Трендови фактора ризика у коронарној хирургији

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1 570 Srp Arh Celok Lek. 00 Sep-Oct;8(9-0): DOI: 0.98/SARH00570M ОРИГИНАЛНИ РАД / ORIGINAL ARTICLE UDC: Трендови фактора ризика у коронарној хирургији Богољуб Михајловић, Светозар Нићин, Нада Чемерлић-Ађић, Катица Павловић, Слободан Додић, Лазар Велицки, Миклош Фабри Клиника за кардиоваскуларну хирургију, Институт за кардиоваскуларне болести Војводине, Сремска Каменица, Србија; Клиника за кардиологију, Институт за кардиоваскуларне болести Војводине, Сремска Каменица, Србија KRATAK SADRŽAJ Uvod U vreme široke primene perkutanih koronarnih intervencija (engl. per cu ta ne o us co ro nary intervention PCI) di sku ta bil no je da li je kod bo le sni ka ko ji ma je pre po ru če na hi rur ška re va sku la rizacija miokarda (engl. co ro nary ar tery bypass graft CABG) ri zik po vi šen. Ciq rada C i q i s t r a ž i v a w a j e b i o d a se p r o c e n i p r o f i l r i z i k a b o l e s n i k a z a CABG i utvr de event u a l n i t r e n d o v i p o j e d i n i h f a k t o r a r i z i k a. Me to de ra da A n a l i z i r a j u ć i Euro SCO RE i w e go v e f a k t o r e r i z i k a u r a đ e n o j e r e t r o s p e k t i v n o i s p i t i va we uza stop nih bo le sni ka s ko ro nar nim obo qe wi ma ko ji su ope ri sa nih na Kli ni ci za kar dio va sku lar nu hi rur gi ju In sti tu ta za kar di o va sku lar ne bo le sti Voj vo di ne u Srem skoj Ka me ni ci u peri o du go di ne. Broj pri me we nih PCI upo re đen je sa bro jem CABG. Za sta ti stič ku ob ra du poda ta ka ko ri šće ni su Pir so nov (Pe ar son) test, χ -test i ANOVA. Rezultati Broj PCI po ve ćao se sa 59 na.595 (p<0,00), a broj CABG sa 557 na 656 (p<0,00). Sred wi Euro SCORE se po ve ćao sa,74 na,9 (p=0,06). Učestalost sledećih faktora rizika nije se vremenom značajn o p r o m e n i l a: že n s k i p o l, p r e tho d n a o p e r a c i j a n a s r c u, n i v o k r e a t i n in a u serum u v eć i o d 0 0 μmol/l, dis funk ci ja le ve ko mo re i po stin far ktna rup tu ra in ter ven tri ku lar nog sep tu ma. Sta ti stič ki značaj no (p<0,00) su bi li ma we uče sta li: hro nič na bo lest plu ća, ne u ro lo ška dis funk ci ja i ne sta biln a a n g i n a p e k t o r i s. K r i t ič n o p r e o p e r a c i o n o s t a w e se k a o f a k t o r r i z i k a n aj p r e p r o r e d i l o s a,% u 00. go di ni na 0,5% u 005, a za tim se ni je me wa lo to kom po sled we tri go di ne (,%). Sred wa sta rost bo le sni ka po ve ća la se sa 56,8 na 60,7 go di na (p<0,00). Pro ce nat bo le sni ka sa eks tra kar di jal nom arte ri o pa ti jom po ve ćao se sa 9,% na,9% (p<0,00). Uče sta lost sko ra šweg in fark ta mi o kar da po veća la se sa % na 5,% (p=0,0), dok se uče sta lost hit nih ope ra ci ja po ve ća la sa 0,9% na 4% (p=0,00). Z ak qu č a k B r oj h i ru r š k i l e č e n i h o so b a s ko r o n a r n i m b o l e s t i m a se s v a ke go d i n e p o v e ć a v a i a ko se PCI s v e č e šć e p r i m e wu j e. O p e r a c i o n i r i z i k, i s k a z a n s i s t e m o m Euro SCO RE, t a ko đ e se p o v e ć a v a. Fa k t o r i r i z i k a ko j i z n a č aj n o d o p r i n o se p o v e ć a n o m Euro SCO RE s u : s t a r i j e ž i v o t n o d o b a, e ks t r a k a r d i j a l n a a r t e r i o p a t i j a, s ko r a š wi i n f a r k t m i o k a r d a i h i t n a o p e r a c i j a. Kquč ne re či: revaskularizacija miokarda; procena rizika; bolesti srca; hirurgija Correspondence to: Bogoljub MIHAJLOVIĆ Institut za kardiovaskularne bolesti Vojvodine Institutski put 4 04 Sremska Kamenica Srbija bmihajlovic@ikvbv.ns.ac.rs UVOD U posledwih nekoliko godina kod bolesnika s koronarnim oboqewima došlo je do naglog povećawa primene perkutanih koronarnih interventnih postupaka (engl. percutaneous coronary intervention PCI) s ugrad wom različitih vrsta stentova. Istovremeno, broj ovih bolesnika kod kojih je indikovana hirurška revaskularizacija miokarda (engl. co ro nary ar tery bypass graft CABG) ni je se sma wio, a kar di o hi rur zi ma se či ni da iz da na u dan ope ri šu bo le sni ke sa sve te žim oboqewima. Naime, čini se da je nivo operacionog rizika viši u odnosu na period pre široke primene PCI. Poznato je da stratifikacija rizika podrazumeva utvrđivawe operacionog rizika pre hi rur škog le če wa pre ma te ži ni stawa svakog bolesnika ponaosob, koje se proce wu je na osno vu