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1 -_..._-_.,-~ 512 Lausevic-Vuk Lj. Intravenska primena ACE-inhibiton\ lnstitut za kardiovaskularne bolesti "Dedinje" Beograd Strucni clanak Professional article UDK () X9.84: X DOl: /MPNSOX 10512L HEMODINAMICKI EFEKTI INTRAVENSKE PRIMENE ACE-INHIBITORA U PREVENCIJI SRCANE INSUFICIJENCIJE POSLE HIRURSKE REVASKULARIZACIJE MIOKARDA HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF INTRA VENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF ACE INHIBITOR IN PREVENTION OF HEART FAILURE FOLLOWING CORONARYARTERY BYPASS SURGERY Ljiljana LAUSEVIC-VUK Sazetak - Analizirali smo hemodinamicke efekte intravenske primcnc inhibitora angiotenzin-konvertujuceg enzima quinaprilata i poredili srno ih sa hernodinamickim efcktima standardne inotropno-vazodilatatorne terapije dupaminom i natrijum-nitroprusidom. Analizom je obuhvaceno 30 pacijenata podvrgnutih hirurskoj revaskularizaciji miokarda uz primenu kardiopulmonalnog bajpasa sa losom funkcijorn leve kornore (ejekciona frakcija < 30%). Kontrolnu grupu jc cinilo 40 pacijenata sa istom rncdicinskorn problematikorn. Svi ispitanici su imali plasiran kompletan invazivni hemodinamicki monitoring. a lekovi su aplicirani prcko infuzionih pumpi. Utvrdili smo znacajno povecanje minutnog volumena srca, srcanog indeksa, indeksa udarnog rada levc kornore, redukciju sistolnog arterijskog pritiska kao i redukciju plucne vaskularne rezisrencijc, dok nije bilo razlike u vrednostima sistemske vaskularne rezistencijc i mesane venske saturacije u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Dosli srno do zakljucka da je intravenska primcna quinaprilata (doza 0,5 mg/sat) terapija izbora u postope- rativnom lccenje pacijenata sa Iosorn funkcijorn leve kornore (ejckciona frakcija < 30% ). Uvod Dugi niz godina je poznato da srcanu insuficijenciju karakterise aktivacija brojnih neuroendokrinih sistema. Aktivacija neurohormona je "adaptivni" proces tj. odgovor na snizenje minutnog volumena srca i pokusaj odrzavanja sistemskog krvnog pritiska. Odrzavanje cirkulatorne homeostaze slicno je kao i pri gubitku volumena, iako je cirkulatorni volumen povisen kod bolesnika sa srcanom insuficijencijom [I]. Dolazi do aktivacije sirnpatickog nervnog sistema, aktivacije renin-angiotenzin sistema (RAS) i oslobadanja arginin-vazopresina (A VP). Stepen neuroendokrine aktivacije je veoma razlicit ali postoji jasna postepenost u evoluciji od disfunkcije leve komore do manifestne srcane slabosti. avo je bazirano na cinjenici da se aktivacija javlja veoma rano u toku bolesti (i u asimptomatskom stadijumu) a da terapija inhibitorima angiotenzinkonvertujuceg enzima (ACE) i beta blokatorima ima znacajan koristan efekat na prirodni tok bolesti. Veruje se da brojni vazopresori dominiraju u razvoju srcane insuficijencije, pre svega norepinefrin, angiotenzin II, aldosteron, AVP i endotelin. Takode dolazi do aktivacije vazodilatatora i natriuretskih peptida koji se oslobadaju u pokusaju neutralisanja ekscesivne periferne vazokonstrikcije i retencije vode i soli. Natriuretski peptidi su atrijalni natriuretski faktor (ANF), mozdani natriuretski peptid (BNP) i adrenomodulin. Nivo prostaglandina je VdlOkoristrtkcqa Al1glotf'I1SlnO~lcn AngiotenSIll I ~~ACE Angiotensin II ~ AnglotPI1Sln receptor Celijski rast Hetencija Na+ i vode Jetra Bubreq P/uca TImID Si rnpaticka aktivnost ANGIOTENZINOGEN ANGIOTENZIN I \.:.J fi\ ct IiWnverii,ra1ucienzlm',' I -----< (klnlnaza :1, ' ANGIOTENZIN II ~~ VAZOKONSTRIKCIJA SEKRECIJA ~ ALDOSr RONA + PERIFERNA +RETENCIJA II,,' I H,O -, vaskularna / REZISTENCA Stika 1. Sistem renin-angiotenzin, kaskada renin-angiotenzin i kalikrein-braclikinin sistema Fig. J. Renine-angiotensine system, renine-angiotensine and calicreine-bradykinine system cascade + TA KININOGEN [,,;;Iikreln,+ I SIIHEZA BRA~N01 PrROSTjAGCANDINA INAKtVNA FORMA VAZODILATACIJA PI:RIFERNA,/ASKULARNA REZISTENCA ~, fa Adresa autora: Dr Ljiljana Lausevic-Vuk, Institut za kardiovaskularne bolcsti "Dedinje", Beograd, Milana Tepica 1, florijan@yubc.net

