MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT RELATED TO SEX AND AGE. Miharu MIYAMURA and Yoshiyuki HONDA
|
|
- Samuel Dawson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Jap. J. Physiol., 23, , 1973 MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT RELATED TO SEX AND AGE Miharu MIYAMURA and Yoshiyuki HONDA Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan Summary Maximum cardiac output (Qmax) was determined for 233 males (aged 9 through 53 years) and 102 females (aged 9 through 20 years) by the carbon dioxide rebreathing technique during bicycle exercise. Maximum cardiac output of the males progressively increased from 12.5 to 22.0 liter/min until age 17 through 18 years and was maintained at this level until age 24 years. From age 25 years a decrease in Qmax to 16.7 liter/min by age 53 years was observed. Qmax of the females increased from a level of 10.5 liter/min at age 9 years to a Qmaximum of 15.5 liter/min at age 18 years, maintaining this level through age 20 years. Male Qmax for comparable ages above 18 years was 30 % higher than female Qmax. Using the average Qmax value of males of years as an optimum value, the decrement in Qmax with each year was approximately 0.9 %. The aerobic work capacity (maximum oxygen intake; 102.a.) of humans is known to decrease with increasing years from an optimum age (ROBINSON, 1939; ASTRAND, 1960; IKAI et al., 1970). Oxygen intake is strongly related to cardiac output and one of the limitations in oxygen intake must be in the circulatory ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles. Unfortunately, data regarding the determination of cardiac output at VO2max have previously been reported for only a limited number of subjects representative of a narrow range in ages. Furthermore, data regarding the Qmax of females are limited. Therefore, this study was designed to systematically investigate the effect of increasing age, from 9 through 53 years, on Qmaximum cardiac output for males, and from 9 through 20 years for females. It was anticipated that such a study would define the role played by the cardiac output in the age-related decrease in maximum aerobic capacity and add to knowledge of the progressive increase in aerobic capacity of males and females during the developmental process of puberty. Received for publication September 3,
2 646 M. MIYAMURA and Y. HONDA METHODS The subjects studied were normal healthy males (n=233) and females (n= 102) ranging in age from 9 through 53 years for males and from 9 through 20 years for females. Their anthropometric data are shown in Table 1. Exercise was carried out using an incremental loading technique in a bicycle ergometer (Monark, Sweden), and the pedaling rate was kept constant at 60 rpm and timed with a metronome. All subjects were made to perform a preliminary test on the ergometer to accustom themselves to the procedure as well as to determine the work load for exhaustion within the proper work period. For this purpose, the preliminary test beginning with the properly assumed work load was performed until the near maximal load for exhaustion. Based on this preliminary test, the initial work load for each individual was chosen so that the subject could work 4-8 min before exhaustion. After 2 min pedaling with constant load ( kg-m/min), the work intensity was increased by 180 kg-m/min once every minute up to exhaustion. In some subjects, who appeared to have nearly reached exhaustion until the 3rd minute of work, the work load was kept constant until exhaustion. Maximum oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output were determined by the Douglas bag technique: Expired gas was collected in the bag every minute until exhaustion. The diameter of the connecting tube was 33 mm. To collect expired gas from children, we used a modified respiratory face mask, which was adjusted to the small size of the subjects. The inner diameter (28 mm) was also a little smaller than the respiratory valve used for adults. The volume of collected gas was measured by a dry or wet gasometer, and gas analysis was performed with the Scholander micro-gas analyzer. Cardiac output was determined by the CO2 rebreathing technique (JERNERUS et al., 1963): The partial pressure of CO2 in the artery (PaCO2)was estimated from the mean of two partial pressures of CO2 in the alveolar (PACO2) values measured with an Infrared CO2 analyzer (Beckman, LB-1) at the point of maximal expiration. The partial pressure of CO2 in the mixed venous blood (PvCO2)was estimated by rebreathing a CO2 in O2 gas mixture, a method which was devised by KLAUSEN (1965). The measurements of PACO2 and CO2 rebreathing were completed within 15 sec after exhaustion. From the Pa", and PVCO2 thus obtained the values of the content of CO2 in the arterial blood (CaCO2) and in the mixed venous blood (CVCO2) were read on a standard CO2 dissociation curve. Heart rate was calculated from the cardiometer recording measured for 15 sec immediately after exhaustion. RESULTS Table 1 summarizes average values and standard deviations for body height,
3 MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT 647
4 648 M. MIYAMURA and Y. HONDA body weight, maximum cardiac output (Qmax), maximum cardiac output per kilogram of body weight (Qmax/W), maximum heart rate (HRmax), stroke volume (SV), arterior-venous oxygen difference ((a-v)o2d), maximum oxygen intake (VO2max), and maximum oxygen intake per kilogram of body weight (VO2max/W) obtained for the different age ranges of both male and female subjects. Individual values for maximum cardiac output, maximum cardiac output per kilogram of Fig. 1. Relationship between maximum cardiac output (Qmax) and age in the male. Fig. 2. Relationship between maximum cardiac output per kilogram of body weight (Qmax/W) and age in the male.