bro ja i te ži ne ri zič nih faktora. Danas postoje različiti sistemi stratifikacije za predviđawe postoperaci o nog mor ta li te ta na kon kar di o hi rurških intervencija kod odraslih bolesnika. Analizom 9 različitih modela preoperacione stratifikacije rizika u kardiohirurgiji, Nilson (Nilsson) i saradnici [] su dali prednost sistemu EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation) zbog we go ve jed no stav no sti, pre ciznosti i validnosti. EuroSCORE je raz vijen u periodu go di ne na osno vu mul ti na ci o nal ne stu di je iz osam evropskih zemaqa i 8 kardiohirurških centara u kojima je operisano 9.00 odraslih bo le sni ka. Po sma tra no je 68 pre o pe ra cionih i 9 operacionih faktora rizika i, na osnovu univarijantne i logističko-regre si o ne ana li ze, utvr đe no 7 fak to ra de vet u ve zi sa bo le snicima, če ti ri u vezi sa sta wem sr ca, a če ti ri u vezi s ope ra cijom koji su relevantni, odnosno utiču na smrtnost bolesnika posle hirurškog lečewa []. Si stem je u po čet ku bio zbiran, pri če mu je vred nost sva kog bo da bi la jed na ka procentu verovatnoće nastupa smrti (očekivani mortalitet). Bolesnici su svrstani u tri grupe prema očekivanom operacionom riziku: u grupu niskog rizika (0-%), grupu sredweg rizika (-5%) i grupu visokog ri zi ka ( 6%).

2 Srp Arh Celok Lek. 00;8(9-0): Zbirni sistem je brzo našao svoju primenu, najpre u evrop skim, a ka sni je i dru gim ze mqa ma []. U 00. godini razvijen je tzv. logistički model, koji se pokazao boqim, naročito kod bolesnika visokog rizika [4, 5]. U Kli ni ci za kar di o va sku lar nu hi rur gi ju Instituta za kardiovaskularne bolesti Vojvodine u Sremskoj Kamenici aditivni model EuroSCORE se koristi od 00. godine. CIQ RADA Ciq ra da je bio da se utvr di da li po sto ji i ka kav je trend ukupnog očekivanog operacionog rizika u koronarnoj hirurgiji, kao i svih relevantnih faktora rizika posebno. METODE RADA U is tra ži va we je bi lo ukqu če no bo le sni ka kod ko jih je u In sti tu tu za kar di o va sku lar ne bo lesti Vojvodine od januara 00. do decembra 008. godine urađen CABG. Bolesnici kod kojih su obavqene dodatne procedure na zaliscima ili aorti iskqučeni su iz stu di je. Analiziran je i u odnosu na posmatrane godine upoređivan broj primewenih PCI. Za procenu operacionog rizika i profila rizika bolesnika korišćeni su aditivni model EuroSCORE i fak to ri ko ji se odnose na bolesnika (Tabela ), stawe srca (Tabela ) i ope ra ci ju (Ta be la ). Po je di ni fak to ri, kao što su aktivni endokarditis, plućna hipertenzija i hirurški zahvat na aorti, nisu razmatrani jer su analizirani samo bolesnici lečeni sa CABG. Pri ku pqe ni po da ci pri ka za ni su arit me tič kom sredinom, standardnom devijacijom i procentom učestalosti. Za statističku analizu podataka korišćena je univarijantna analiza: Pirsonov (Pearson) χ -test i ANOVA. Stepen i pravac povezanosti dve promenqive analiziran je korelacijom i analizom regresije. Vrednost testova se smatrala statistički značajnom na ni vou p 0,05. REZULTATI Broj primewenih PCI i CABG u svakoj godini posmatra nog pe ri o da pri ka zan je na gra fi ko nu. Za pa ža se da se broj PCI po ve ća va iz go di ne u go di nu i sa 59 u 00, od no sno 4 u 00, do sti že broj pri me we nih CABG već u sle de ćoj, 004. go di ni. Po sle to ga se još više po ve ća va i po ka zu je ta kav trend do kra ja 008. godi ne, ka da do sti že de set pu ta ve ću vred nost (.595) u odnosu na vreme kada je ispitivawe započeto (p<0,00). Od 00. go di ne, ka da je broj pri me we nih CABG bio 557, do 005. godine nije bilo značajnih promena. Od 006. dolazi do povećawa broja CABG na 68, a u 007. go di ni na 704. U 008. go di ni pri me we no je 656 CABG procedura. Razlika je bila na nivou statističke značajnosti sa trendom povećawa. U periodu godine došlo je do značajnih promena pojedinih faktora rizika u vezi s operisanim bolesnicima. Učestalost ispitivanih faktora u odnosu na vreme, nivo značajnosti promena i trendovi prikazani su u tabeli 4. Табела. и у вези са болесником у оквиру модела EuroSCORE [] Table. Patient-related factors included in EuroSCORE model [] Старост Age Пол Sex Хронична болест плућа Chronic pulmonary disease Екстракардијална артериопатија Extracardiac arteriopathy Неуролошка дисфункција Neurological dysfunction Претходна операција на срцу Previous cardiac surgery Креатинин у серуму Serum creatinine Активни