2 Med Pregl 2008; LXI (9-10): Novi Sad: septembar-oktobar. 513 Skracenice ACE - angiotcnzin-konvertujuci cnzim ANF - atrijalni natriuretski faktor AVP - arginin-vazoprcsin BNP - mozdani natriuretski peptid PDP - pcptidil-dipeptidaza PVR - plucna vaskularna rezistencija RAS - renin-angiotenzin sistem Sa0 2 - sistcmska arterijska saturacija krvi Sv0 - plucna arterijska saturacija krvi - sistcmska vaskularna rezistencija... 2 SVR SISTOLNI ARTERIJSKI PRITISAh: = E START 12h Hh p=o,03 (ISh vs 6h) DIJASTOLNI ARTERIJSKI PRITISAK Kljucnu ulogu u ovom sistemu ima enzim konverzije (peptidil-dipeptidaza, PDP, kininaza II). NjegOY najvazniji supstrat je angiotenzin J kojeg on konvertuje u agiotenzin II, te bradikinin kojeg on inaktivira (Slika 1). U osnovi modernog klinickog pristupa lecenju srcane insuficijencije inhibitori enzima konverzije tj. ACE inhibitori imaju znacajnu ulogu. Tradicionalne terapijske seme: 2D (digitalis + diuretik) iii 3D (digitalis+diuretik+dilatator) napustaju se i ACE inhibitori su postali najvaznija komponenta terapije simptomatske i asimptomatske srcane insuficijencije. Razlog za to je smanjenje morbiditeta i mortaliteta, tj. omogucavanje duzeg i kvalitetnijeg zivota ovih pacijenata [5-7]. Materijal i metode Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo 30 pacijenata koji su u sklopu koronarne bolesti imali losu funkciju leve komore (ejekciona frakcija<30%), a koji su podvrgnuti hiruskoj revaskularizaciji miokarda uz primenu kardiopulmonalnog bajpasa. Ovi pacijenti su primali ACE inhibitor quinaprilat u intravenskoj infuziji u dozi od 0,5 mg/sat tokom 24 sata, putem infuzine pumpe. Kontrolnu grupu cinilo je 40 pacijenata koji su leceni standardnom terapijom: PLL('i\ilKr\1)ILA~'\1 "WEDGE" PRITISAK ISh ~1H';:fr':;~: '; j'~htz~; Heme po or o G_2:1 START 6h 12h OG_2:1 n.s, Slika 2. Signifikantnoxt dcjstva quinaprilata na sistolni arterijski pritisak i nesignifikantnost dejstva quinaprilata na dijastolni arterijski pritisak Fig. 2. Significant effect ofquinaprilat on systolic blood pressure and non-significant effect ofquinaprilat on diastolic blood pressure takode povisen, posebno lokalno u bubregu da bi se odrzala homeostaza bubreznog protoka krvi i intraglomerularni hidraulicki pritisak [2-3]. Poznato je da je RAS aktiviran kod pacijenata sa srcanorn insuficijencijom. Napredovanjem srcane insuficijencije dolazi do znacajnog povisenja cirkulisuceg renina, angiotenzina II i aldosterona. Takode je dokazno prisustvo tkivnog RAS-a koji moze da ima veoma vaznu ulogu u miokardnom i vaskularnom remodelovanju srcanih struktura i da ucestvuje u nastanku ishemicno-reperfuzione ozlede [4]. p=o,ooi (1-411 vs STARr, (ih, Slika 3. Nesignifikantno dejstvo quinaprilata na plucni kapilarni pritisak i znacajan porast minutnog volumena srca pod dejstvom quinaprilata Fig. 3. Non-significant effect ofquinaprilat on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and significant rise ill cardiac output aftel' administration ofquinaprilat

