these findings. First, it is unclear to what degree these findings in American Indians can be extrapolated to other ethnic populations. However, the
6 1792 Okin et al. JACC Vol. 45, No. 11, 2005 C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression June 7, 2005: demonstrated predictive value of CRP and minor degrees of STD in other populations when examined separately from each other (1 7,13 26) suggests that the combination of CRP and ECG STD will stratify risk in other populations as well. Second, the current population has a high prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome and is predominantly women, with the attendant issues of gender differences in CRP levels and possible effects of estrogen on CRP. However, CRP performed similarly in men and women and there were no significant interactions between gender and CRP in Cox analyses of the entire population. Additionally, estrogen use was limited in the population (n 137, 6.4%), and neither including estrogen use as an additional variable nor excluding women using estrogen altered the results. A number of other potential limitations should also be taken into account. First, the absence of serial CRP and ECG STD determinations precludes analysis of the impact of changes in CRP and/or STD on risk. Second, the values of CRP in this population of American Indians are significantly higher than those found in most prior populationbased studies of the prognostic value of CRP (13 26). However, the predictive value of both STD and CRP in the current population persisted when CRP was examined using both lower (3.8 mg/l) and higher (15.0 mg/l) partition values and when CRP was considered as a continuous variable. Previous analyses have also documented the predictive value of very high ( 10 mg/l) levels of CRP (25). In addition, exclusion of participants with CRP levels in the highest decile ( 15 mg/l) did not substantively alter the results of the current analyses. Lastly, it should be noted that use of computer-measured STD 50 V for prediction of risk has been validated in American Indian participants only in the Strong Heart Study (8,9,11). However, utility of this threshold of STD, using both manual and computerized ST-segment measurements, has been extensively examined and confirmed in other populations using Minnesota codes 4-2 and 4-3 (37,38), which are defined by the presence of STD 50 V and 100 V. The major implication of this study is that both highsensitivity CRP and ECG STD aid in routine clinical identification of patients at high risk. The recent interest in development of novel biomarkers that provide additional information beyond that available from standard risk factors and are inexpensive and readily available to practitioners (39) provides further impetus for the use of CRP levels and determination of the magnitude of STD from the widely available and inexpensive digital ECG. Although data are emerging that demonstrate clear associations between improved clinical outcomes and treatment-related reductions in CRP (40,41) and ECG markers of risk (42), whether therapies targeted specifically at reducing these biomarkers will improve prognosis requires further evaluation and will prove crucial in further delineating the role of these biomarkers in the serial assessment of risk. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the Strong Heart Study participants, staff, and coordinators. Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Peter M. Okin, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York pokin@med.cornell.edu. REFERENCES 1. Liao Y, Liu K, Dyer A, et al. Sex differential in the relationship of electrocardiographic ST-T abnormalities to risk of coronary death: 11.5 year follow-up findings of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. Circulation 1987;75: Liao Y, Liu K, Dyer A, et al. Major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities and risk of death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes in men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12: De Bacquer D, Martins Pereira LS, De Backer G, et al. The predictive value of electrocardiographic abnormalities for total and cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women. Eur Heart J 1994;15: Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Klootwijk P, et al. ST-segment and T-wave characteristics as indicators of coronary heart disease risk: the Zutphen Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25: Sigurdsson E, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H, et al. Silent ST-T changes in an epidemiologic cohort study-a marker of hypertension or coronary heart disease or both: the Reykjavik Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27: Daviglus ML, Liao Y, Greenland P, et al. Association of nonspecific minor ST-T abnormalities with cardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Western Electric Study. JAMA 1999;281: Okin PM, Devereux RB, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Howard BV. Ventricular repolarization complexity and abnormality predict allcause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes 2004;53: Okin PM, Devereux RB, Kors JA, et al. Computerized ST depression analysis improves prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: the Strong Heart Study. Ann Noninvas Electrocardiol 2001;6: Okin PM, Roman MJ, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Combined echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and electrocardiographic ST depression improve prediction of mortality in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2004; 43: Okin PM, Devereux RB, Nieminen MS, et al. Electrocardiographic strain pattern and prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2004;44: Okin PM, Devereux RB, Fabsitz RR, et al. Quantitative assessment of electrocardiographic strain predicts increased left ventricular mass: the Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40: Okin PM, Devereux RB, Nieminen MS, et al. Relationship of the electrocardiographic strain pattern to left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients: the LIFE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38: Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336: Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ 2000;321: Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000;342: Mendall MA, Strachan DP, Butland BK, et al. C-reactive protein: relation to total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular risk factors in men. Eur Heart J 2000;21: Sesso HD, Buring JE, Rifai N, et al. C-reactive protein and the risk of developing hypertension. JAMA 2003;290: Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350: Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the
