VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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1 VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK VI SEMESTER EC6001 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS Regulation 2013 Academic Year Prepared by Mr. A. Anbarasan, Assistant Professor (O.G)/ECE Ms. S. Abirami, Assistant Professor (O.G)/ECE Dr. S. Ramesh, Associate Professor /ECE 1

2 VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK SUBJECT : EC6001 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS SEM / YEAR: VI / III year B.E. UNIT I - ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY AND BIO-POTENTIAL RECORDING The origin of Bio-potentials; bio-potential electrodes, biological amplifiers, ECG, EEG, EMG, PCG, lead systems and recording methods, typical waveforms and signal characteristics. PART A Q. No Questions BT Level Competence 1. What is PCG and Lead in ECG? 2. Summarize electrode and the types of electrodes used in the bipolar measurement? 3. Define ECG, absolute & relative refractory period. 4. Compare resting and action potential. 5. How would you describe the term Conduction velocity? 6. List out the disadvantages of surface electrodes. 7. Can you list the electrodes used for recording EMG and ECG? 8. Construct the typical ECG waveform and mention the cause for first & second heart sounds. 9. Examine the term phonocardiogram. 10. Assess the important bands of frequencies in EEG & their importance. 11. Distinguish the signal characteristics of ECG and PCG. 12. Show the EMG signal characteristics. 13. Elaborate about cell bio potential and action potential. 14. Explain latency related to EMG. 15. Compose the Nernest equation. 16. Name the various lead systems used in ECG recording. 17. Tell about Half-cell potential and name the types of leads used for ECG. 18. Justify the use of Einthoven triangle. 19. Choose the various EEG signals with amplitude and frequencies. 20. Identify the importance of biological amplifier. PART B 1. (i) What should be the characteristics of bio potential amplifier? (8) (ii) Show the origin of bio potential. (5) 2. (i) in detail about the lead system of recording EEG. (8) (ii) List the typical ECG waveform and mark the important features and their associated function of the heart. (5) 2

3 3. (i) Summarize the generation of PCG signals and discuss the measurement of PCG. (7) (ii) Interpret about micro electrodes. (6) 4. Identify and describe the different types of bio potential electrodes used in measurement of bio signals. (13) 5. (i) Compare the signal characteristics of ECG and EMG. (7) (ii) Measure the ECG recording system in detail. (6) 6. (i) How a metal microelectrode is formed? Draw its electrical equivalent circuit and explain. (7) (ii) Show the circuit diagram of Darlington pair isolation amplifier and explain. (6) 7. Construct the characteristics of EMG and EOG signals with typical waveform. (7+6) 8. (i) Explain the medical use of Chopper amplifier? Draw the diagram of mechanical Chopper amplifier and explain its working? (7) (ii)illustrate the ECG curves for normal adult, myocardial infraction, coronary insufficiency and ventricular fibrillation. (6) 9. Develop the EEG waveform in detail and its signal frequency bands. (13) 10. (i) Pointout the different requirements for biomedical amplifiers? (4) (ii) Examine the characteristics of a medical preamplifier with neat diagram and deduce an expression for its net gain. (9) 11. (i) Examine the action potential waveform and discuss about polarization and repolarization. (8) (ii) Show the bipolar limb lead system of an ECG. (5) 12. (i) With relevant graph explain the relationship between the action potential and muscle construction. (7) (ii) Discuss in detail central and peripheral nervous system. (6) 13. Infer the physiology of heart and lungs and derive an approximate engineering system equivalent to the same. (7+6) 14. Illustrate an ultrasonic transducer is applied in clinical diagnostic circuit. (13) PART C 1. (i) Assess the characteristics and frequency bands of EEG signal. (6) (ii) Conclude in detail about the origin of action potential and resting potential with necessary diagrams. (9) 2. (i) Summarize the instrumentation amplifier with circuit diagram. (8) (ii) Evaluate the origin of brain waves. (7) 3. (i) Generalize the international standard 12 lead system used to record ECG. (10) (ii) Formulate the list and discuss the important characteristics of bio-amplifier. (5) 4. (i) Invent the different types of surface electrodes and discuss its applications. (10) (ii) Prepare the typical recording setup of EMG. (5) 3