5 MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT 649 Fig. 3. Relationship between maximum heart rate (HRmax, upper) and stroke volume (SV, lower), and age in the male. body weight, maximum heart rate, and stroke volume in the male subjects are presented in Figs. 1 through 3. There was a considerable variation in all measured variables among the subjects of the same age as shown in these figures. This tendency was also seen in females. In the female subjects, maximum cardiac output, maximum cardiac output per kilogram of body weight, stroke volume, and maximum oxygen intake were generally lower than in the male, though no apparent difference was seen in the maximum heart rate between the sexes. The average maximum cardiac output increased with advancing age until ado-
6 650 M. MIYAMURA and Y. HONDA lescence in both sexes. In the male, maximum cardiac output progressively increased until years (22.0 liter/min), then was maintained at a plateau level until years and from years decreased successively with increasing age. It was 16.9 liter/min at years old. On the other hand, in the female, it increased until years (15.0 liter/min), then remained unchanged until maturity. When maximum cardiac output was compared between the male and female subjects, the value of the former in adult age is higher by approximately 30% than that of the latter, while maximum cardiac output of the age range is nearly the same in both sex groups. Average maximum cardiac output per kilogram of body weight decreased gradually with advancing age in both male and female subjects. That is, it decreased from 416 ml/kg min of 9-10 years to 279 ml/kg min of years in the male, and from 339 ml/kg min of 9-10 years to 308 ml/kg min of years, in the female. The difference between the sexes was about 15% lower in the female adult. The average maximum heart rate gradually decreased with advancing age in the male subjects. The average stroke volume showed a tendency similar to those of both maximum cardiac output and maximum oxygen intake in both sex groups. It increased from 66 ml at 9-10 years to 120 ml at years, then decreased with advancing age in the males. In the case of females, average storoke volume increased remarkably from 57 ml at 9-10 years to 79 ml at years, and was maintained at approximately the same level until maturity. Table 2 summarizes statistical data of the relationship between body weight, body height, maximum cardiac output, and maximum oxygen intake. As seen from this table, close correlations were found between cardiac output and other variables, and the values of the correlation coefficients were seen to be significant at the P<0.001 level. DISCUSSION The adaptive capacity of the cardio-respiratory function for maximal and submaximal exercise seems to be different at different ages. Several investigations have independently been carried out to observe the exercise response in children (SHEPHARD et al., 1969; ANDERSON and GODFREY, 1971; BAR-OR et al., 1971), in young people (HANSON and TABAKIN, 1965; STENBERG et al., 1966; DOUGLAS and BECKLAKE, 1968; EKBLOM et al., 1968; HERMANSEN, 1970; FAULKNER et al., 1971; DIXON and FAULKNER, 1971), and in older subjects (HARTLEY et al., 1969). However, comparative studies of the maximum cardiac output in broad age groups are rare. BECKLAKE et al. (1965) reported data on cardiac output during submaximal exercise in a broad range of ages, and HANSON et al. (1968) and JULIUS et al. (1967) studied maximum cardiac output between the ages of 20 to 60. In the previous reports by IKAI and MIYAMURA (1970), maximum
7 MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT 651 Table 2. Relationship between body weight(w), body hight(h), maximum cardiac output(qmax) and maximum oxygen intake(vo2max) each other. M1, Male subjects under 20 years; M2, subjects older than 20 years; F, female subjects. cardiac output related to sex and age was measured in either maximal treadmill or bicycle ergometer exercises. However, we found recently that cardiac output during maximal treadmill exercise was higher than during maximal bicycle exercise, and this difference was statistically significant(miyamura and HONDA, 1972). Therefore, in the present study the maximum cardiac output was measured only in bicycle exercise. In examining the 233 males and 102 females reported here, we noticed the change in maximum cardiac output with advancing age. However, as to whether or not we could measure the real maximum cardiac output in this experiment, two problems should be considered: One is the methodological problem, and the other is the definition of "maximum cardiac output." We measured cardiac output by the CO2 rebreathing technique. However, the reliability of this method which was developed only recently may be questioned by some. It is well known that the most reliable methods for measuring cardiac output are the direct Fick or the indicator dilution methods. If, however, these methods are attempted during strenous exercise, their use is restricted to a limited type of exercise. As described by BAR-OR et al.(1971), the CO, rebreathing technique is a bloodless method, requires neither much cooperative effort of the subject nor close medical
8 652 M. MIYAMURA and Y. HONDA supervision, and can be performed in field work. MAGEL and ANDERSEN(1968) also showed the advantages of the CO2 method-it is easily applicable and can be repeated during exercise without blood sampling. SATOH et al.(1968) found a high correlation between the results by the CO2 rebreathing method and by the direct Fick method, the correlation coefficient being 0.908, P<0.01 in resting normal subjects. Furthermore, FERGUSON et al.(1968) found good correlation (r=0.86) and no significant difference between cardiac outputs obtained by the CO2 method and dye-dilution methods conducted during heavy exercise. In respect to the difinition of "maximum cardiac output," it may be questioned whether the cardiac output measured by the method of this study revealed the real "maximum cardiac output." According to ASTRAND et al.(1964), HOLM- GREN(1967), and DOUGLAS and BECKLAKE(1968), the cardiac output measured at the time of the maximum oxygen intake seems to deal as the maximum cardiac output. The VO2max is usually obtained during the exercise when the subjects become exhausted. The value of cardiac output, thus obtained in the present study, is considered to be the "maximum cardiac output." The above authors also determined the maximum cardiac output in a similar way. Furthermore, according to the experiment of OUELLET et al.