7 JACC Vol. 45, No. 11, 2005 June 7, 2005: Okin et al. C-Reactive Protein and ST-Segment Depression 1793 prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002;347: Schillinger M, Exner M, Amighi J, et al. Joint effects of C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin in predicting future cardiovascular events of patients with advanced atherosclerosis. Circulation 2003;108: Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003;107: Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2003;108: Blake GJ, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and risk of future cardiovascular events. Circulation 2003;108: Koenig W, Löwel H, Baumert J, Meisinger C. C-reactive protein modulates risk prediction based on the Framingham score. Circulation 2004;109: Ridker PM, Cook N. Clinical usefulness of very high and very low levels of C-reactive protein across the full range of Framingham risk scores. Circulation 2004;109: Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003;107: Asselbergs FW, van Boven AJ, Stuveling EM, et al. Relation of electrocardiographic abnormalities to levels of serum C-reactive protein. Am J Cardiol 2003;91: Cosín-Sales J, Pizzi C, Brown S, Kaski JC. C-reactive protein, clinical presentation, and ischemic activity in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41: Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz R, et al. The Strong Heart Study: a study of cardiovascular disease in American Indians: design and methods. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132: Palmieri V, Celentano A, Roman MJ, et al. Relation of fibrinogen to cardiovascular events is independent of preclinical cardiovascular disease: the Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 2003;145: Macy E, Hayes T, Tracy R. Variability in the measurement of C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: implications for reference interval and epidemiological applications. Clin Chem 1997;43: Rifai N, Tracy RP, Ridker PM. Clinical efficacy of an automated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein assay. Clin Chem 1999;45: Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002;105: Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, et al. New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: part 1. Circulation 2003;108: Wang CH, Li SH, Weisel RD, et al. C-reactive protein upregulates angiotensin type 1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Circulation 2003;107: Verma S, Kuliszewski MA, Li S-H, et al. C-reactive protein attenuates endothelial progenitor cell survival, differentiation and function: further evidence of a mechanistic link between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2004;109: Diercks GFH, Hillege HL, van Boven AJ, et al. Microalbuminuria modifies the mortality risk associated with electrocardiographic ST-T segment changes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40: Kors JA, Crow RS, Hannan PJ, Rautaharju PM, Folsom AR. Comparison of computer-assigned Minnesota codes with the visual standard method for new coronary heart disease events. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151: Ridker PM, Wilson PWF, Grundy SM. Should C-reactive protein be added to metabolic syndrome and to assessment of global cardiovascular risk? Circulation 2004;109: Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, et al., for the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study Investigators. Measurement of C-reactive protein for targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 2001;344: Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005;352: Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and prediction of major cardiovascular events: the LIFE Study. JAMA 2004;292:
Combined Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Electrocardiographic ST Depression Improve Prediction of Mortality in American Indians
Combined Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Electrocardiographic ST Depression Improve rediction of Mortality in American Indians The Strong Heart Study eter M. Okin, Mary J. Roman, Elisa
More informationThe Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score
Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein and the Calculated Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score Michelle A. Albert, MD, MPH; Robert J. Glynn, PhD; Paul M Ridker, MD, MPH Background Although
More informationORIGINAL INVESTIGATION. C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION C-Reactive Protein Concentration and Incident Hypertension in Young Adults The CARDIA Study Susan G. Lakoski, MD, MS; David M. Herrington, MD, MHS; David M. Siscovick, MD, MPH; Stephen
More informationThe Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is widely recommended
C-Reactive Protein Modulates Risk Prediction Based on the Framingham Score Implications for Future Risk Assessment: Results From a Large Cohort Study in Southern Germany Wolfgang Koenig, MD; Hannelore
More informationJUPITER NEJM Poll. Panel Discussion: Literature that Should Have an Impact on our Practice: The JUPITER Study
Panel Discussion: Literature that Should Have an Impact on our Practice: The Study Kaiser COAST 11 th Annual Conference Maui, August 2009 Robert Blumberg, MD, FACC Ralph Brindis, MD, MPH, FACC Primary
More informationC-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND LDL CHOLESTEROL FOR PREDICTING CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS
COMPARISON OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN THE PREDICTION OF FIRST CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS PAUL M. RIDKER, M.D., NADER RIFAI, PH.D., LYNDA ROSE, M.S., JULIE E. BURING,
More informationA: Epidemiology update. Evidence that LDL-C and CRP identify different high-risk groups
A: Epidemiology update Evidence that LDL-C and CRP identify different high-risk groups Women (n = 27,939; mean age 54.7 years) who were free of symptomatic cardiovascular (CV) disease at baseline were
More informationMedscape: What do we currently know about the role of CRP as a prognostic marker for primary prevention?
