Figure Cardiovascular System

Transcription

1 Figure 42.1 Cardiovascular System

2 Figure 42.2 Circular canal Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Radial canals 5 cm Pharynx 2 mm (a) The moon jelly Aurelia, a cnidarian (b) The planarian Dugesia, a flatworm

3 Figure 42.3a (a) An open circulatory system Heart Hemolymph in sinuses surrounding organs Pores Tubular heart

4 Figure 42.3b (b) A closed circulatory system Heart Small branch vessels in each organ Dorsal vessel (main heart) Auxiliary hearts Interstitial fluid Blood Ventral vessels

5 Figure 42.4a (a) Single circulation Gill capillaries Artery Heart: Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Vein Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Body capillaries

6 Figure 42.4b (b) Double circulation Pulmonary circuit Lung capillaries A V Right A V Left Key Systemic circuit Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Systemic capillaries

7 Figure 42.5 Variable Double Circulation Amphibians Reptiles (Except Birds) Mammals and Birds Pulmocutaneous circuit Pulmonary circuit Pulmonary circuit Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries Atrium (A) Right Left Ventricle (V) Atrium (A) Right systemic aorta A V Right A V Left Left systemic aorta Incomplete septum A V Right A V Left Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic circuit Systemic circuit Systemic circuit Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

8 Figure 42.5a Amphibians Variable Double Circulation 3-chambered heart Pulmocutaneous circuit Atrium (A) Lung and skin capillaries Atrium (A) Mixed blood Right Left Ventricle (V) Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

9 Figure 42.5b Reptiles (Except Birds) Pulmonary circuit Variable Double Circulation 3-chambered heart Lung capillaries Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Right systemic aorta Right A V Left Left systemic aorta Incomplete septum Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

10 Figure 42.5c Mammals and Birds Pulmonary circuit Variable Double Circulation 4-chambered heart Lung capillaries Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Right A V Left Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

11 Figure 42.6 Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung Aorta Capillaries of head and forelimbs Pulmonary artery Capillaries of left lung Pulmonary vein Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Pulmonary vein Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs

12 Figure 42.7 Pulmonary artery Right atrium Aorta Pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary Semilunar valve Atrioventricular Valve Tricupid Aortic Semilunar valve Atrioventricular Valve Biscupid/Mitral Right ventricle Left ventricle

13 Pressure (mm Hg) Velocity (cm/sec) Area (cm 2 ) The interrelationship of: cross-sectional area of blood vessels blood flow velocity blood pressure. 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, Diastolic pressure Systolic pressure Figure 42.11

14 Fetal Circulation

15 Fetal Circulation

16 Figure 42.7 Pulmonary artery Right atrium Aorta Pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary Semilunar valve Atrioventricular Valve Tricupid Aortic Semilunar valve Atrioventricular Valve Biscupid/Mitral Right ventricle Left ventricle

17 Figure Electrocardiogram (ECG) SA node (pacemaker) AV node Bundle branches Heart apex Purkinje fibers ECG Pacemaker: SA node (70-80x/min Latent pacemakers: AV node (40-60x/min) Purkinje fibers (15-40x/min)

18 Electrical (pacemaker potential) electrical event (myocardial AP) mechanical event (contraction)

19 Pacemaker Potential Electrical event

20 Pacemaker Potential Electrical event Tachycardia Bradycardia Positive/negative chronotropic (frequency) Positive iontropic (amplitude)

21 Myocardial Action Potential electrical event Electrical (pacemaker potential) electrical event (myocardial AP) mechanical event (contraction)

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23 AP to contraction

24 Figure Diastole & Systole 2 Atrial systole fills ventricles and Ventricular diastole (atria tops off) 1 Atrial and ventricular diastole Passive filling 0.1 sec 0.4 sec 0.3 sec 3 Ventricular systole (ejects blood to body) and atrial diastole (passive filling)

25 Figure Blood pressure reading: 120/ Artery closed Sounds audible in stethoscope Sounds stop Mean arteriole pressure (MAP) = DP + 1/3 PP Pulse pressure (PP) = SP - DP

26 Pressure (mm Hg) Velocity (cm/sec) Area (cm 2 ) The interrelationship of: cross-sectional area of blood vessels blood flow velocity blood pressure. 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, Diastolic pressure Systolic pressure Figure 42.11

27 The Beast: EKG, Left side pressures, left ventricular volume, heart sounds

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29 Cardiac Output Amount ejected by a ventricle in 1 minute CO = HR x SV Resting values, usually about 4 to 6L/min Vigorous exercise CO to 21 L/min for fit person up to 35 L/min for world class athlete Cardiac reserve: difference between maximum and resting CO