3 514 Lausevic-Vuk Lj. Intravenska primena ACE-inhibitora Oopamin+Nitroprusid. Grupe su podeljene metodom slucajnog izbora. Svi pacijenti su imali izveden kompletan invazivni hemodinamicki monitoring (punkcija a. radialis, puncija v.jugularis internae iii v. subclavie i plasiranje Swan-Ganzovog katetera 1I arteriju pulmonalis), Analiza je obuhvatila sledece parametre: Srcana frekvencija, sistolni arterijski pritisak, dijastolni arterijski pritisak, centralni venski pritisak, sistolni pritisak 1I plucnoj arteriji, dijastolni pritisak 1I plucnoj arteriji, plucni kapilarni wedge pritisak, minutni volumen srca, sistemska arterijska saturacija krvi (SaO~), plucna arterijska saturacija krvi (SvO~), srcani indeks, indeks rada leve komore, sistemska vaskularna rezistencija (SVR), plucna vaskularna rezistencija (PVR). Sva merenja Sll izvrsena u stanju dinamicke ravnoteze, tj. da frekvencija pulsa ne odstupa vise od 5 udara u minuti, 1I vremenskim intervalima od 6 sati u toku 24 sata. Rezultati Nakon standardne statisticke obrade podataka dosli smo do sledecih rezultata: I. Nesignifikantan efekat quinaprilata na srcanu frekvenciju u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. ;\11'\ I lsi VOLlI\IF'\ SJ{(' \ dijastolni pritisak u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (Slika 2). 3. Nesignifikantna razlika u efektu qunaprilata 1I odnosu na kontrolnu grupu na plucni kapilarni wedge pritisak. 4. Znacajan porast minutnog volumena pri aplikaciji quinaprilata (Slika 3). 5. Nesignifikantan uticaj quinaprilata na plucnu arterijsku saturaciju kiseonikom. 6. Srcani indeks i indeks rada leve komore srca znacajno Sll u porastu (Slika 4). 7. Plucna vaskularna rezistencija znacajno se redukuje pod dejstvom quinaprilata, a nema razlike 1I sistemskoj vaskularnoj rezistenciji 1I odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (Slika 5). SVI{ =z=..: / vrerne po OP DG 2:1 n.s. If; PVR p<o,ol ( vs START, 6h, 12h) ISSW) a:..; :..; ~ 1.5!.': START 6h i2h OG_2:1 0.5; o START 6h 12h 2411 'Heme po 0 P START h rd \.lj12 ( vs (lh, J2h) Stika 4. Znacajno PO\ ecanje indcksa udarnog rada leve komore, kao i srcanog indeksa pod dejstvom quinaprilata Fig. 4. Significant increase ofleft ventricular stroke work index, as well as cardiac index after administration ofquinaprilat 2. Signifikantan efekat istog medikamenta na sistolni arterijski pritisak, bez bitnijeg uticaja na ISh -1 vrerne po or o G.).:l p=0,033 ( vs 6h) Slika 5. Nesignifikantno smanjcnje sistemskc vaskularne rczistencije i signifikantno smanjenje plucne vaskularne rczistencije Fig. 5. Non-significant decrease ofsystemic vascular resistance and significant decrease ofpulmonary vascular resistance Diskusija Jedna od glavnih indikacija za upotrebu ACE inhibitora jeste lecenje srcane insuficijencije i njena prevencija. To je dokazano u brojnim velikim studijama kao sto su: CONSENSUS, SOLVO, VHEFT II, SAVE, AIRE, ISIS-IV, QUO VADIS, IMAG INE, QUIET i druge [8-1 OJ. Osnovna je zamisao ovih studija da ACE inhibicija srnanjuje mortalitet, stopu hospitalizacije, infarkt i reinfarkt miokarda kod svih pacijenata sa

4 Med Preg12008; LXI (9-10): Novi Sad: septembar-oktobar. 515 srcanom insuficijencijom bez obzira na etiologiju. Posebnu paznju je privukla TREND studija u kojoj je pokazano da hronicna peroralna primena quinaprilata pored uloge u rernodelovanju leve komore dovodi i do reverzije endotelijalne disfunkcije. Pokazana je mogucnost da se ACE inhibitori mogu koristiti ne sarno II lecenju pacijenata sa srcanom insuficijencijom, vee i u njenoj prevenciji, sto je i bio predmet naseg istrazivanja [11-13]. Nase analize nedvosmisleno ukazuju na izuzetno povoljne hemodinamicke efekte prilikom intravenske primene quinaprilata II "osarnucenom" miokardu posle revaskularizacije miokarda i primene kardiopulmonalnog bajpasa. Velike epidemioloske studije dokazuju da srcana insuficijencija ima progresivan tok, tendcnciju pogorsanja i losu prognozu. Cilj lecenja ovog sindroma nije sarno poboljsanje funkcije leve komore vee i suprimiranje aktivacije perifernih i miokardnih kompenzatornih mehanizama. Izuzetne hemodinamicke efekte u parenteralnoj primeni ACE inhibitora