4 UNIT II - BIO-CHEMICAL AND NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENT ph, PO2, PCO2, colorimeter, Auto analyzer, Blood flow meter, cardiac output, respiratory measurement, Blood pressure, temperature, pulse, Blood Cell Counters. PART A Q.No Questions BT Level Competence 1. What do you understand by electrophoresis, blood pressure? 2. Justify the meaning of ph value of blood. 3. Explain Beer and Lamberts law. 4. Define stroke volume. 5. Identify the use of auto analyser in medical field and types of test performed using it. 6. Elaborate the principle used in pulse rate measurement. 7. Can you recall the use of calorimeter? 8. Summarize the merits & demerits of electromagnetic blood flow meter. 9. Examine auto analyser and its essential units. 10. Name any 4 physical principles based on which blood flow meters are constructed. 11. Show the typical values of blood pressure and pulse rate of an adult. 12. Develop the stroke volume in millimeters if the cardiac output is 5.2 litres/minute and heart rate is 76 beats/minute. 13. Demonstrate the methods of measurement of cardiac output. 14. List out the components of blood. 15. Assess the use of Flame photometer. 16. Describe the tidal and residual volume. 17. Compile the demerits of indirect method of blood pressure measurement. 18. Organize the importance of Plethysmographs. 19. How is the respiration rate measured? 20. the term Korotkoff sounds and total lung capacity. PART B 1. Examine the principle of following: (i) Filter Photometer, (7) (ii) Auto analyzer. (6) 2. Explain the following techniques with necessary diagram: (i) pco2 measurement principle, (7) (ii) Dye dilution. (6) 4

5 3. (i) Discuss the working principle of a colorimeter with a neat diagram. (7) (ii) How will you measure the blood pressure using sphygmomanometer? (6) 4. How would you describe about spirometer and blood cell counter with neat block diagram. (13) 5. Interpret the working principle of electromagnetic blood flow meter. What are its advantages and disadvantages? (13) 6. State in your own words about respiratory measurement using respiratory apparatus. (13) 7. Can you recall the principle of operation of blood cell counter types and its applications? (13) 8. Evaluate the measurement of cardiac output using direct and indirect methods. (13) 9. (i) Analyse the measurement of ph of blood using PH meter. (7) (ii) Classify the temperature measurement methods. (6) 10. Inspect the parameter with suitable figures and explain how ph, pco2 and po2 are measured? (13) 11. (i) Identify the method for cardiac output measurements. (9) (ii) Construct the need for blood ph measurement. (4) 12. How would you use the ultrasonic waves in measuring, (i) Blood Flow, (7) (ii) Blood pressure. (6) 13. (i) Which device is used to measure the Lung capacity and volume with neat diagram and explain its operations? (7) (ii) Show the measurement of heart sound with suitable diagram. (6) 14. (i) What is the principle of sphygmomanometer and explain the operation? (7) (ii) How is the pulse rate measured? (6) PART C 1. Assess the principle of coulter counter and with block diagram explain multi parameter coulter counter. (15) 2. (i) Summarize the measurement of respiration rate using impedance technique.(9) (ii) Criticize the ultra sound principles are used in measuring the flow of blood.(6) 3. Invent the term Cardiac output. How is Cardiac output measured by dye dilution technique? Explain. (15) 4. Develop auscultatory blood pressure measurement and write its advantages and disadvantages. (15) UNIT III ASSIST DEVICES Cardiac pacemakers, DC Defibrillator, Dialyser, Heart lung machine PART A Q.No Questions BT Level 1. Illustrate the defibrillator output waveforms and indicate output energy level. Competence 5

6 2. Why are asynchronous pacemakers no longer used? 3. List out the typical ranges of pacemaker parameters 4. When do you need heart lung machine 5. Summarize the different types of pacemakers 6. Examine important factors that demand internal pace maker s usage. 7. Construct the circuit diagram of DC Defibrillator and give its output specifications 8. How would you describe the names of the batteries used in implantable pace makers? 9. Describe dialysate? Mention its Composition 10. Compare Haemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis 11. the disadvantages of DC defibrillator. 12. What is meant by fibrillation? And give its type. 13. Evaluate the vital capacity of a person who has a total lung capacity of 5.95 liters, if volume of the lung of air 14. Choose the difference between external and internal defibrillator. 15. Compile the procedures for the lungs expansion and contraction while breathing 16. Assess the meaning of fibrillation. 17. Distinguish between endocardiac and myocardiac electrodes. 18. Organize the different types of dialyzer 19. Show the classification of Pacing modes 20. Discuss the usage of demand pacemaker PART - B (i) Define the electrical nature of natural pacemaker (7) (ii) Show the circuit of a fixed rate pacemaker and explain the working detail of it. (6) (i) Summarize the functions and applications of dialyzer. (10) (ii) Show the procedure of hemodialysis with a suitable block diagram. (3) (i) Construct the circuit diagram of fixed rate parameters and explain its working principle. (7) (ii) Develop the working model of synchronized dc defibrillator. (6) BTL 3 Apply Generalize important points about the working and types of a dialyzer? (13) (i) Draw the block diagram of ventricular triggered pacemaker and explain its operation. (9) (ii) Prepare short notes on dialyzers. (4) BTL 3 Apply 6