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31 Ejection Fraction End diastolic volume = 120 ml End systolic volume = 50 ml Ejection volume (stroke volume) = 70 ml Ejection fraction = 70ml/120ml = 58% (normally 60%) If heart rate (HR) is 70 beats/minute, what is cardiac output? Cardiac output = HR * stroke volume = 70 beats/min * 70 ml/beat = 4900 ml/min

32 Factors that Affect Stroke volume EDV- dependent on filling time (diastole) and venous return Skeletal pumping Respiratory pumping ESV- Preload- degree of stretching (EDV) Frank-Starling Principle: more in, more out Contractility of the ventricle Availability of calcium; positive and negative inotropy Afterload- amount of tension ventricle must exert to eject; affected by peripheral vasculature; if greater ESV then there was less stroke volume

33 Frank-Starling Mechanism Within physiological limits the heart pumps all the blood that comes to it without excessive damming in the veins. Length-tension relationship of cardiocytes. Extra stretch on cardiac myocytes makes actin and myosin filaments interdigitate to a more optimal degree for force generation.

34 Frank-Starling Curve

35 Autonomic Effects on Heart Sympathetic stimulation causes increased HR + increased contractility with HR = and CO = L/min. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases HR markedly decreases cardiac contractility slightly Vagal fibers go mainly to atria. Fast heart rate (tachycardia) can decrease CO not enough filling time during diastole

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37 LM 15 m LM Figure Artery Vein Endothelium Red blood cells 100 m Basal lamina Endothelium Valve Artery Smooth muscle Connective tissue Capillary Smooth muscle Connective tissue Vein Arteriole Venule Red blood cell Capillary

38 Blood Fow Ohm s Law F = P R viscosity/vessel length/vessel radius R 1 double r decrease R by 16x r 4 Poiseulle s Law F = P r 4 8 L

39 Determinates of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) MAP CO TPR HR SV Arteriolar radius Blood viscosity Parasym Sympth EPI Venous rtn Cardiac suction Local metabolic control Extrinsic Vasoconstrictor control Blood vol Passive bulk flow of fluids shifts btn vascular & interstitial fluid compart Resp activity Salt/water balance Skeletal Muscle act Sympth EPI # of RBC Vasopressin & angiotensin II Vasopressin, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

40 Figure Venous blood return Direction of blood flow in vein (toward heart) Valve (open) Skeletal muscle Valve (closed)

41 Figure Arteriolar control Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare channel Arteriole (a) Sphincters relaxed Capillaries Venule Arteriole (b) Sphincters contracted Venule

42 Figure Filtration and the capillary bed INTERSTITIAL FLUID Net fluid movement out Body cell Blood pressure Osmotic pressure Arterial end of capillary Direction of blood flow Venous end of capillary

43 Figure 42.17a Plasma 55% Constituent Major functions Water Ions (blood electrolytes) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulins (antibodies) Solvent for carrying other substances Osmotic balance, ph buffering, and regulation of membrane permeablity Osmotic balance, ph buffering Clotting Defense Separated blood elements Substances transported by blood Nutrients Waste products Respiratory gases Hormones

44 Figure 42.17b Cellular elements 45% Cell type Number per L (mm 3 ) of blood Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000 10,000 Functions Defense and immunity Separated blood elements Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Platelets 250, ,000 Blood clotting Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5 6 million Transport of O 2 and some CO 2

45 Figure Blood clotting (a positive feedback mechanism) Collagen fibers Platelet Platelet plug Fibrin clot Red blood cell 5 m Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Fibrin clot formation Prothrombin Enzymatic cascade Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin

46 Figure Formed elements Stem cells (in bone marrow) Lymphoid stem cells Myeloid stem cells B cells T cells Erythrocytes Neutrophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Platelets Eosinophils

47 Figure Lumen of artery Endothelium 1 Smooth muscle 2 Plaque LDL Foam cell Macrophage Plaque rupture Extracellular matrix T lymphocyte Smooth muscle cell 3 4 Fibrous cap Cholesterol

48 Figure Respiratory System Coelom Parapodium (functions as gill) (a) Marine worm Gills (b) Crayfish Gills Tube foot (c) Sea star

49 Figure Respiratory System - Counter-current exchange Gill arch Water flow Operculum Blood vessels Gill arch O 2 -poor blood O 2 -rich blood Water flow Lamella Blood flow Gill filaments Net diffusion of O 2 Countercurrent exchange P O (mm Hg) in water P O (mm Hg) 2 in blood

50 Figure 42.23a Gill arch Water flow Operculum Blood vessels Gill arch Gill filaments

51 Figure 42.23b O 2 -poor blood O 2 -rich blood Lamella Water flow Blood flow Countercurrent exchange (mm Hg) in water P O Net diffusion of O P O 2 (mm Hg) in blood