quinaprilata u lecenju srcane insuficijencije nalaze i drugi autori vee gdoine [14]. Po nalazima vecine autora ACE inhibitori znacajno smanjuju mortalitet kod pacijenata u svim fazama srcane insuficijencije, od asirnptomatske disfunkcije leve komore do teskih simptomatskih oblika [15]. Hernodinarnicke posledice supresije neurohumoralnih mehanizama su sistemske i regionalne. Sistemski hernodinamicki efekti ogledaju se II smanjenju sistemske i pulmonalne vaskularne rezistencije, smanjenju sistemskog arterijskog pritiska, smanjenju plucnog arterijskog pritiska, zatim povecanju udarnog i minutnog volumena srca i smanjenju stresa desne i leve komore srca. Regi- onalni hemodinamicki efekti su: povecanje protoka krvi kroz bubrege i smanjenje potrosnje kiseonika u miokardu [16-18]. Nasi rezuitati primene ACE inhibitora su potpuno u skladu sa nalazima koji Sll do sada prikazani i objavljeni u medicinskoj literaturi. Zakljucak U prevencij i nastanka srcane insuficijencije kod pacijenata sa losom funkcijorn leve komore (ejekciona frakcija<30%) podvrgnutih hiruskoj revaskularizaciji miokarda uz primenu kardiopulmonalnog bajpasa postigli smo najbolje efekte parenteralnom primenom quinaprilata. Quinaprilat u kontinuiranoj intravenskoj infuziji, uz primenu infuzione pumpe, u dozi od 0,5 mg/sat izaziva umeren pad arterijskog pritiska, zadovoljavajuci pad sistemske vaskularne rezistencije kao i pad plucne vaskularne rezistencije, a u isto vreme dovodi do povecanja minutnog volumena srca, srcanog indeksa kao i povecanja vrednosti mesane venske saturacije, sto se rnoze smatrati pozitivnim hernodinamickim efektom. U standardnoj terapiji i primeni Na-nitroprusida potreban je veliki oprez zbog brzih hemodinarnickih efekata, a poznati toksicni efekti ogranicavaju njegovu primenu. Literatura I. Katz AM. Cardiomiopathy of overload. N Engl.I Med 1990;322: I00-1O. 2. Kaye DM, Lcfkovitz.I, Jennings Cit, Bergin P, Broughton A, Elser MID. Adverse consequences of high sympathetic nervous activity in the failing human heart. J Am Coli Cardiol 1995;26: Tsuruoka S, Kitoh Y, Kawaguchi A, Sugimoto K, Hayasaka T, Saito T, et al. Clearance of imidapril: an Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor, during hemodialysis in hypertensive renal failure patients: comparison with quinapril and enalapril..i Clin Pharmacol 2007;47(2): Braunwald E, Colluci WS, Grossman W. Clinical aspects of heart failure: high output failure: pulmonary edema. In: Braunwald heart disease: a text book of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia: WB Sounders Company; p Kobaladze NI, Tsibadze TA, lakobashvili MA, Tabidze GA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment of heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Georgian Med News 2005;( ):41-4. (Russian). 6. Nikolic-Heitzler V, Planinc D. Zatajivanje insuficijencija srca. U: Vrhovac B, Bakran I, Granic M, Jaksic B, Labar B, Vucelic B. Interna medicina. Zagreb: Naprijed; str Opie LJ-I, ed. Drugs for the heart. 4 th cd. Philadelphia: WB Sounders Co; Ostojic M. Srcana insuficijencija i princip terapije. U: Kazic T, Zdravkovic M. Klinicka kardiovaskularna farmakologija. Beograd: Integra; str Ostojic M. Evolucija nasih saznanja 0 primeni inhibitora angiotenzin konvertujuceg enzirna. XII Kongres kardiologa Jugoslavije, Herceg Novi jun Beograd: Udruzcnje kardiologa Jugoslavije; SOLVD investigators. The effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. N Engl Med 1992;327: II. AIRE Study Investigators: Acute infarction ramipril efficacy: effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342:82 I Pitt B, O'Neil B, Feldman R, Ferari R, Schwartz I, Mudra H, et al. The QUinalaprl Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET): evolution of chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function. Am J CardioI2001;88(11): Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabet II Health Science Centre. Clinical data: AVERT and QUO VADIS. Can.I Cardiol 2000; 16(Suppl E):32 E-35 E. 14. Oosterga M, Voors AA, Pinto YM, Buikema H, Grandjean JG, Kingma LH, et al. Effects of quinapril on clinical outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting (the QUO VADIS Study) QUinapril on vascular ace and determinants of ischemia. Am.l Cardiol 2001;87(5):542-6.