(1969), cardiac output and oxygen intake increased linearly with the severity of work, and reached a plateau at nearly the same level of work load. Therefore, our subjects, who became exhausted during 4-8 min maximal work and should have reached maximum oxygen intake, were assumed to reveal maximum cardiac output in this experiment. Table 3 presents the mean and standard deviation(sd) of cardiac output and other physiological parameters in normal subjects of around 20 years old during maximal exercise ; these are data hitherto reported by many investigators. As has been emphasized before, there are differences in physiological responses to stress depending upon the type of ergometry employed. It should also be noted that maximum cardiac output was determined by the maximal bicycle exercise in the present study, and such maximum cardiac output may have lower values than those determined during maximal treadmill exercise. However, when compared with the data in Table 3, the present results are approximately the same or slightly lower. Our results might be due partly to the fact that almost all of our subjects were participating until adolescence in extracurricular physical activities. However, maximum cardiac output per kilogram of body weight is a little higher than reported by others. This discrepancy seems to be due partly to the.difference in body weight-our subjects were less heavy than those in other investigationsbecause there is a close correlation between maximum cardiac output and body weight, as can be seen in Table 2. The data on arterio-venous oxygen content difference((a-v)o2d) are lower than those of ERIKSSON et al.(1971) and HARTLEY et al.(1969). Two reasons can be considered: The first is the method of work loading. FAULKNER et al. (1971) and we(1972) found higher(a-v)o2d during maximal treadmill exercise
9 MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT 653
10 654 M. MIYAMURA and Y. HONDA than cycling, and this difference was statistically significant. Therefore, the (a- v)o2d in the present bicycle experiment would be lower than that in the treadmill exercise. The second reason is related to the CO, dissociation curve. As is well known, hemoglobin concentration increases with excercise, and the slope of the CO2 dissociation curve will be steeper during exercise. When taking account of the data on the Pco2 Cco2 relationship at different Hb concentrations reported by MCHARDY (1967), (V-a )CO2D should have increased by several percent in our exercise experiment. If this is the case, cardiac output will be several percent lower than reported in our data. However, measurement of cardiac output during maximal exercise by the CO2 technique conducted by so far previous investigators has been carried out with (v-a)co2d read on the standard CO2 dissociation curve. Furthermore, FERGUSON et al. (1968), as mentioned above, found good correlation and no significant difference between cardiac output obtained by the CO2 method based on the standard CO2 dissociation curve and the dye-dilution method conducted during heavy exercise. The low (a-v )O2D of children and females are unexplainable, but it may perhaps be due to the technique in work loading. We used a bicycle ergometer with incremental loading for all subjects. The work load was increased by 180 kg-m/min in every minute after 2 min pedaling with constant load ( kg-m/min). This magnitude of increment in work load seemed sometimes to be too great for these children and females. Therefore, they might not have accomplished their full physical activity before exhaustion because they failed to follow the pedaling rate within the rather short period after the step increase of the work load. Maximum cardiac output in the male is approximately 30% higher than in the female. This difference appeared to be almost the same magnitude as that reported by ASTRAND et al. (1964). This difference may be due not only to the differences in body weight, total blood volume, and heart volume, but also to the superior cardiac output function in the male. As shown in Figs. 1 through 3, there is a considerable variation in all variables among subjects of the same age. It appears that the relative contributions of stroke volume and heart rate to the increased cardiac output during exercise can vary considerably from subject to subject. Average maximum cardiac output increased with age until adolescence in both male and female subjects. In the males over the age of 25 years, it successively decreased with age. BRANDFON- BRENER et al. (1955) have reported that cardiac output in resting and recumbent states declined at the rate of approximately 1% per year and that during exercise cardiac output gradually decreased with age for any given work load. As shown in Table 1, when maximum cardiac output at years is taken as 100%, that at years is calculated to be 75%. Therefore, the rate of decrement is maximum cardiac output with age is approximately 0.9% per year. Thus, about the same rate of decrement in both resting cardiac output and exercise maximum
11 MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT 655 cardiac output was observed. PROFANT et al. (1972) reported 0.8% decrement in VO2max per year of age. This figure agrees well with our Qmax mentioned above. As can be seen from Table 1, the decreased maximum cardiac output in the older subjects is due to the decrease in both maximum heart rate and stroke volume. The physiological factors underlying this progressive decrease of maximum heart rate with age are not fully understood. It has been mentioned that the maximum heart rate in children was relatively lower than expected, and this could have been due to too fast an increment of work load for children in the present experiment. This means that higher maximum heart rate might have been obtained if a different loading method, such as the treadmill or ground running was instituted. Similarly, what finally limits maximum stroke volume during maximal exercise in the old subjects could have been ascribed to the combined effect of diminished total blood volume, elevated peripheral vascular resistance, and hypokinesis of cardiac contractility. The authors are greatly indebted to Dr. P. B. Raven and Dr. S. Taguchi for their invaluable discussion and criticisms. REFERENCES ANDERSON, S. D. and GODFREY, S. (1971) Cardio-respiratory response to treadmill exercise in normal children. Clin. Sci., 40: ASTRAND, I. (1960) Aerobic work capacity in emn and women with special reference to age. Acta Physiol. Scand., 49: Suppl. 169; ASTRAND, P. O., CUDDY, T. E., SALTIN, B., and STENBERG, J. (1964) Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. J. Appl. Physiol., 19: BAR-OR, O., SHEPHARD, R. J., and ALLEN, C. L. (1971) Cardiac output of 10- to 13-year-old boys and girls during submaximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 30: BECKLAKE, M. R., FRANK, H., DAGENAIS, G. R., OSTIGUY, G. L., and GUZMAN, C. A. (1965) Influence of age and sex on exercise cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol., 20: BRANDFONBRENER, M., LANDOWNE, M., and SHOCK, N. W. (1955) Changes in cardiac output with age. Circulation, 12: DIXON, R. W. and FAULKNER, J. A. (1971) Cardiac outputs during maximum effort running and swimming. J. Appl. Physiol., 30: DOUGLAS, F. G. V. and BECKLAKE, M. R. (1968) Effect of seasonal training on maximal cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol., 25: EKBLOM, B., ASTRAND, P. O., SALTIN, B., STENBERG, J., and WALLSTROM, B. (1968) Effect of training on circulatory response to exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 24: ERIKSSON, B. O., GRIMBY, G., and SALTIN, B. (1971) Cardiac output and arterial blood gases during exercise in pubertal boys. J. Appl. Physiol., 31: FAULKNER, J. A., ROBERT, D. E., ELK, R. L., and CONWAY, J. (1971) Cardiovascular responses to submaximum and maximum effort cycling and running. J. Appl. Physiol., 30: FERGUSON, R. J., FAULKNER, J. A., JULIUS, S., and CONWAY, J. (1968) Comparison of cardiac output determined by CO2 rebreathing and dye-dilution methods. J. Appl. Physiol., 25: HANSON, J. S. and TABAKIN, B. S. (1965) Comparison of the circulatory response to upright