7 6. 7. What is pacemaker? Describe the different types of pacemakers? (6) Explain the R-wave inhibited pacemaker with neat block diagram. (7) Discuss the following with neat diagrams. (i) Oxygenators (7) (ii) Peritoneal dialysis. (6) the different modes of operation of cardiac pacemakers with suitable block diagram. (13) With a neat diagram explain the block diagram of arterial and ventricular triggered pacemaker (13) Examine the following (i) Demand pacemaker with a diagram (7) (ii) DC defibrillator with synchronizer. (6) Can you recall the synchronized d.c. defibrillator? Draw a block diagram and explain its working? (13) BTL 5 Evaluate 12. (i) Explain the block diagram of DC defibrillator with a neat diagram? (7) (ii) Describe the working of atrial synchronous pacemaker. (6) With a neat diagram, illustrate the working of (i) Heart Lung machine (7) (ii) Dializer (6) (i) Compare haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. (4) (ii) Examine any one of the above in a detailed manner along with its merits and demerits. (9) PART - C 1. Evaluate the different types of pacemaker with its stimulation methods. (15) 2. Explain the Dializers with respect to the functions of kidney. (15) 3. Design the Cardiovascular circulation and Heart Lung Machine model. (15) Estimate the various types of Oxygenators and State its advantages and 4. disadvantages. (15) UNIT IV PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND BIOTELEMETRY Diathermies- Shortwave, Ultrasonic and microwave type and their applications, Surgical Diathermy Telemetry principles, Frequency selection, Biotelemetry, Radiopill, Electrical safety PART A Q. No Questions BT Competence Level 1. Discuss the application of Bio-Telemetry 2. Recall the different elements in biotelemetry 3. Examine desiccation and hemostasis. 4. State the meaning of the term radio pill. 7

8 5. Distinguish between frequency division multiplex system and time division multiplex system used in transmission of bio signals. 6. What are the choices of radio carrier frequency for medical telemetry purposes? 7. Show the block diagram of a Bio-Telemetry system. 8. List the devices used to safeguard against electric hazards. 9. Demonstrate the two methods of shortwave diathermy 10. Identify the devices used to protect against electrical hazards 11. Differentiate the types of diathermy 12. Define micro and macro shock. 13. Explain the safety precaution to be taken while handling radio isotopes. 14. Evaluate the principle of tele stimulation 15. Compile the basic purpose of the safety measures used with electrically susceptible patients 16. Compute the uses of biotelemetry. 17. Show the medical transmitting frequencies. Why it is necessary to specify them? 18. Express various modulation techniques used for transmitting a bio signal in a telemetry system 19. Classify shortwave and microwave diathermy 20. List the applications of diathermy PART - B With a neat block diagram, show the operation of a combined single channel telemetry system for ECG signal and respiration rate. (13) Explain the working and construction of radio pill with an example? (13) Discuss the following with respect to electrical safety (i) Ground fault interrupter (3) (ii) Isolation transformer (3) (iii) Line Isolation monitors (2) (iv) Grounding (2) (v) Important aspects of hospital architecture (3) Define Leakage current. Explain the impact of leakage in cardiac patient and discuss the prevention methods. (13) (i) Draw the block diagram of short wave diathermy unit and explain it. (7) (ii) Summarize the working of biotelemetry system with sub-carrier. (6) BTL 5 Evaluate 8