To Print: Click your browser's PRINT button. NOTE: To view the article with Web enhancements, go to: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/500108 Expert Interview C-Reactive Protein -- Inflammatory Marker
More informationJohn J.P. Kastelein MD PhD Professor of Medicine Dept. of Vascular Medicine Academic Medial Center / University of Amsterdam
Latest Insights from the JUPITER Study John J.P. Kastelein MD PhD Professor of Medicine Dept. of Vascular Medicine Academic Medial Center / University of Amsterdam Inflammation, hscrp, and Vascular Prevention
More informationEpidemiology. C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk in a Population With a High Prevalence of Diabetes The Strong Heart Study
Epidemiology C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk in a Population With a High Prevalence of Diabetes The Strong Heart Study Lyle G. Best, MD; Ying Zhang, PhD; Elisa T. Lee, PhD; Jeun-Liang
More informationModerate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased
Alcohol Consumption and Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein Michelle A. Albert, MD, MPH; Robert J. Glynn, PhD; Paul M Ridker, MD, MPH Background Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with
More informationPrediction of Coronary Heart Disease in a Population With High Prevalence of Diabetes and Albuminuria The Strong Heart Study
Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in a Population With High Prevalence of Diabetes and Albuminuria The Strong Heart Study Elisa T. Lee, PhD; Barbara V. Howard, PhD; Wenyu Wang, PhD; Thomas K. Welty,
More informationYOUNG ADULT MEN AND MIDDLEaged
BRIEF REPORT Favorable Cardiovascular Profile in Young Women and Long-term of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Martha L. Daviglus, MD, PhD Jeremiah Stamler, MD Amber Pirzada, MD Lijing L. Yan, PhD,
More informationInflammation, as Measured by the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Is an Independent Predictor for the Development of Heart Failure
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 45, No. 11, 2005 2005 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/05/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.066
More informationARIC Manuscript Proposal # PC Reviewed: 2/10/09 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: Status: Priority:
ARIC Manuscript Proposal # 1475 PC Reviewed: 2/10/09 Status: A Priority: 2 SC Reviewed: Status: Priority: 1.a. Full Title: Hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and risk of incident hospitalized
More informationWhat have We Learned in Dyslipidemia Management Since the Publication of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline?
What have We Learned in Dyslipidemia Management Since the Publication of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline? Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA Associate Professor, Section of Cardiovascular Research Baylor
More informationOf the 1.5 million heart attacks
CARDIOLOGY PATIENT PAGE CARDIOLOGY PATIENT PAGE C-Reactive Protein A Simple Test to Help Predict Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke Paul M Ridker, MD, MPH Of the 1.5 million heart attacks and 600 000 strokes
More informationCentral pressures and prediction of cardiovascular events in erectile dysfunction patients
Central pressures and prediction of cardiovascular events in erectile dysfunction patients N. Ioakeimidis, K. Rokkas, A. Angelis, Z. Kratiras, M. Abdelrasoul, C. Georgakopoulos, D. Terentes-Printzios,
More informationPreventing Myocardial Infarction in the Young Adult in the First Place: How Do the National Cholesterol Education Panel III Guidelines Perform?