12 656 M. MIYAMURA and Y. HONDA exercise in 25 normal men and 9 distance runners. Brit. Heart J., 27: HANSON, J. S., TABAKIN, B. S., and LEVY, A. M. (1968) Comparative exercise-cardiorespiratory performance of normal men in the third, fourth, and fifth decades of life. Circulation, 37: HARTLEY, L. H., GRIMBY, G., KILBOM, A., NILSSON, N. J., ASTRAND, I., BJURE, J., EKBLOM, B., and SALTIN, B. (1969) Physiological training in sedantary middle-aged and older men. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 24: HERMANSEN, L., EKBLOM, B., and SALTIN, B. (1970) Cardiac output submaximal and maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 29: HOLMGREN, A. (1967) Cardiorespiratory determinants of cardiovascular fitness. Canad. Med. Ass. J., 96: IKAI, M. and MIYAMURA, M. (1970) Maximum cardiac output in ordinary Japanese related to sex and age. Res. J. Phys. Educ., 14: (in Japanese). IKAI, M., SHINDO, M., and MIYAMURA, M. (1970) Aerobic work capacity of Japanese people. Res. J. Phys. Educ., 14: JERNERUS, R., LUNDIN, C., and THOMSON, D. (1963) Cardiac output healthy subjects determined with a CO2 rebreathing method. Acta Physiol. Scand., 59: Juuus, S., AMERY, A., WHITLOCK, L. S., and CONWAY, J. (1967) Influence of age on the hemodynamic response to exercise. Circulation, 36: KLAUSEN, K. (1965) Comparison of CO2 rebreathing and acethylene methods for cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol., 20: MAGEL, J. R. and ANDERSEN, K. L. (1968) Cardiac output in muscular exercise measured by the CO2 rebreathing procedure. In Ergometry in Cardiology, ed. by DENOLIN, H. et al. Symposium organized by European Soc. Cardiol., Mannheim, Boehinger, pp MCHARDY, G. J. R. and GODFREY, S. (1967) The relationship between the difference in pressure and content of carbon dioxide in arterial and venous blood. Clin. Sci., 32: MIYAMURA, M. and HONDA, Y. (1972) Oxygen intake and cardiac output during maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 32: OUELLET, Y., POH, S. C., and BECKLAKE, M. R. (1969) Circulatory factors limiting maximal aerobic exercise capacity. J. Appl. Physiol., 27: PROFANT, G. R., EARLY, R. G., NILSON, K. L., KUSUMI, F., HOFER, V., and BRUCE, R. A. (1972) Responses to maximal exercise in healthy middle-aged women. J. Appl. Physiol., 33: PUGH, L. G. C. E. (1964) Cardiac output in muscular exercise at 5,800m (19,000 ft). J. Appl. Physiol., 19: ROBINSON, S. (1939) Experimental studies of physical fitness in relation to age. Arbeitsphysiologie, 10: SATOH, T., IwAmoTo, M., and OYAMA, Y. (1968) Determination of cardiac output by rebreathing method; with special reference to its reliability and merit in clinical use. Jap. Circ. J., 32: SHEPHARD, R. J., BAR-OR, A. O., DAVIES, C. T. M., DEGRE, S., HEDMAN, R., ISHII, K., KANEKO, M., LACOUR, J. R., PRAMPERO, P. E., and SELIGER, V. (1969) The capacity of Tronto schoolchildren. Canad. Med. Ass. J., 100: STENBERG, J. B., EKBLOM, B., and MESSIN, R. (1966) Hemodynamic response to work at simulated altitude, 4,000 m. J. Appl. Physiol., 21:
Comparative Study of Maximum Aerobic Capacity by Three Ergometries in Untrained College Women. Satlpatl CHATTERJEE and Bandana
Japanese Journal of Physiology, 36, 151-162, 1986 Comparative Study of Maximum Aerobic Capacity by Three Ergometries in Untrained College Women Satlpatl CHATTERJEE and Bandana CHAKRAVARTI Sports and Exercise
More informationAN ERGOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AGE GROUP SWIMMERS
20 Brit J. Sports Med. - Vol. 15, No. 1, March 1981, pp. 20-26 AN ERGOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AGE GROUP SWIMMERS N. ARMSTRONG, BEd, MSc* and B. DAVIES, PhD** *Senior Lecturer, Movement Science Laboratory, City
More informationA review of the stroke volume response to upright exercise in healthy subjects
190 REVIEW A review of the stroke volume response to upright exercise in healthy subjects C A Vella, R A Robergs... Br J Sports Med 2005;39:190 195. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.013037 Traditionally, it has
More informationCARDIO-RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE IN NORMAL CHILDREN
Clinical Science (1971) 40, 419431. CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE IN NORMAL CHILDREN S. GODFREY, C. T. M. DAVIES, E. WOZNIAK AND CAROLYN A. BARNES Institute of Diseases of the Chest, London, and
More informationHEART RATE PREDICTIONS OF EXERCISE INTENSITY DURING ARM, LEG AND COMBINED ARM/LEG EXERCISE
J. Human Ergol., 10: 151-160, 1981 HEART RATE PREDICTIONS OF EXERCISE INTENSITY DURING ARM, LEG AND COMBINED ARM/LEG EXERCISE Kiyokazu KITAMURA, Keiji YAMAJI, and Roy J. SHEPHARD Laboratory for Exercise
More informationCHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter discussed and interpreted the results of the study presented in the previous chapters. It is concluded in three parts. The first part
More informationeffects of haematocrit reduction in patients with
Br HeartJ7 1980; 44: 584-8 Haemodynamic effects of haematocrit reduction in patients with polycythaemia secondary to cyanotic congenital heart disease P J OLDERSHAW, M G ST JOHN SUTTON From the Department
More informationCardio-pulmonary Characteristics during Land
Cardio-pulmonary Characteristics during Land and Swimming Exercise Takeo NOMURA School of Education Akita University Abstract Cardio-pulmonary response was compared in nine American swimmers (18-21 year)
More informationGender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise. Samaria K. Cooper. Ball State University
Gender Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Samaria K. Cooper Ball State University School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science Advanced Physiology 493s1 Dr. Anthony D. Mahon 6 December
More informationreported a considerably greater rate of blood lactate
4 Brit J. Sports Med. - Vol. 17 No. 1, March 1983, pp. 4-45 s ~~~~~EFFECT BLOOD OFLACTATE PHYSICALDISAPPEARANCE CONDITIONING ON g AFTER SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE Blanche W. EVANS, EdD and K. J. CURETON, PhD
More information(Astrand and Saltin 1961, Balke 1963, Cooper 1968,
24 Brit.J.Sports Med.: 1979, 13, 24-28 A STUDY OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE AND HEART RATE DURING WORK AND RECOVERY AS MEASURED ON CYCLE ERGOMETER ON NATIONAL INDIAN SPORTSMEN S. K. VERMA,1 MSc, L. S. SIDHU,2
More informationcardiac output and V02 have been observed to maintain a linear relationship during graded cycle ergometry
204 U- K. Niemela Brit. J. Sports Med. - Vol. 14, No. 4, December 1980, pp. 204-209 I. Palatsi J. Takkunen THE OXYGEN UPTAKE - WORK-OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP OF RUNNERS DURING GRADED CYCLING EXERCISE: SPRINTERS
More informationPathophysiology Department
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE - PLOVDIV Pathophysiology Department 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd. Tel. +359 32 602311 Algorithm for interpretation of submaximal exercise tests in children S. Kostianev 1, B. Marinov
More informationCircadian variation in physiological responses to exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer.