ендокардитис Active endocarditis Критично преоперационо стање Critical preoperative state Дефиниција Definition На сваких пет година старости код болесника старијих од 60 година Per 5 years over 60 Женски Female Дуготрајна примена бронходилататора или стероида за болест плућа Long-term use of bronchodilators or steroids for lung disease Било која или више од следећих: клаудикација, оклузија каротида или стеноза >50%, ранија или планирана интервенција на трбушној аорти, артеријама удова или каротидама Any one or more of: claudication, carotid occlusion or >50% stenosis, previous or planned intervention on abdominal aorta, limb or carotids Болест веома утиче на кретање или свакодневно функционисање Disease severly affecting ambulation or day-to-day functioning Захтева отварање перикарда Requiring opening of the pericardium >00 µmol/l пре операције >00 µmol/l preoperatively Болесник прима антибиотике због инфективног ендокардитиса у време операције Patient still under antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis at the time of surgery Било које од следећих: вентрикуларна тахикардија, вентрикуларна фибрилација или изненадна смрт, преоперациона масажа срца, преоперациона вентилација пре доласка у собу за анестезију, преоперациона инотропна подршка, интрааортна балон-пумпа или преоперациона акутна инсуфицијенција бубрега (анурија или олигурија <0 ml/h) Any one or more of the following: ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or aborted sudden death, preoperative cardiac massage, preoperative ventilation before arrival in the anaesthetic room, preoperative inotropic support, intraaortic balloon pump or preoperative acute renal failure (anuria or oliguria <0 ml/h) Скор Score

3 57 Михаиловић Б. и сар. Трендови фактора ризика у коронарној хирургији Табела. и у вези са стањем срца у оквиру модела EuroSCORE [] Table. Cardiac-related factors in EuroSCORE model [] Нестабилна ангина пекторис Unstable angina pectoris Дисфункција леве коморе Left ventricle dysfunction Скорашњи инфаркт миокарда Recent myocardial infarction Плућна хипертензија Pulmonary hypertension Дефиниција Definition Ангина у миру која захтева i.v. примену нитрата пре добијања анестезије Rest angina requiring i.v. nitrates until arrival at the anaesthetic room Умерена или ејекциона фракција 0-50% Moderate or ejection fraction 0-50% Лоша или ејекциона фракција <0% Poor or ejection fraction <0% <90 дана <90 days Систолни притисак плућне артерије >60 mm Hg Systolic pulmonary artery pressure >60 mm Hg Скор Score Табела. и у вези са операцијом у оквиру модела EuroSCORE [] Table. Operation-related factors in EuroSCORE model [] Хитна операција Emergency Остале процедуре поред CABG Other than isolated CABG Операције грудне аорте Surgery on thoracic aorta Постинфарктни VSD Post-infarct VSD Дефиниција Definition Операција пре почетка следећег радног дана Carried out on referral before the beginning of the next working day Друге велике процедуре на срцу поред CABG или као њен додатак (валвуле) Major cardiac procedure other than or in addition to CABG Поремећај на узлазној аорти, силазној аорти или аортном луку For disorder of ascending, arch or descending aorta Стечени VSD Acquired VSD CABG хитна реваскуларизација миокарда; VSD вентрикуларно оштећење септума CABG coronary artery bypass graft; VSD ventricular septal defect Скор Score p< p< Година / Year Графикон. Број примењених PCI и CABG од 00. до 008. године Graph. Number of PCI and CABG in the period PCI CABG Bolesnici operisani 00. godine su u proseku bili stari 56,8 godina. Starost bolesnika se iz godine u godinu povećavala, da bi u 007. dostigla i prešla granicu od 60 godina. U 008. prosečna starost operisanih bolesnika bila je 60,7 godina. Razlika je bila na nivou statističke značajnosti sa trendom povećawa. Uče sta lost oso ba žen skog po la, kao fak to ra ri zika, bi la je 0-5%. Ni su za be le že ne zna čaj ne pro me ne, a ni je bi lo ni tren da po ve ća wa bro ja že na. Hronična bolest pluća najčešće je dijagnostikovana u prvoj godini ispitivawa (5,6%), ali je vremenom došlo je do smawewa učestalosti ovog faktora rizika. Promene su bile na statistički značajnom nivou (p<0,00) sa trendom smawewa. Табела 4. и ризика у вези са болесником у периоду године Table 4. Patient-related risk factors in the period Старост (године) Age (years) Женски пол (%) Female sex (%) Хронична болест плућа (%) Chronic pulmonary disease (%) Екстракардијална артериопатија (%) Extracardiac arteriopathy (%) Неуролошка дисфункција (%) Neurological dysfunction (%) Претходна операција на срцу (%) Previous cardiac surgery (%) Креатинин у серуму >00 µmol/l (%) Serum creatinine >00 µmol/l (%) Критично преоперационо стање (%) Critical preoperative state (%) p < < < < < Тренд Trend doi: 0.98/SARH00570M