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 41, No. 9, 2003 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00187-6
More informationAutonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors
Autonomic nervous system, inflammation and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in depressed subjects with coronary risk factors Carmine Pizzi 1 ; Lamberto Manzoli 2, Stefano Mancini 3 ; Gigliola Bedetti
More informationC-Reactive Protein Levels and Outcomes after Statin Therapy
The new england journal of medicine original article C-Reactive Protein Levels and Outcomes after Statin Therapy Paul M Ridker, M.D., Christopher P. Cannon, M.D., David Morrow, M.D., Nader Rifai, Ph.D.,
More informationIschemic heart disease is the leading cause of
The impact of C-Reactive Protein: A Look at the Most Recent Studies and Trials By Davinder S. Jassal, MD, FRCPC; and Blair O Neill, MD, FRCPC, FACC Ischemic heart disease is the world s leading killer,
More informationPatients with the metabolic syndrome are at increased risk
Clinical Investigation and Reports C-Reactive Protein, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events An 8-Year Follow-Up of 14 719 Initially Healthy American Women Paul M Ridker, MD;
More informationLong-term prognostic value of N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) changes within one year in patients with coronary heart disease
Long-term prognostic value of N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) changes within one year in patients with coronary heart disease D. Dallmeier 1, D. Rothenbacher 2, W. Koenig 1, H. Brenner
More informationLDL cholesterol (p = 0.40). However, higher levels of HDL cholesterol (> or =1.5 mmol/l [60 mg/dl]) were associated with less progression of CAC
Am J Cardiol (2004);94:729-32 Relation of degree of physical activity to coronary artery calcium score in asymptomatic individuals with multiple metabolic risk factors M. Y. Desai, et al. Ciccarone Preventive
More informationSubclinical atherosclerosis in CVD: Risk stratification & management Raul Santos, MD
Subclinical atherosclerosis in CVD: Risk stratification & management Raul Santos, MD Sao Paulo Medical School Sao Paolo, Brazil Subclinical atherosclerosis in CVD risk: Stratification & management Prof.
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 48, No. 2, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /06/$32.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 48, No. 2, 2006 2006 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/06/$32.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.043
More informationCVD risk assessment using risk scores in primary and secondary prevention
CVD risk assessment using risk scores in primary and secondary prevention Raul D. Santos MD, PhD Heart Institute-InCor University of Sao Paulo Brazil Disclosure Honoraria for consulting and speaker activities
More informationF asting plasma glucose (FPG) has been. Hemoglobin A1C, Fasting Glucose, and Cardiovascular Risk in a Population With High Prevalence of Diabetes
Epidemiology/Health Services Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Hemoglobin A1C, Fasting Glucose, and Cardiovascular Risk in a Population With High Prevalence of Diabetes The Strong Heart Study HONG
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 36, No. 1, by the American College of Cardiology ISSN /00/$20.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 36, No. 1, 2000 2000 by the American College of Cardiology ISSN 0735-1097/00/$20.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(00)00680-X Lack
More informationThe JUPITER trial: What does it tell us? Alice Y.Y. Cheng, MD, FRCPC January 24, 2009
The JUPITER trial: What does it tell us? Alice Y.Y. Cheng, MD, FRCPC January 24, 2009 Learning Objectives 1. Understand the role of statin therapy in the primary and secondary prevention of stroke 2. Explain
More informationWeintraub, W et al NEJM March Khot, UN et al, JAMA 2003
Global risk hscrp Should not be included in a Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Jodi Tinkel, MD Assistant Professor Director of Cardiac Rehabilitation Associate Program Director, Cardiovascular Medicine