British Journal of ndustrial Medicine, 1975, 32, 110-114 Circadian variation in physiological responses to exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer C. T. M. DAVS and A. J. SARGANT MRC nvironmental Physiology
More informationMAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance
MAXIMAL AEROBIC POWER (VO 2max /VO 2peak ) Application to Training and Performance Presented by Coaching and Sports Science Division of the United States Olympic Committee Revised July 2004 MAXIMAL AEROBIC
More informationContent Display. - Introduction to Unit 4. Unit 4 - Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise : Lesson 1. KINE xxxx Exercise Physiology
Content Display Unit 4 - Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise : Lesson KINE xxxx Exercise Physiology 5 Unit 4 - Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise Lesson U4LP - Introduction to Unit 4 The specific
More informationDisparities in ventilatory and circulatory responses
British Heart journal, I974, 36, 377-382. Disparities in ventilatory and circulatory responses to bicycle and treadmill exercise1 Manfred Niederberger,2 Robert A. Bruce, Fusako Kusumi, and Shirley Whitkanack
More informationSteven S. Saliterman, MD, FACP
Ashley Wagner, Sochi 2014 www.gotceleb.com Steven S. Saliterman, MD, FACP Adjunct Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota http://saliterman.umn.edu/ Aerobic (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
More informationMALLEABILITY OF THE SYSTEM IN OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS: FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
J. exp. Biol. 115,345-354 (1985) 345 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 MALLEABILITY OF THE SYSTEM IN OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS: FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS BYB. SALTIN August Krogh Institute,
More informationBETWEEN SUBJECTS DIFFERING IN BODY WEIGHT. By
Q. Jl exp. Phy8iol. (1969) 54, 211-222 HUMAN CARDIOPULMONARY RESPONSES TO EXERCISE: COMPARISONS BETWEEN PROGRESSIVE AND STEADY STATE EXERCISE, BETWEEN ARM AND LEG EXERCISE, AND BETWEEN SUBJECTS DIFFERING
More informationFractional Utilization of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Children 6 to 8 Years of Age
PEDIATRIC EXERCISE SCIENCE, 1989,1, 271-277 Fractional Utilization of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Children 6 to 8 Years of Age Gary S. Krahenbuhl, Robert P. Pangrazi, William J. Stone, Don W. Morgan, and
More informationPrediction of Stroke Volume During Upper and Lower Body Exercise in Men and Women
713 Prediction of Stroke Volume During Upper and Lower Body Exercise in Men and Women Yagesh N. Bhambhani, PhD ABSTRACT. Bhambhani YN. Prediction of stroke volume during upper and lower body exercise in
More informationMetabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14079610 Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises Article in Medicine & Science
More informationSupport Responses of the Cardiovascular System to Exercise
Support Responses of the Cardiovascular System to Exercise Part I ELIZABETH H. LITTELL, PhD Exercise can be sustained only if there is increased blood flow to those tissues with increased metabolic needs.
More informationThe Effect of Body Orientation on Cycling Performance
The College at Brockport: State University of New York Digital Commons @Brockport Kinesiology, Sport Studies and Physical Education Faculty Publications Kinesiology, Sport Studies and Physical Education
More informationTitle : Adaptation to exercise
Title : Adaptation to exercise Teacher: Magdalena Gibas MD PhD Coll. Anatomicum, 6 Święcicki Street, Dept. of Physiology I. Exercise physiology 1. The acute and chronic responses to exercise depend upon
More informationComparison of Treadmill and Bicycle Exercise in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure*
Comparison of Treadmill and Bicycle Exercise in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure* Eric Page, MJJ.; Alain Cohen-Solal, M.D.; Guillaume jondeau, M.D.; Herve Douard, M.D.; Gerard Raul, M.D.; jean Pierre
More informationQATs. VCE Physical Education SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK UNIT 3 OUTCOME 2. Introduction. Quality Assessment Tasks
QATs Quality Assessment s Introduction UNIT 3 OUTCOME 2 VCE Physical Education SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK Outcome 2 Use data collected in practical activities to analyse how the major body and energy systems
More informationt Departments of Physiology and Anaesthesia, University of Toronto,
J. Physiol. (1977), 272, pp. 553-561 553 With 3 text-figure Printed in Great Britain THE ENTRAINMENT OF BREATHING FREQUENCY BY EXERCISE RHYTHM BY R. R. BECHBACHE* AND J. DUFFINt * From the Department of
More informationComparison Between Direct and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement During Cycling
MILITARY MEDICINE, 178, 2:234, 2013 Comparison Between Direct and Predicted Maximal Oxygen Uptake Measurement During Cycling LTC Matti Santtila, FDF*; Keijo Häkkinen, PhD ; Kai Pihlainen, MSc*; Heikki
More informationMaximal Oxygen Uptake as a Parametric Measure of Cardiorespiratory Capacity
Maximal Oxygen Uptake as a Parametric Measure of Cardiorespiratory Capacity MEGAN N. HAWKINS 2, PETER B. RAVEN 2, PETER G. SNELL 1, JAMES STRAY-GUNDERSEN 1, BENJAMIN D. LEVINE 1, 1 Institute for Exercise
More informationdoi: /01.RES
Regulation of stroke volume during submaximal and maximal upright exercise in normal man. M B Higginbotham, K G Morris, R S Williams, P A McHale, R E Coleman and F R Cobb Circ Res. 1986;58:281-291 doi:
More information"Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations"
"Acute cardiovascular responses to different types of exercise and in different populations" Dott. Anna Baraldo Phd Course In Science of Physical Exercise and Human Movement - 24 Department of Neurological
More informationBrit.J.Sports Med.: 1979, 13, capacity of the sedentary and active populations in India
98 Brit.J.Sports Med.: 1979, 13,98-102 AEROBIC WORK CAPACITY IN YOUNG SEDENTARY MEN AND ACTIVE ATHLETES IN INDIA S. K. VERMA, MSc*, L. S. SIDHU, PhD** and D. K. KANSAL, MSc* *Senior Research Associate,
More information(1) top of sternum (2) 6th rib, mid-clavicular line