4 Srp Arh Celok Lek. 00;8(9-0): Табела 5. и у вези са стањем срца у периоду године Table 5. Cardiac-related factors in the period Нестабилна ангина пекторис (%) Unstable angina pectoris (%) Дисфункција леве коморе (%) Left ventricle dysfunction (%) Скорашњи инфаркт миокарда (%) Recent myocardial infarction (%) p < Тренд Trend Табела 6. и у вези с операцијом у периоду године Table 6. Operation-related factors in the period Хитна операција (%) Emergency (%) Операција грудне аорте (%) Surgery on thoracic aorta (%) Постинфарктни VSD (%) Post-infarct VSD (%) p Тренд Trend VSD вентрикуларно оштећење септума / VSD ventricular septal defect Ekstrakardijalna arteriopatija je dijagnostikovana kod 9,% operisanih bolesnika tokom 00. godine. To kom go di na be le ži se stal no po ve ća we uče stalosti ovog faktora rizika, a najviša vrednost zabele že na je 008. go di ne (,9%). Pro me ne su bi le statistički značajne i postoji trend povećawa. Od 00. do 008. go di ne be le ži se sve ni ži pro cenat operisanih bolesnika koji imaju neurološki defi cit sa tren dom sma we wa (,% u 00. go di ni,,0% u 00. go di ni, 0,% u 008. go di ni). Procenat ponovnih operacija bolesnika mewao se tokom osmogodišweg perioda, ali ne značajno, i nije registrovan trend (najmawe u 006. godini 4,4%, a naj vi še u 004. go di ni 7,8%). To kom 008. po no vo je operisano 4,7% bolesnika. To kom osmo go di šweg is pi ti va wa ni su za be le žene značajne promene učestalosti insuficijencije bubrega kao faktora rizika (0,-0,5%). Ka da je u pi ta wu kri tič no pre o pe ra ci o no sta we, po sto ja la je sta ti stič ki zna čaj na raz li ka u uče stalosti po godinama (p<0,00), ali ne po sto ji trend, jer je od 00. do 005. go di ne za be le že no sma we we procenta bolesnika s ovim faktorom rizika (od,% do 0,5%), dok je u po sled we tri go di ne do šlo po no vo do wegovog povećawa (,%). Rezultati u odnosu na faktore rizika u vezi sa srcem prikazani su u tabeli 5. Nestabilna angina pektoris dijagnostikovana je kod 8,6% bolesnika tokom 00. godine, a 0,6% tokom 00. godine, nakon čega dolazi do smawewa wene učestalosti. Promene su bile statistički značajne i postoji trend smawewa ovog faktora ri zi ka. Dis funk ci ja le ve ko mo re je di jag no sti ko vana kod 4,5% operisanih bolesnika u prvoj godini ispitivawa. Posle toga procenat bolesnika s ovim faktorom rizika najpre se neznatno povećao, a zatim smawio do,0% u 008. go di ni (p=0,065). Skorašwi infarkt mi o kar da za be le žen je kod % bo le sni ka u prvoj godini ispitivawa. Posle toga dolazi do povećawa we go ve uče sta lo sti do 8,6% u 005. go di ni, da bi se za tim bla go sma wio, pa je u 008. go di ni bi lo 5,% bolesnika s ovim faktorom rizika. Utvrđeni su statistički značajna razlika (p=0,0) i trend povećawa. Od faktora rizika u vezi s operacijom analizirani su hitno hirurško lečewe i postinfarktna ruptura interventrikularnog septuma (Tabela 6). Tokom osmo go di šweg pe ri o da is pi ti va wa za be le že na je statistički značajna razlika učestalosti hitno operisa nih bo le sni ka sa 0,9% u 00. na 4,0% u 008. go dini (p 0,00) sa tren dom po ve ća wa. Pro ce nat ope risanih bolesnika sa postinfarktnom rupturom interventrikularnog septuma nije se promenio značajno i bio je od 0,4% do 0,% (p=0,75). Pro se čan oče ki va ni ope ra ci o ni ri zik pri ka zan sredwim EuroSCORE bio je 00. go di ne,74. Već slede će go di ne po ve ća va se na,86, da bi u po sled we četi ri go di ne ostao na ni vou oko. Raz li ka je bi la na gra ni ci sta ti stič ke zna čaj no sti (p=0,06) i po sto ji trend wegovog povećawa (Grafikon ). DISKUSIJA Savremenu kardiologiju odlikuju ekspanzija interventnih procedura i neprekidno tehnološko usavršavawe ANOVA p= Графикон. Средња вредност EuroSCORE од 00. до 008. године Graph. Mean EuroSCORE value in the period r=0.677 p= Година / Year.9 PCI CABG