9 6. 7. Compare and explain the telemetry circuit diagram for the transmission of EMG, ECG, EEG and respiration rate? (13) Name and explain the various modulation techniques used for transmitting a bio signal in a telemetry system. (13) (i) Examine the problems associated with the implant telemetry circuits? (9) (ii) about the subcarrier biotelemetry. (4) (i) Describe the surgical diathermy? (7) (ii) Write short notes on frequency selection with respect to biotelemetry? (6) 10. (i) State the multiple channel biotelemetry systems with neat diagrams. (10) (ii) Write short notes on E-health. (3) (i) Collect the physiological effects of current at 50Hz (7) (ii) With reference to electrical safety explain 1.Ground fault circuit interrupter (3+3) 2.Protection by low voltage Organize the principles involved in various diathermy methods (13) (i) Distinguish between macroshock and microshock (4) (ii) Describe Tele-stimulation (3) (iii) Infer the terms fulguration and blending. (3) (iv) Discuss about the radio pill (3) (i) Inspect the physiological effects of electricity on humans. (7) (ii) Write short notes on frequency selection for telemetry applications. (6) PART C Define diathermy. Determine the circuit diagram of a short-wave diathermy unit and discuss its impact on therapy purpose in detail. Also briefly describe how it can be applied to human subjects. (15) With suitable diagram, Explain how the ECG signal can be transmitted using single channel telemetry system. (15) Discuss the various Electrical safety and physiological effects on humans (15) Elaborate the different methods of applying electrodes in shortwave diathermy treatment. (15) BTL 5 BTL 5 Evaluate Evaluate UNIT V RECENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Thermograph, endoscopy unit, Laser in medicine, cryogenic application, Introduction to telemedicine. PART A Q. BT Questions No Level Competence 1. Define the physical factors which affect the amount of infrared radiation from human body. 2. the principle of cryogenic technique and list its applications 3. Give the advantages of cryogenic surgery. 9

10 4. List out the properties of LASER. 5. Develop some few applications of lasers in medicine. 6. Label the parts of an endoscopy. 7. Summarize the necessary parameters for a good thermographic equipment. 8. Identify the diseases that can be diagnosed by thermography. 9. Point out the advantages of LASER in surgery. 10. Show any one of the therapeutic instrument using an endoscope. 11. Illustrate the uses of endoscope in medicine. 12. Can you recall the principle of thermography. 13. What is endoscopy? 14. Illustrate the types of pumping sources used in LASER 15. Discuss the applications of thermography. 16. Compare the merits and demerits of various medical thermographic techniques. 17. Outline the simplified block diagram of thermographic equipment. 18. Assess the potential benefits of telemedicine. 19. Conclude the applications of telemedicine. 20. Examine the term Telemedicine PART B Explain the infrared thermographic instrumentation with a suitable block diagram and what the different medical applications are. (13) Label the basic setup of a medical thermograph unit and define the function of each unit in it. Name the applications of thermograph. (13) Summarize the need for each of the essential components in an endoscope & its applications. (13) Discuss on the process involve in the production of laser with neat diagrams (13) (i) Write a note on endoscopy unit. (7) (ii) Write a note on cryogenic surgery. (6) (i) Demonstrate some cryogenic agents with its operating temperature and explain how it is used to perform surgery. (9) (ii) Give some applications of lasers in medicine. (4) (i) Illustrate the different operations performed using endoscopy. (5) (ii) Develop and explain the block diagram of infrared imaging system. (8) (i) What are the medical applications of thermography? (5) 8. (ii) Show the biological effects of radiation exposure & safe dose equivalent limits. (8) (i) Define the laser principle and identify the different laser 9. interactions on our body. (7) (ii) Can you recall about He-Ne laser and the general applications of laser in medicine. (6) 10. (i) List out the cryogenic applications. (8) 10

11 11 (ii) Inspect the salient features of Bio Medical Laser instrumentation. (5) Write brief notes on the working principle of: (i) Argon Laser (7) (ii) CO 2 Laser (6) 12 Construct and discuss the working of an endoscopic unit. (13) 13 A bloodless surgery is being planned using laser. Find which type laser would be suitable to achieve this. Examine the process involved in the laser production and application. (13) Explain about the evolution and technologies involved in telemedicine. Discuss the application areas of telemedicine. (13) PART C (i) Explain the various applications of lasers in different fields of medicine. (10) (ii) Conclude the specific advantages of Laser Surgery. (5) (i) Summarize the benefits and limitations of telemedicine. (7) (ii) Assess the importance of cryogenic techniques in medicine. (8) Elaborate the principle of operation and application of medical thermography. (15) Discuss the operation of endoscopy unit and mention few applications. (15) 11