5 516 Lausevic-Vuk Lj. Intravenska primena ACE-inhibitora 15. Mitrovic V, Mudra H, Benzel T, Schmidt W, Schlepper M. Hemodynamic and humoral effects of parenteral therapy with intravenously administrated ACE inhibitor quinaprilat in patients with advanced heart failure. Z Kardiol 1996;85(11): Parmley WW. Evolution of angiotenzin converting enzyme inhibition in hypertension, heart failure and vascular protection. Am J Med 1998; 105(Suppl):27s-31s. 17. van Haelst PL, Tervaert JW, van Gcel PP, Vccger N.J. Gurne O. Gans RO, et al. Long term angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibition in patients alter coronary artery bypass grafting reduces levels of solubilc intercellular cell adhesion molecule-i. Eur J Vase Endovasc Surg (4): Kieback AG, Grohmann A, Bauman (i, Felix SB. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous quinaprilat in comparison to sodium nitroprusside in patients with chronic heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005;46(4): Summary Introduction Our study was designed to explore the hemodynamic effects of intravenous administration of ACE-inhibitor quinaprilat in comparison with standard inotropic-vasodilator therapy. Patients with poor left ventricularfunction following coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery were examined. Materials andmethods Thirty patients with poor left ventricular function (EF<30 % ) following CABG surgery with use of cardiopulmonaly bypass were examined. Fourty patients were control group. All patients had complete invasive hemodynamic monitoring. The ACE-inhibitor quinaprilat O.5mg/h was administered intravenously via infusion pump. The following parameters were analyzed: arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, heart rate.cardiac output, cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work index and the level of mixedvenous oxygen saturation. Results The results afoul' study were as follows: Cardiac output, cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work index were significantly increased in comparison to the control group. Systemic arterial systolic pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were decreased and there was no significant difference in systemic vascular resistance, mixed venous oxygen saturation, heart rate and diastolic Mood pressure in comparison to the control group. Discussion Our results pointed at very satisfactory hemodynamic effects oj' quinaprilat on "stunned myocardium ". (iftel' CA Be; surgery. The ACE inhibitors greatly reduce mortality in patients in all stages of heart failure, from asymptomatic dysfunction of the left ventricle to severe symptomatic stages. Conclusion In prevention ofheartfailure in patients with impaired left ventricle [unction (1,// F<30%), who had undergone CABC; surgery with use ofcardiopulmonaly bypass, we achieved the best effects on the hemodynamics with parenteral administration of quinaprilat. Key words: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Heart Failure: Myocardial Revascularization: Hemodynamics Rad je primljen 8. IX Prihvacen za stampu 28. VII BIBLID, :(2008):LXI:9-10:

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