More informationInflammation in Renal Disease
Inflammation in Renal Disease Donald G. Vidt, MD Inflammation is a component of the major modifiable risk factors in renal disease. Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-crp) levels have been
More informationHigh-sensitivity Troponin T Predicts Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Stable Coronary Heart Disease: KAROLA Study 8 Year FU
ESC Congress 2011 Paris, France, August 27-31 KAROLA Session: Prevention: Are biomarkers worth their money? Abstract # 84698 High-sensitivity Troponin T Predicts Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Patients
More informationNormal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDY Normal Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis Gregory A. Nichols, PhD, Teresa A. Hillier, MD, MS, Jonathan B. Brown, PhD, MPP Center for Health Research, Kaiser
More informationHypertension is a central risk factor for cardiovascular
Blood Pressure, C-Reactive Protein, and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events Gavin J. Blake, MD, MPH, MRCPI; Nader Rifai, PhD; Julie E. Buring, ScD; Paul M Ridker, MD, MPH Background Accumulating data
More information/13/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Prognostic Value of Frontal QRS-T Angle in Patients Without Clinical Evidence of Cardiovascular Disease (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) Joseph A. Walsh III, MD, MS a,b, Elsayed Z. Soliman,
More information(n=6279). Continuous variables are reported as mean with 95% confidence interval and T1 T2 T3. Number of subjects
Table 1. Distribution of baseline characteristics across tertiles of OPG adjusted for age and sex (n=6279). Continuous variables are reported as mean with 95% confidence interval and categorical values
More informationT he existing literature has consistently shown that the
1104 EPIDEMIOLOGY Persistent ischaemic ECG abnormalities on repeated ECG examination have important prognostic value for cardiovascular disease beyond established risk factors: a population-based study
More informationRACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE OUTCOME OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE OUTCOME OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE OUTCOME OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE OUTCOME OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION DANIEL L. DRIES, M.D., M.P.H., DEREK V. EXNER, M.D., BERNARD J. GERSH,
More informationAssessing Cardiovascular Disease Risk with HS-C-reactive. California Technology Assessment Forum
TITLE: Assessing Cardiovascular Disease Risk with HS-C-reactive Protein AUTHOR: Judith Walsh, M.D., MPH Professor of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of
More informationFatality of Future Coronary Events Is Related to Inflammation-Sensitive Plasma Proteins
Fatality of Future Coronary Events Is Related to Inflammation-Sensitive Plasma Proteins A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study Gunnar Engström, MD; Bo Hedblad, MD; Lars Stavenow, MD; Patrik Tydén,
More informationTreatment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Kevin M Hayes D.O. F.A.C.C. First Coast Heart and Vascular Center
Treatment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Kevin M Hayes D.O. F.A.C.C. First Coast Heart and Vascular Center Disclosures: None Objectives What do risk factors tell us What to check and when Does treatment
More informationOptimizing risk assessment of total cardiovascular risk What are the tools? Lars Rydén Professor Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
Optimizing risk assessment of total cardiovascular risk What are the tools? Lars Rydén Professor Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (CVD) Three Strategies for CVD
More informationVal-MARC: Valsartan-Managing Blood Pressure Aggressively and Evaluating Reductions in hs-crp
Página 1 de 5 Return to Medscape coverage of: American Society of Hypertension 21st Annual Scientific Meeting and Exposition Val-MARC: Valsartan-Managing Blood Pressure Aggressively and Evaluating Reductions
More informationThere are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk?