5 574 Михаиловић Б. и сар. Трендови фактора ризика у коронарној хирургији sten to va ob lo že nih le kom, ko ji su zna čaj no do pri ne li smawewu učestalosti restenoza [6, 7]. Iako PCI obezbeđuje brzu i efikasnu revaskularizaciju, mogućnost restenoze u području implantiranog stenta i potreba za ponovnim intervencijama zahtevaju daqu procenu rezultata [8, 9]. Predviđawa o ulozi PCI u budućnosti su različita [0, ]. Na Institutu za kardiovaskularne bolesti Vojvodine u Sremskoj Kamenici došlo je takođe do značajnog povećawa primene PCI, ali se broj primewenih CABG nije smawio. Naprotiv, on se značajno povećao, a kardiohirurzi smatraju da iz dana u dan operišu sve rizičnije bolesnike. Zbog toga je ciq rada i bio da se utvrdi profil rizika operisanih bolesnika s ko ro nar nim obo qe wi ma, kao i we go ve even tu alne promene tokom posledwih godina. Analizirani su svi relevantni faktori rizika po sistemu EuroSCO RE, ko ji je br zo usvo jen, naj pre u evrop skim, a ka sni je i u mnogim drugim zemqama širom sveta. Pr vi iz ve šta ji iz 000. go di ne su, na osno vu analize više od.700 operisanih osoba s koronarnim bolestima iz šest evropskih zemaqa [], pokazali da je prosečna starost bolesnika bila najmawa u Engleskoj (6,4 go di ne), a naj ve ća u Fran cu skoj (64,4 go dine). Hro nič na bo lest plu ća bi la je naj če šća kod bolesnika u Nemačkoj i Španiji, a najređa u Finskoj i Italiji. Hronična insuficijencija bubrega je dijagnostikovana kod,% bolesnika u Engleskoj, 0,6% u Špa ni ji i,4% u Fin skoj. Hit na CABG ura đe na je kod % bo le sni ka u Špa ni ji,,9% u En gle skoj, 4,0% u Finskoj, 4,% u Fran cu skoj, 4,5% u Ne mač koj i 4,6% u Italiji. Prosečna vrednost EuroSCORE bi la je naj ma wa u Fin skoj (,8), a naj ve ća u Fran cu skoj (,6). U našem radu, u ispitivanoj grupi operisanih bolesnika s koronarnim oboqewima, sredwa vrednost Euro SCORE bi la je,74 u 00. go di ni. Ka da je reč o po jedinačnim faktorima rizika, sredwa starost operisanih bolesnika bila je mawa nego u navedenim zemqama (56,8 godina), hronična bolest pluća bila je najčešća kod nas, a u to vre me kod nas je ope ri sa no ma we oso ba s hro nič nom in su fi ci jen ci jom bu bre ga, kao i onih kojima je bilo indikovano hitno hirurško lečewe. Primena EuroSCORE na drugim kontinentima pokazala je neke razlike u profilu rizika bolesnika s koronarnim oboqewima kojima je indikovano hirurško lečewe. U studiji iz 006. godine koja je obuhvati la vi še od 8.00 bo le sni ka u Austra li ji [], učesta lost oso ba žen skog po la, hro nič ne bo le sti plu ća, ekstrakardijalne arteriopatije, ponovnih operacija i hitnog hirurškog lečewa bila veća u odnosu na evrop sku po pu la ci ju [4, 5, 6]. U Ki ni je bi lo vi še bo le sni ka s ne u ro lo škim de fi ci tom, dok su sta rije ži vot no do ba, hro nič na bo lest plu ća, eks tra kardijalna arteriopatija, insuficijencija bubrega, nesta bil na an gi na pek to ris, sko ra šwi in farkt mi o karda i disfunkcija leve komore bili ređi [7]. Bole sni ci s ko ro nar nim obo qe wi ma u Bra zi lu raz likovali su se od bolesnika u Evropi po većoj učestalosti oso ba žen skog po la, ne sta bil ne an gi ne pek to ris, in su fi ci jen ci je bu bre ga i dis funk ci je le ve ko more, a ma woj uče sta lo sti bo le sni ka sta ri jeg ži vot nog doba, hronične bolesti pluća i ponovnih operacija [8]. U uporednoj studiji učestalosti faktora rizika u Velikoj Britaniji koja je obuhvatila.774 bolesni ka i Sje di we nim Ame rič kim Dr ža va ma sa bolesnika prikazana je značajno veća učestalost bolesni ka sta ri je ži vot ne do bi, že na, ne sta bil ne an gi ne pek to ris i hit nih ope ra ci ja u SAD, dok je u Ve li koj Britaniji bilo značajno više bolesnika sa hroničnom bolešću pluća i neurološkim deficitom. Ostali faktori rizika nisu se bitno razlikovali [9]. Epi de mi o lo ška sli ka is he mij ske bo le sti sr ca i ko mor bi di te ta mo že bi ti ge o graf ski raz li či ta zbog razlika populacija, ali i razlike u wenoj prevenciji, dijagnostikovawu i lečewu. U svakom slučaju, faktori rizika, kao i ukupan nivo očekivanog operacionog rizika, nisu konstantne, nepromenqive vrednosti. One se vre me nom mo gu me wa ti i u is toj po pu laciji. U našem radu analizirani su trendovi svih relevantnih faktora koji utiču na ukupni operacioni rizik u periodu godine. Uče sta lost žen skog po la, in su fi ci jen ci je bu brega, ponovne operacije, disfunkcije leve komore, plućne hipertenzije i postinfarktnog oštećewa interventrikularnog septuma nije se značajno mewala, niti pokazala bilo kakav