Introduction MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE AND RELATED FUNCTIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES. R. WATSON, M.Sc., Dip. P.E., and KATHLEEN DEVENNEY Physiology Department, Chelsea College of Physical Education, Eastbourne,
More informationRelationship between Hyperventilation and Excessive CO 2 Output during Recovery from Repeated Cycling Sprints
Physiol Res 58: 529-535, 29 Relationship between Hyperventilation and Excessive CO 2 Output during Recovery from Repeated Cycling Sprints T YANO, T YUNOKI, R MATSUURA, T ARIMITSU Department of Exercise
More informationEffect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 38 No. 1, January/February 2001 Pages 7 11 Effect of endurance training program based on anaerobic threshold (AT) for lower limb amputees T. Chin,
More informationACETYLCHOLINE AND THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
ACETYLCHOLINE AND THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN MITRAL VALVULAR DISEASE BY BROR SODERHOLM AND LARS WERKO* From the Department of Clinical Physiology and the First Medical Service, Sahlgrenska Sjukhuset,
More informationAEROBIC METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS This chapter begins with a description of the measurement of aerobic metabolism by direct calorimetry and spirometry and proceeds with a discussion of oxygen drift as it occurs in submaximal exercise
More informationChapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise
Chapter 10 Measurement of Common Anaerobic Abilities and Cardiorespiratory Responses Related to Exercise Slide Show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College 3.26.13
More informationChapter 9, Part 2. Cardiocirculatory Adjustments to Exercise
Chapter 9, Part 2 Cardiocirculatory Adjustments to Exercise Electrical Activity of the Heart Contraction of the heart depends on electrical stimulation of the myocardium Impulse is initiated in the right
More informationtodays practice of cardiopulmonary medicine
todays practice of cardiopulmonary medicine Concepts and Applications of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing* Karl T. Weber, M.D.; Joseph S. Janicki, Ph.D.; Patricia A. McElroy, M.D.; and Hanumanth K. Reddy,
More informationUNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016
LH8 UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON SCHOOL OF SPORT AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES SPORT PATHWAYS WITH FOUNDATION YEAR SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY MODULE NO: SRB3008 Date: Monday
More informationPostprint.
http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper published in Acta Paediatrica. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections
More informationAnimal Services Officers Physical Fitness Assessment
Animal Services Officers Physical Fitness Assessment Purpose of the Animal Services Officers Physical Fitness Assessment is to test the general level of fitness based on the general fitness standards.
More informationStandard Operating Procedure for Prediction of VO2max Using a Modified Astrand (1960) Protocol
Standard Operating Procedure for Prediction of VO2max Using a Modified Astrand (1960) Protocol Effective date: 31.10.2016 Review due date: 30.08.2018 Original Author Name: Richard Metcalfe Position: Ph.
More informationA similar type of test protocol, retaining the. two year period.
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1986, 61, 388-393 Functional aerobic capacity W T HOULSBY Department of Paediatrics, University of Sheffield and body size SUMMARY An endurance treadmill exercise test
More informationCardiovascular Responses to Exercise
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 69 Case 13 Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise Cassandra Farias is a 34-year-old dietician at an academic medical center. She believes in the importance of a healthy lifestyle
More informationUpper Body Exercise Capacity in Youth With Spina Bifida
ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY, 1993.10.22-28 O 1993 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Upper Body Exercise Capacity in Youth With Spina Bifida Kenneth Coutts, Donald McKenzie, Christine Loock, Richard
More informationCIRCULATION IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE*
THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE* BY R. J. SHEPHARD From The Cardiac Department, Guy's Hospital Received July 26, 1954 The response of the pulmonary
More informationChapter 1: Exercise Physiology. ACE Personal Trainer Manual Third Edition
Chapter 1: Exercise Physiology ACE Personal Trainer Manual Third Edition Introduction Physiology is the study of the myriad functions in a living organism. Exercise physiology is the study of the ways
More informationRespiratory and cardiovascular adaptations to exercise
Respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations to exercise Modul BIO 406 17/05/2011 Vergès Samuel CR INSERM, HP2 Laboratory (U1042), Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Exercise Research Unit, CHU Grenoble
More informationCardiac output by Portapres
Clinical Science (2004) 106, 407 412 (Printed in Great Britain) 407 Cardiac output by Portapres Marjorie S. PITT, Paul MARSHALL, Jonathan P. DIESCH and Roger HAINSWORTH Institute for Cardiovascular Research,
More informationPhysiological Responses and Mechanical Efficiency during Different Types of Ergometric Exercise
Physiological Responses and Mechanical Efficiency during Different Types of Ergometric Exercise J Phys Ther Sci 12: 67 73, 2000 TAIZO SHIOMI, PT, PhD 1), HITOSHI MARUYAMA, PT, PhD 1), AKIHIKO SAITO, PT,
More informationThe reliability of a peak VO2 test protocol for running in the water with wet vest
The reliability of a peak VO 2 test protocol for running in the water with wet vest Robert K. Stallman 1, Bjarte Vik 1, Per-Ludvik Kjendlie 1 1 Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway This study
More informationWorking Capacity of Deaf, and Visually and Mentally Handicapped Children*
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1971, 48, 490. Working Capacity of Deaf, and Visually and Mentally Handicapped Children* G. R. CUMMING, D. GOULDING, and G. BAGGLEY From The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg
More informationExercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation?