52 2.5 m Figure Tracheoles Mitochondria Muscle fiber Open Circulation Tracheal system Air sacs Tracheae Air sac Tracheole Body cell Trachea External opening Air

53 Figure Respiratory system - Humans Pharynx Larynx (Esophagus) Trachea Right lung Bronchus Branch of pulmonary vein (oxygen-rich blood) Nasal cavity Left lung Terminal bronchiole Capillaries Branch of pulmonary artery (oxygen-poor blood) Alveoli 50 m Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) Dense capillary bed enveloping alveoli (SEM)

54 Figure 42.25a Respiratory system - Humans Pharynx Larynx (Esophagus) Trachea Right lung Bronchus Nasal cavity Left lung Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart)

55 Figure 42.25b Branch of pulmonary vein (oxygen-rich blood) Terminal bronchiole Respiratory system - Humans Branch of pulmonary artery (oxygen-poor blood) Alveoli Capillaries

56 Figure Surface tension (dynes/cm) RESULTS RDS deaths Deaths from other causes ,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 Body mass of infant (g)

57 Figure Anterior air sacs Bird circulatory system Posterior air sacs Lungs Airflow 1 mm Air tubes (parabronchi) in lung Posterior Lungs air sacs 3 2 Anterior air sacs First inhalation 3 Second inhalation 2 First exhalation 4 Second exhalation

58 Figure Breathing 1 2 Rib cage expands. Air inhaled. Rib cage gets smaller. Air exhaled. Lung Diaphragm

59 Figure Homeostasis: Blood ph of about 7.4 Control of Respiration Chemical control CO 2 level decreases. Response: Rib muscles and diaphragm increase rate and depth of ventilation. Stimulus: Rising level of CO 2 in tissues lowers blood ph. Carotid arteries Sensor/control center: Cerebrospinal fluid Aorta Medulla oblongata

60 Partial pressure (mm Hg) Figure Partial Pressure of O 2 & CO 2 8 Exhaled air 1 Alveolar epithelial cells CO 2 O 2 Inhaled air 2 Alveolar spaces Alveolar capillaries Inhaled air P O2 P CO2 Exhaled air 7 Pulmonary arteries 3 Pulmonary veins Systemic veins Heart 4 Systemic arteries Systemic CO capillaries 2 O 2 5 Body tissue (b) Partial pressure of O 2 and CO 2 at different points in the circulatory system numbered in (a) (a) The path of respiratory gases in the circulatory system

61 O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%) Figure 42.31a O 2 unloaded to tissues at rest O 2 unloaded to tissues during exercise Tissues during exercise Tissues at rest P O (mm Hg) 2 Lungs (a) P O and 2 hemoglobin dissociation at ph 7.4

62 O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%) Figure 42.31b ph 7.4 ph 7.2 Hemoglobin retains less O 2 at lower ph (higher CO 2 concentration) P O (mm Hg) 2 (b) ph and hemoglobin dissociation

63 Figure Body tissue CO 2 produced CO 2 transport from tissues Chloride Shift Reverse Chloride Shift Interstitial fluid Plasma within capillary CO 2 CO 2 Capillary wall H 2 O CO 2 Red blood cell H 2 CO 3 Carbonic acid Hb Hemoglobin (Hb) picks up CO 2 and H +. HCO 3 Bicarbonate H + HCO 3 To lungs HCO 3 CO 2 transport to lungs HCO 3 H + H 2 CO 3 Hb Hemoglobin releases CO 2 and H +. H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Alveolar space in lung

64 Figure 42.32a Chloride Shift Interstitial fluid Body tissue CO 2 produced CO 2 CO 2 transport from tissues Plasma within capillary CO 2 Capillary wall H 2 O CO 2 Red blood cell H 2 CO 3 Carbonic acid Hb Hemoglobin (Hb) picks up CO 2 and H +. HCO 3 Bicarbonate H + HCO 3 To lungs

65 Figure 42.32b To lungs Reverse Chloride Shift HCO 3 HCO 3 H + CO 2 transport to lungs H 2 CO 3 Hb Hemoglobin releases CO 2 and H +. H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Alveolar space in lung

66 Figure 42.UN02 Exhaled air Alveolar epithelial cells Pulmonary arteries CO 2 O 2 Inhaled air Alveolar spaces Alveolar capillaries Pulmonary veins Systemic veins Heart Systemic arteries Systemic CO 2 O 2 capillaries Body tissue

67 Figure 42.UN03 O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%) Maternal & Fetal O2 Dissociation Curve Fetus Mother (mm Hg) P O 2

68 Figure 42.UN04