trend. Rezultati našeg istraži va wa su u tom po gle du slič ni ve ći ni re zul ta ta iz dostupne literature. U SAD i Kanadi je na osnovu desetogodišwe analize više od bolesnika iz 5 cen t ra [0] za be le žen trend po ve ća wa bro ja osoba žen skog po la i bo le sni ka sa in su fi ci jen ci jom bubrega, dok se učestalost ponovnih operacija po godinama nije značajno mewala. Zanimqivi su nalazi studije Harca (Hartz) i sa rad ni ka [] (SAD), ko ja po kazuje trendove faktora rizika tokom 5 godina ispitivawa, od početka rutinske primene CABG 968. do 994. godine. Broj ponovnih operacija se sa % povećao na %. Međutim, dvanaest godina kasnije u radu Di na (Dinh) i sa rad ni ka [] (Austra li ja), na osnovu ispitivawa 9.7 bolesnika u periodu go di ne, za be le že no je zna čaj no sma we we bro ja po novnih ope ra ci ja sa 4,4% na,6%, što je ob ja šwe no poboqšawem medikamentne terapije i povećawem broja primewenih PCI. Garsija Fuster (Garcia Fuster) i sarad ni ci [] (Špa ni ja) su u svom ra du, na osno vu ispitivawa.60 bolesnika, ukazali na trend povećawa broja onih sa disfunkcijom leve komore. Kod is pi ta ni ka na šeg is tra ži va wa kri tič no preoperaciono stawe bilo je statistički značajno različito zastupqeno po godinama. Od 00. do 005. godi ne po sto jao je trend sma we wa, a od 006. do 008. godine ponovo se povećava procenat učestalosti ovog faktora rizika, što bi se moglo objasniti čiwenicom da je pri me na intraaortne balon-pumpe (IABP) pre hirurškog lečewa tek u posledwe dve-tri godine po sta la ru ti na. Pre ma re zul ta ti ma Oha te (Ohata) i sa rad ni ka [4] (Ja pan), be le ži se trend po ve ća wa broja bo le sni ka s kri tič nim pre o pe ra ci o nim sta wem, što se takođe tumači sve češćom primenom IABP. doi: 0.98/SARH00570M

6 Srp Arh Celok Lek. 00;8(9-0): Hro nič na bo lest plu ća, ne u ro lo ška dis funk cija i ne sta bil na an gi na pek to ris u is pi ti va noj grupi pokazuju značajnu razliku u učestalosti po godinama sa trendom smawewa. Prema podacima iz literature, neki radovi ukazuju takođe na trend smawewa [5], a neki na trend povećawa hronične bolesti pluća [0, ]. Kod nas po sto ji trend sma we wa ot ka ko imamo sop stve nu pne u mof ti zi o lo šku slu žbu, ko ja vrši eg zakt nu pre o pe ra ci o nu di jag no sti ku. Ne u ro loška disfunkcija i nestabilna angina pektoris u većini radova ne pokazuju trendove []. Trend smawewa u na šem is tra ži va wu mo gao bi se ob ja sni ti čiwenicom da se više bolesnika s ovim faktorima rizika upućuje na PCI. Četiri faktora rizika u ispitivanoj grupi pokazuju značajan trend povećawa, doprinoseći tako i povećawu ukupnog očekivanog operacionog rizika (Euro SCORE). To su: sta ri je ži vot no do ba, eks tra kar di jalna arteriopatija, skorašwi infarkt miokarda i hitne operacije. Prosečna starost bolesnika povećala se u po sled wih osam go di na sa 56,8 na 60,7 go di na, što je u skladu sa svim nalazima u literaturi. Sasvim je razumqivo da se uz dobru prevenciju, napredak u medika ment noj te ra pi ji i sve če šću pri me nu PCI na hirurško lečewe upućuju stariji bolesnici. Procenat bolesnika s ekstrakardijalnom arteriopatijom povećao se za vi še od dva pu ta, što je naj ve ro vat ni je posledica boqeg dijagnostikovawa oboqewa. Bolesnici sa skorašwim infarktom miokarda operišu se u posled we vre me če šće ne go ra ni je, jer je do šlo do promena i proširivawa indikacija za hirurško lečewe. Procenat hitnih operacija povećao se od 00. do 008. godine za više od četiri puta. Slične rezultate na vo de i dru gi auto ri [0,,, 4]. Pro se čan Euro SCORE, odnosno ukupan očekivani operacioni rizik, po ka zao je u na šem is tra ži va wu trend po ve ća wa sa,74 u 00. na,9 u 008. go di ni. To je ta ko đe u skladu s podacima iz literature [, 4]. Na osno vu po da ta ka iz raz li či tih stu di ja, ukquču ju ći i ovu, mo glo bi se re ći da po sto je trend po većawa prosečne starosti bolesnika, veća incidencija komorbiditeta i pogoršawe kardijalnog statusa bolesnika s koronarnim oboqewima kojima je indikovano hirurško lečewe. Ove promene mogle bi uticati na preciznost predviđawa postojećih skoring-sistema. Ne sme se zanemariti čiwenica da su neki od faktora rizika samostalni prediktori smrtnog ishoda kod bolesnika koji su na listama čekawa za operaciju [6, 7, 8]. Radi boqeg prepoznavawa trendova faktora rizika i usavršavawa modela predviđawa, pogotovo u vreme kada se događaju