There are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk? Michael Davidson M.D. FACC, Diplomate of the American Board of Lipidology Professor,
More informationRegression of Electrocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy by Losartan Versus Atenolol
Regression of Electrocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy by Losartan Versus Atenolol The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) Study Peter M. Okin, MD; Richard B. Devereux,
More informationCorrelation of novel cardiac marker
Correlation of novel cardiac marker and mortality in EGAT population. Soluble ST2 hscrp Poh Chanyavanich, MD SukitYamwong, MD Piyamitr Sritara, MD Ramathibodi hospital Background hscrp - the most widely
More informationRisk Factors for Ischemic Stroke: Electrocardiographic Findings
Original Articles 232 Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke: Electrocardiographic Findings Elley H.H. Chiu 1,2, Teng-Yeow Tan 1,3, Ku-Chou Chang 1,3, and Chia-Wei Liou 1,3 Abstract- Background: Standard 12-lead
More informationPrevalence of Low Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol With Elevated High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in the U.S.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 53, No. 11, 2009 2009 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/09/$36.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.010
More informationCRP for the Clinician
CRP for the Clinician J. C. Kaski, D.Sc., M.D., D.M (Hons), F.E.S.C., F.R.C.P., F.A.C.C. F.A.H.A Professor of Cardiovascular Science Head, Cardiovascular Sciences Research Centre St George s, University
More informationIntima-Media Thickness
European Society of Cardiology Stockholm, 30th August 2010 Intima-Media Thickness Integration of arterial assessment into clinical practice Prof Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss, MD Institute of Exercise and Health
More informationInflammation and and Heart Heart Disease in Women Inflammation and Heart Disease
Inflammation and Heart Disease in Women Inflammation and Heart Disease What is the link between een inflammation and atherosclerotic disease? What is the role of biomarkers in predicting cardiovascular
More informationImpaired Chronotropic Response to Exercise Stress Testing in Patients with Diabetes Predicts Future Cardiovascular Events
Diabetes Care Publish Ahead of Print, published online May 28, 2008 Chronotropic response in patients with diabetes Impaired Chronotropic Response to Exercise Stress Testing in Patients with Diabetes Predicts
More informationIn an attempt to improve global cardiovascular risk
MINI-REVIEW: EXPERT OPINIONS Clinical Application of C-Reactive Protein for Cardiovascular Disease Detection and Prevention Paul M Ridker, MD In an attempt to improve global cardiovascular risk prediction,
More informationGALECTIN-3 PREDICTS LONG TERM CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH IN HIGH-RISK CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS
GALECTIN-3 PREDICTS LONG TERM CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH IN HIGH-RISK CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS Table of Contents List of authors pag 2 Supplemental figure I pag 3 Supplemental figure II pag 4 Supplemental
More informationThe Clinical Unmet need in the patient with Diabetes and ACS
The Clinical Unmet need in the patient with Diabetes and ACS Professor Kausik Ray (UK) BSc(hons), MBChB, MD, MPhil, FRCP (lon), FRCP (ed), FACC, FESC, FAHA Diabetes is a global public health challenge
More informationDespite the availability of effective preventive therapies,
Combined Use of Computed Tomography Coronary Calcium Scores and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Predicting Cardiovascular Events in Nondiabetic Individuals Robert Park, MD; Robert Detrano, MD, PhD; Min Xiang,
More informationMagnesium intake and serum C-reactive protein levels in children
Magnesium Research 2007; 20 (1): 32-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Magnesium intake and serum C-reactive protein levels in children Dana E. King, Arch G. Mainous III, Mark E. Geesey, Tina Ellis Department of Family
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content McEvoy JW, Chen Y, Ndumele CE, et al. Six-year change in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease, heart failure, and death. JAMA Cardiol.
More informationEchocardiography analysis in renal transplant recipients
Original Research Article Echocardiography analysis in renal transplant recipients S.A.K. Noor Mohamed 1*, Edwin Fernando 2, 1 Assistant Professor, 2 Professor Department of Nephrology, Govt. Stanley Medical
More informationWhat s New in Cardiac Testing?
What s New in Cardiac Testing? Payam Dehghani, MD, FRCPC; Dobri Hazarbasanov, MD; and Andrew Ignaszewski, MD, FRCPC Presented at UBC s Diabetes and Cardiology Update, 2003 Susan s concern Susan, 55, comes
More informationjournal of medicine The new england Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein Abstract
The new england journal of medicine established in 1812 november 20, 2008 vol. 359 no. 21 to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein Paul M Ridker, M.D., Eleanor Danielson,
More informationAssessing Cardiovascular Risk to Optimally Stratify Low- and Moderate- Risk Patients. Copyright. Not for Sale or Commercial Distribution
CLINICAL Viewpoint Assessing Cardiovascular Risk to Optimally Stratify Low- and Moderate- Risk Patients Copyright Not for Sale or Commercial Distribution By Ruth McPherson, MD, PhD, FRCPC Unauthorised
More informationPrevention of Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure in the Hypertensive Patient
Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure in the Hypertensive Patient The Issue of Primary Prevention of A.Fib. (and Heart Failure) and not the Prevention of Recurrent A.Fib. after Electroconversion
More informationIschemic Heart and Cerebrovascular Disease. Harold E. Lebovitz, MD, FACE Kathmandu November 2010
Ischemic Heart and Cerebrovascular Disease Harold E. Lebovitz, MD, FACE Kathmandu November 2010 Relationships Between Diabetes and Ischemic Heart Disease Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Different Categories
More informationKnow Your Number Aggregate Report Single Analysis Compared to National Averages
Know Your Number Aggregate Report Single Analysis Compared to National s Client: Study Population: 2242 Population: 3,000 Date Range: 04/20/07-08/08/07 Version of Report: V6.2 Page 2 Study Population Demographics
More informationPrevalence of High C-Reactive Protein in Persons with Serum Lipid Concentrations within Recommended Values
Papers in Press. First published June 17, 2004 as doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.036004 Clinical Chemistry 50:9 000 000 (2004) Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Prevalence of High C-Reactive
More informationLDL cholesterol and cardiovascular outcomes?
LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular outcomes? Prof Kausik Ray, BSc (hons), MBChB, FRCP, MD, MPhil (Cantab), FACC, FESC Professor of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention St Georges University of London Honorary
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL. Materials and Methods. Study design
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Materials and Methods Study design The ELSA-Brasil design and concepts have been detailed elsewhere 1. The ELSA-Brasil is a cohort study of active or retired 15,105 civil servants,
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL A Meta-analysis of LDL-C, non-hdl-c, and apob as markers of cardiovascular risk. Slide # Contents 2 Table A1. List of candidate reports 8 Table A2. List of covariates/model adjustments
More informationThe Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III of the National
Metabolic Syndrome With and Without C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Naveed Sattar, MD; Allan Gaw, MD; Olga Scherbakova,
More informationAtherosclerotic Disease Risk Score
Atherosclerotic Disease Risk Score Kavita Sharma, MD, FACC Diplomate, American Board of Clinical Lipidology Director of Prevention, Cardiac Rehabilitation and the Lipid Management Clinics September 16,
More informationThe classic strain pattern of ST depression and T-wave
Electrocardiographic Strain Pattern and Prediction of New-Onset Congestive Heart Failure in Hypertensive Patients The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study Peter M.
More informationT. Suithichaiyakul Cardiomed Chula
T. Suithichaiyakul Cardiomed Chula The cardiovascular (CV) continuum: role of risk factors Endothelial Dysfunction Atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy Myocardial infarction & stroke Endothelial
More informationSupplementary Table 1. Baseline Characteristics by Quintiles of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures
Supplementary Data Supplementary Table 1. Baseline Characteristics by Quintiles of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures Quintiles of Systolic Blood Pressure Quintiles of Diastolic Blood Pressure Q1 Q2
More informationEugene Barrett M.D., Ph.D. University of Virginia 6/18/2007. Diagnosis and what is it Glucose Tolerance Categories FPG
Diabetes Mellitus: Update 7 What is the unifying basis of this vascular disease? Eugene J. Barrett, MD, PhD Professor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Director, Diabetes Center and GCRC Health System
More informationAntihypertensive Trial Design ALLHAT
1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Major Outcomes in High Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic National Institutes
More informationCoronary Artery Calcium to Predict All-Cause Mortality in Elderly Men and Women
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 52, No. 1, 28 28 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 735-197/8/$34. Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:1.116/j.jacc.28.4.4 CLINICAL RESEARCH
More informationSummary HTA. HTA-Report Summary
Summary HTA HTA-Report Summary Prognostic value, clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of high sensitivity C-reactive protein as a marker in primary prevention of major cardiac events Schnell-Inderst
More informationRisk Stratification of ACS Patients. Frans Van de Werf, MD, PhD University of Leuven, Belgium
Risk Stratification of ACS Patients Frans Van de Werf, MD, PhD University of Leuven, Belgium Which type of ACS patients are we talking about to day? 4/14/2011 STEMI and NSTEMI in the NRMI registry from
More informationDr. A. Manjula, No. 7, Doctors Quarters, JLB Road, Next to Shree Guru Residency, Mysore, Karnataka, INDIA.