Exercise Stress Testing: Cardiovascular or Respiratory Limitation? Marshall B. Dunning III, Ph.D., M.S. Professor of Medicine & Physiology Medical College of Wisconsin What is exercise? Physical activity
More informationMultifunction device for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness in the Step Tests
Journal of Advanced Sport Technology 1(2):2-6 Technical Research Multifunction device for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness in the Step Tests Marefat Siahkouhian 1 1. Professor in Sport physiology,
More informationEffects of a home-based aerobic exercise program on glycosylated. hemoglobin and the peak oxygen uptake in children and. adolescents With Type 1 DM
Effects of a home-based aerobic exercise program on glycosylated hemoglobin and the peak oxygen uptake in children and adolescents With Type 1 DM Abstract Aims and objective. To explore the effects of
More informationKing's College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
353 J. Physiol. (I949) io8, 353-358 6I2.74I:6I2.222 THE METABOLIC COST OF PASSIVE CYCLING MOVEMENTS BY J. A. SAUNDERS From the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, The Medical School, King's College,
More information(VE), respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT) and end-tidal PCO2 progressively
Journal of Physiology (1988), 396, pp. 389-397 389 With 4 text-figures Printed in Great Britain EFFECTS OF PEDAL RATE ON RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO INCREMENTAL BICYCLE WORK BY NARIKO TAKANO From the Physiology
More informationBlood Lactate Changes during Isocapnic Buffering in Sprinters and Long Distance Runners
Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science Original Blood Lactate Changes during Isocapnic Buffering in Sprinters and Long Distance Runners Kohji Hirakoba 1) and Takahiro Yunoki 2)
More informationSUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION
SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION Dr Saari MohamadYatim M.D Rehabilitation Physician Hospital Serdang APCCRC, Hong Kong, 6-9 Nov 2014
More informationPhysiology and Occupational Physiology Sprmger-Verlag 1992
Eur J Appl Physiol (1992) 64:292-297 Joumal,up,... of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology Sprmger-Verlag 1992 Supramaximal cycle tests do not detect seasonal progression in performance in groups
More informationRELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS
RELATIVE EXERCISE INTENSITY, HEART RATE, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CALORIC EXPENDITURE WHEN EXERCISING ON VARIOUS NON-IMPACT CARDIO TRAINERS Kirsten Hendrickson, B.S. John P. Porcari, Ph.D. Carl Foster,
More informationArterial O 2 content and tension in regulation of cardiac output and leg blood flow during exercise in humans
Arterial O 2 content and tension in regulation of cardiac output and leg blood flow during exercise in humans ROBERT C. ROACH, MARIA D. KOSKOLOU, JOSÉ A. L. CALBET, AND BENGT SALTIN The Copenhagen Muscle
More informationTitle. Author(s)YANO, T.; OGATA, H.; MATSUURA, R.; ARIMITSU, T.; YUN. CitationPhysiological Research, 56: Issue Date Doc URL.
Title Comparison of Oxygen Uptake at the Onset of Decremen Author(s)YANO, T; OGATA, H; MATSUURA, R; ARIMITSU, T; YUN CitationPhysiological Research, 56: 169-174 Issue Date 27 Doc URL http://hdlhandlenet/2115/51987
More informationTHE EFFECT OF MODE AND INTENSITY ON VO 2 KINETICS IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN. Rhonda S. Updyke, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of
0 1 2 THE EFFECT OF MODE AND INTENSITY ON VO 2 KINETICS IN THE SEVERE INTENSITY DOMAIN Rhonda S. Updyke, B.S. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2000 APPROVED:
More informationOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Subject Index ACE inhibitors, see Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Aging
More informationBell Work. Review Total Lung Capacity. (page 337 and 338 of Body Structure and Function book)
VO2 Max Bell Work Review Total Lung Capacity (page 337 and 338 of Body Structure and Function book) *This information was discussed at length in A&P classes. Use your worksheet and write down brief descriptions
More informationChronic Response to Exercise.
Definitions: When regular exercise bouts occur where the appropriate training methods and principles are applied over an extended period of time (ie. Months) the body responds to the stress placed upon
More informationpublic health exhibition
Thorax (1972), 27, 557. Peak flow measurements among visitors to a public health exhibition A. G. F. BROOKS and R. E. WALLER MRC Air Pollution Unit, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London ECIM
More informationDevelopment of Ventilatory Responses
Development of Ventilatory Responses to Exercise in Normal White Children* A Longitudinal Study Thomas W. Rowland, MD; and Lee N. Cunningham, DPE Cross-sectional studies have indicated thatthe pattern
More informationHemodynamics of Exercise
Hemodynamics of Exercise Joe M. Moody, Jr, MD UTHSCSA and ALMMVAH, STVAHCS Exercise Physiology - Acute Effects Cardiac Output (Stroke volume, Heart Rate ) Oxygen Extraction (Arteriovenous O 2 difference,
More informationNr 11 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A SUBMAXIMAL CYCLE ERGOMETER TEST FOR ESTIMATION OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
A v h a n d l i n g s s e r i e f ö r G y m n a s t i k - o c h i d r o t t s h ö g s k o l a n Nr 11 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A SUBMAXIMAL CYCLE ERGOMETER TEST FOR ESTIMATION OF MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
More informationCHAPTER 10 PHYSIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Jennifer L. Caputo
CHAPTER 10 PHYSIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Jennifer L. Caputo Chapter Objectives Cover the key features of the subdiscipline of physiology of physical activity and employment opportunities available to
More informationAcute Changes in Oxyhemoglobin Affinity EFFECTS ON OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND UTILIZATION
Acute Changes in Oxyhemoglobin Affinity EFFECTS ON OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND UTILIZATION Thomas E. Riggs,, A. William Shafer, Clarence A. Guenter J Clin Invest. 1973;52(10):2660-2663. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci107459.
More informationLong term stay at low altitude (1,200 m) promotes better hypoxia adaptation and performance
376 Indian Singh, J Physiol Gupta, Pharmacol Soree, Rai 2014; and 58(4) Himashree : 376 380 Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 58(4) Original Article Long term stay at low altitude (1,200 m) promotes better
More informationEXERCISE STRESS TESTING
EXERCISE STRESS TESTING Șuș Ioana, Gliga Mihai I. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1. Strength, power and endurance of muscles The parameters that characterize muscles performance are strength, power and endurance.