brze promene (nova teh no lo gi ja, no ve hi rur ške teh ni ke, tren do vi skraćewa lista čekawa), neophodno je izvesti više sličnih, multicentričnih i multinacionalnih studija. ZAKQUČAK Broj ope ri sa nih oso ba s ko ro nar nim bo le sti ma se stal no po ve ća va iako se sve če šće pri me wu je PCI. Operacioni rizik iskazan sistemom EuroSCORE tako đe se po ve ća va. Fak to ri ri zi ka ko ji zna čaj no dopri no se po ve ća nom Euro SCO RE su: sta ri je ži vot no doba, ekstrakardijalna arteriopatija, skorašwi infarkt miokarda i hitna operacija. ЛИТЕРАТУРА. Nilsson J, Algotsson L, Hoglund P, Luhrs C, Brandt J. Comparison of 9 pre-operative risk stratification models in open-heart surgery. Eur Heart J. 006; 7(7): Nashef SAM, Roques F, Michel P, Gauducheau E, Lemeshow S, Salamon R. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 999; 6:9-.. Nashef SAM, Roques F, Hammili BG, Peterson ED, Michel P, Grover FL, et al. Validation of European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) in North American cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg. 00; (): Michel P, Roques F, Nashef SAM. Logistic or additive EuroSCORE for high-risk patients? Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg. 00; : Roques F, Michel P, Goldstone AR, Nashef SAM. The logistic EuroSCORE. Eur Heart J. 00; 4: Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, Hermiller J, O Shaughnessy C, Mann JT, et al. A polimer-based, Paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 004; 50:-. 7. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, Fitzgerald PJ, Holmes DR, O Shaughnessy C, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N Engl J Med. 00; 49: Park DW, Yun SC, Lee SW, Kim YH, Lee CW, Hong MK, et al. Long term mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantaion versus coronary artery bypass surgery for treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation. 008; 7: Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Waford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, et al. Long-term outcomes for coronary-artery bypass graft surgery versus stent implantation. N Engl J Med. 005; 5: Mack MJ, Brown PP, Kugelmass AD, Battaglia SL, Tarkington LG, Simon AW, et al. Current status and outcomes of coronary revascularization 999 to 00: 48,96 surgical and percutaneous procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 004; 77: Reul MR. Will drug-eluting stents replace CABG. Tex Heart Inst J. 005; :-0.. Nashef SAM, Roques F, Michel P, Cortina J, Faichney A, Gams E, et al. Coronary surgery in Europe: Comparison of the national subsets of the European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 000; 7: Yap CH, Reid C, Yii M, Rowland MA, Mohajeri M, Skillington PD, et al. Validation of the EuroSCORE in Australia. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 006; 9: Nilsson J, Algotsson L, Hoglund P, Luhrs C, Brant J. Early mortality in coronary bypass surgery: the EuroSCORE versus the Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk algorithm. Ann Thorac Surg. 004; 77: Rexius H, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Nilsson J, Oden A, Jeppson A. A simple score to assess mortality risk in patients waiting for coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 006; 8: D Errigo P, Seccareccia F, Rosato S, Manno V, Badoni G, Fusco D, et al. Comparison between an empirically derived model and the EuroSCORE system in the evaluation of hospital performance: the example of Italian CABG Outcome Project. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 008; : Zheng Z, Li Y, Zhang S, Hu S. The Chinese Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Registry Study: how well does the EuroSCORE predict operative risk for Chinese population? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 009; 5:

7 576 Михаиловић Б. и сар. Трендови фактора ризика у коронарној хирургији 8. Campagnuccci VP, e Silva AMRP, Pereira WL, Chamlian EG, Gandra SMA, Rivetti LA. EuroSCORE e os pacientes submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio na Santa Casa de São Paulo. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 008; (): Bringewater B, Neve H, Moat N, Hooper T, Jones M. Predicting operative risk for coronary artery surgery in the United Kingdom: a comparison of various risk predicting algorithms. Heart. 998; 79: Ferguson TB Jr, Hamil BG, Peterson ED, DeLong ER, Grover FL. A decade of change-risk profile and outcomes for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, A report from STS National Database Committee and Duke Research Institute. Ann Thorac Surg. 00; 7: Hartz AJ, Manlay JC, Walker JA, Gale HH, He Z, Assa J. Trends during 5 years of coronary artery bypass operations at St. Luke s Medical Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Ann Thorac Surg. 000; 69:89-.. Dinh DT, Lee GA, Billah B, Smith JA, Shardey GC, Reid CM. Trends in coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Victoria, : findings from the Australian Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons database project. MJA. 008; 88(4):4-7.. Garcia Fuster R, Montero JA, Gil O, Hornero F, Canovas S, Bueno M, et al. Trends in coronary artery bypass surgery: changes in the profile of the surgical patients. Rev Esr Cardiol. 005; 58(5): Ohata T, Kaneko M, Kuratani T, Ueda H, Shimamura K. Using the EuroSCORE to assess changes in the risk profiles of the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting before and after the introduction of less invasive coronary surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 005; 80: Feier FH, Sant anna RT, Garcia E, W De Bacco F, Pereira E, dos Santos MF, et al. Changes in profile of patients submitted to coronary bypass graft surgery. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 005; 0(): Morgan CD, Sykora K, Naylor CD. The Steering Committee of the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario Analysis of death while waiting for cardiac surgery among 9,9 consecutive patients in Ontario, Canada. Heart. 998; 79: Koomen EM, Hutten BA, Kelder JC, Redekop WK, Tijssen JG, Kingma JH. Morbidity and mortality in patients waiting for coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg. 00; 9: Rexius H, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Oden A, Jeppson A. Mortality on the waiting list for coronary artery bypass grafting incidence and risk factors. Ann Thorac Surg. 004; 77: Trends of Risk s in Coronary Surgery Bogoljub Mihajlović, Svetozar Nićin, Nada Čemerlić-Adjić, Katica Pavlović, Slobodan Dodić, Lazar Velicki, Mikloš Fabri Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia Clinic for Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia SUMMARY Introduction In current era of widespread use of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), it is debatable whether coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG) patients are at higher risk. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate trends in risk profile of isolated CABG patients. Methods By analysing the EuroSCORE and its risk factors, we reviewed a consecutive group of 4675 isolated CABG patients, operated on during the last 8 years (00-008) at our Clinic. The number of PCI patients was compared to the number of CABG patients. For statistical analyses, Pearson s chi-square and ANOVA tests were used. Results The number of PCI increased from 59 to 595 (p<0.00), and the number of CABG from 557 to 656 (p<0.00). The mean EuroSCORE increased from.74 to.9 (p=0.06). The frequency of the following risk factors did not change over years: female gender, previous cardiac surgery, serum creatinine >00µmol/l, left ventricular dysfunction and postinfarct ventricular septal rupture. Chronic pulmonary disease, neurological dysfunction, and unstable pectoral angina declined significantly (p<0.00). Critical preoperative care declined from.% in 00 to 0.5 % in 005, than increased and during the last years did not change (.%). The mean age increased from 56.8 to 60.7 (p<0.00) and extracardiac arteriopathy increased from 9.% to.9% (p<0.00). Recent preoperative myocardial infarction increased from % to 5.% (p=0.0), while emergency operations increased from 0.9% to 4.0% (p=0.00). Conclusion The number of CABG increases despite the enlargement of PCI. The risk for isolated CABG given by EuroSCORE increases over years. The risk factors, significantly contributing to higher EuroSCORE are: older age, extracardiac arteriopathy, recent myocardial infarction and emergency operation. Keywords: myocardial revascularization; risk assessment; heart diseases; surgery Примљен Received: 0/06/009 Прихваћен Accepted: /0/00 doi: 0.98/SARH00570M

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