Original Article In hypertensive patients measurement of left ventricular mass index by echocardiography and its correlation with current electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular
More informationegfr > 50 (n = 13,916)
Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Moderate or Severe Renal Impairment: Observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 Trial Supplementary Table 1. Characteristics according
More informationSerum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and galectin-9 are associated with large artery atherosclerotic
Supplementary Information The title of the manuscript Serum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and galectin-9 are associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke Xin-Wei He 1, Wei-Ling Li 1, Cai Li
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, No. 11, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /07/$32.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, No. 11, 2007 2007 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/07/$32.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.035
More informationCVD Prevention, Who to Consider
Continuing Professional Development 3rd annual McGill CME Cruise September 20 27, 2015 CVD Prevention, Who to Consider Dr. Guy Tremblay Excellence in Health Care and Lifelong Learning Global CV risk assessment..
More informationInflammation as A Target for Therapy. Focus on Residual Inflammatory Risk
ESC Rome Monday August 29, 2016 Inflammation as A Target for Therapy Focus on Residual Inflammatory Risk Paul M Ridker, MD Eugene Braunwald Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Director, Center
More informationEvaluation of C-reactive protein prior to and on-treatment as a predictor of benefit
Evaluation of C-reactive protein prior to and on-treatment as a predictor of benefit from atorvastatin. A cohort analysis from the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Lipid-Lowering Arm Peter S Sever,
More informationTriglyceride and HDL-C Dyslipidemia and Risks of Coronary Heart Disease and Ischemic Stroke by Glycemic Dysregulation Status: The Strong Heart Study
1/5 Triglyceride and HDL-C Dyslipidemia and Risks of Coronary Heart Disease and Ischemic Stroke by Glycemic Dysregulation Status: The Strong Heart Study Jennifer S. Lee, Po-Yin Chang, Ying Zhang, Jorge
More informationCLINICAL STUDY. Yasser Khalil, MD; Bertrand Mukete, MD; Michael J. Durkin, MD; June Coccia, MS, RVT; Martin E. Matsumura, MD
117 CLINICAL STUDY A Comparison of Assessment of Coronary Calcium vs Carotid Intima Media Thickness for Determination of Vascular Age and Adjustment of the Framingham Risk Score Yasser Khalil, MD; Bertrand
More informationThe Relationship Between Blood Pressure and C-Reactive Protein in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 46, No. 10, 2005 2005 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/05/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.07.050
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 42, No. 5, by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN /03/$30.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 42, No. 5, 2003 2003 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00837-4
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Kavousi M, Leening MJG, Nanchen D, et al. Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines
More informationRelationship between body mass index, coronary disease extension and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Relationship between body mass index, coronary disease extension and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome Helder Dores, Luís Bronze Carvalho, Ingrid Rosário, Sílvio Leal, Maria João
More informationDyslipidemia in women: Who should be treated and how?
Dyslipidemia in women: Who should be treated and how? Lale Tokgozoglu, MD, FACC, FESC Professor of Cardiology Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Ankara, Turkey. Cause of Death in Women: European
More informationSupplemental Table S2: Subgroup analysis for IL-6 with BMI in 3 groups
Supplemental Table S1: Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratios for Diabetes Associated with Baseline Factors Considered in Model 3 SMART Participants Only Unadjusted Adjusted* Baseline p-value p-value Covariate
More informationRisk Stratification for CAD for the Primary Care Provider
Risk Stratification for CAD for the Primary Care Provider Shimoli Shah MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Directory, Ambulatory Cardiology Clinic Knight Cardiovascular Institute Oregon Health & Sciences
More informationJoint Effects of C-Reactive Protein and Glycated Hemoglobin in Predicting Future Cardiovascular Events of Patients With Advanced Atherosclerosis
Joint Effects of C-Reactive Protein and Glycated Hemoglobin in Predicting Future Cardiovascular Events of Patients With Advanced Atherosclerosis Martin Schillinger, MD; Markus Exner, MD; Jasmin Amighi,
More informationThe Framingham risk model (1) is used extensively for
Annals of Internal Medicine The Effect of Including C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models for Women Nancy R. Cook, ScD; Julie E. Buring, ScD; and Paul M. Ridker, MD Article Background:
More information