More informationDynamic Modelling of Heart Rate Response Under Different Exercise Intensity
The Open Medical Informatics Journal, 21, 4, 81-81 Open Access Dynamic Modelling of Heart Rate Response Under Different Exercise Intensity Steven W. Su 1,2,3, Weidong Chen *,1, Dongdong Liu 1, Yi Fang
More informationPrescription Fitness. Robert M. Pepper, DO, FAAFP. ACOFP 55th Annual Convention & Scientific Seminars
Prescription Fitness Robert M. Pepper, DO, FAAFP 8 ACOFP 55th Annual Convention & Scientific Seminars RX: FITNESS Robert M Pepper, DO, FAAFP Assistant Dean for Predoctoral Clinical Education West Virginia
More informationMAXIMAL oxygen uptake (VO2max), also known as
Journal of Gerontology: MEDICAL SCIENCES 2005, Vol. 60A, No. 1, 57 66 Copyright 2005 by The Gerontological Society of America Review Article Maximal Aerobic Capacity Testing of Older Adults: A Critical
More informationFOLLOW-UP MEDICAL CARE OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Chapter 13 FOLLOW-UP MEDICAL CARE OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING WILLIAM ESCHENBACHER, MD* INTRODUCTION AEROBIC METABOLISM ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
More informationRelationship Between Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Oxygenation Level in Inactive Muscle at Exhaustion in Incremental Exercise in Humans
Physiol Res 54: 679-685, 25 Relationship Between Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Oxygenation Level in Inactive Muscle at Exhaustion in Incremental Exercise in Humans T YANO, M HORIUCHI, T YUNOKI, R MATSUURA,
More informationUnchanged Muscle Deoxygenation Heterogeneity During Bicycle Exercise After 6 Weeks of Endurance Training
Unchanged Muscle Deoxygenation Heterogeneity During Bicycle Exercise After 6 Weeks of Endurance Training Ryotaro Kime, Masatsugu Niwayama, Masako Fujioka, Kiyoshi Shiroishi, Takuya Osawa, Kousuke Shimomura,
More informationEffect of vasodilator drugs on exercise performance
Br HeartJ_ 1980; 44: 215-20 Effect of vasodilator drugs on exercise performance in cardiac failure Comparison of hydralazine and prazosin D H FITCHETT, M PATHS,, R PARDY, P DESPAS From the McGill University
More informationComputing Intensity Increments For Incremental Exercise Protocols
Computing Intensity Increments For Incremental Exercise Protocols 1 Robert A. Robergs, Ph.D., FASEP, EPC Director: Exercise Physiology Laboratories, Exercise Science Program, Department of Health, Exercise
More informationKey-Words: oxygen uptake, VO2max, altitude, hypoxia, running.
Pilot Study on VO2max Assessment and Oxygen Uptake on Normal and Hypoxic Environments Patrícia Alexandra Mota Esteves (patricia.a.esteves@gmail.com) Dissertação de Tese de Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica
More informationA STUDY OF A TWELVE- MINUTE RUN TEST FOR THE INDIRECT ASSESSMENT OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE IN WOMEN
.I a,~i~i_: _ T _, s i, E,,, i 77 _7,7,, Tiff iivii,i, T;_,:_* In. 0:02 J {Nd l I : ": A STUDY OF A TWELVE- MINUTE RUN TEST FOR THE INDIRECT ASSESSMENT OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE IN WOMEN Thesis for the
More informationTHE DETRAINING EFFECTS OF COMPLETE INACTIVITY. By: Sigit Nugroho, M.Or Sport Science Faculty Yogyakarta State University
THE DETRAINING EFFECTS OF COMPLETE INACTIVITY By: Sigit Nugroho, M.Or Sport Science Faculty Yogyakarta State University Abstract The old adage that what goes up must come down applies just as much to fitness
More informationHands on Sports Therapy KNOWLEDGE REVIEW QUESTIONS 2004 Thomson Learning It can help to shape a basic fitness training programme
Hands on Sports Therapy KNOWLEDGE REVIEW QUESTIONS 2004 Thomson Learning 1 CHAPTER 13 Knowledge Review Q1: Why is fitness testing useful? A1: Fitness testing is useful for various reasons: 1. It can help
More informationDIFFERENCE IN MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO 2 max) DETERMINED BY INCREMENTAL AND RAMP TESTS
STUDIES IN PHYSICAL CULTURE AND TOURISM Vol. 17, No. 2, 2010 MIŁOSZ CZUBA, ADAM ZAJĄC, JAROSŁAW CHOLEWA, STANISŁAW POPRZĘCKI, ROBERT ROCZNIOK The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice,
More informationCoaching Applications Training Zones Revisited
J. Swimming Research, Vol. 19:2 (2012) Coaching Applications Ernest W. Maglischo, Ph.D. 1970 Lazy Meadow Lane Prescott, AZ 86303 USA ewmaglischo@cox.net Abstract The purpose of this paper will be to describe
More informationDiscussion: The efficacy of the self-paced VO_2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running
This is the author s manuscript for publication. The publisher-formatted version may be available through the publisher s web site or your institution s library. Discussion: The efficacy of the self-paced
More information(1 968) studying motivation and physical work. (1965) also supports the view that training and
148 A REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR ENDURANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RUGBY FOOTBALL This second part of the review follows survey of the scientific information available
More informationJournal of Exercise Physiologyonline
24 Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline April 2013 Volume 16 Number 2 Editor-in-Chief Official Research Journal Tommy of the Boone, American PhD, Society MBA of Review Exercise Board Physiologists Todd
More informationPhysical Education Studies Year 11 General. CHAPTER 5: Exercise Physiology NEXT
Physical Education Studies Year 11 General CHAPTER 5: Exercise Physiology NEXT Welcome to the quiz for Chapter 5 You will be given 15 multiple choice questions Click on the correct answer Use the links
More informationPhysiological Response to Exercise in Children with Lung or Heart Disease
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1970, 45, 534. Physiological Response to Exercise in Children with Lung or Heart Disease S. GODFREY From the Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Diseases of the Chest,
More informationStudy on dynamical characteristics of electrocardiographic parameters during physical load
Study on dynamical characteristics of electrocardiographic parameters during physical load Virginija Bertašiūtė 1, Algė Daunoravičienė 2, Kristina Berškienė 3, Roza Joffe 4, Alfonsas Vainoras 5 1, 2, 3
More informationComparison of Physiological Responses to Maximal Arm Exercise Among Able-bodied, Paraplegics and Quadriplegics
Paraplegia 25 (1987) 397-405 1987 International Medical Society of Paraplegia Comparison of Physiological Responses to Maximal Arm Exercise Among Able-bodied, Paraplegics and Quadriplegics Marta D. Van
More information