Doubly committed or subarterial ventricular septal. Tetralogy of Fallot With Subarterial Ventricular Septal Defect
|
|
- Shannon Stewart
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ORIGINAL ARTICLES: Tetralogy of Fallot With Subarterial Ventricular Septal Defect Makoto Ando, MD, Yukihiro Takahashi, MD, Toshio Kikuchi, MD, and Katsuhiko Tatsuno, MD Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Tokyo, Japan Background. Tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial ventricular septal defect is frequently seen among Asians. Compared with infracristal ventricular septal defect, postoperative right ventricular outflow obstruction is more likely because of subpulmonary extension of the defect. Moreover the incidence of aortic regurgitation is a concern because of the absence of a supporting infundibulum. Methods. Four hundred cases of classic tetralogy were reviewed, 61 of which had subarterial ventricular septal defect. Results. Aortic regurgitation (of more than mild degree) was identified in 7 cases with subarterial and 7 with infracristal ventricular septal defects. The mechanism of infracristal defect was predominantly an annular dilation before surgery. In contrast 5 cases with subarterial defect had progression of aortic regurgitation after operation yielding an actuarial incidence of 29.7% at 20 years. In 2 patients the cause seemed to be fixation or plication of the aortic valve annulus by the ventricular septal patch. Compared with infracristal defect, subarterial defect was associated with increased incidence of reoperation (12.0% versus 1.9% at 10 years, p 0.01), frequent use of transannular patch (70.5% versus 45.7%, p ), and worse New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (p 0.007). Right ventricular outflow obstruction was the reason for reoperation in 3 patients with subarterial defect and was associated with worse NYHA classification in the long-term, on multivariate analysis (p ). Conclusions. Tetralogy with subarterial ventricular septal defect was associated with worse functional outcome. To prevent adverse outcomes, precise suturing of the distal ventricular septal patch, extensive infundibulectomy, lower threshold for transannular incision, and smaller-sized ventricular septal patch placement are warranted. (Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76: ) 2003 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Doubly committed or subarterial ventricular septal defect (VSD) is frequently seen among Asians. An isolated form of this defect is well known to be associated with prolapse of the right and noncoronary cusps and aortic regurgitation [1]. In Japanese patients, the reported incidence of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with subarterial VSD is about 10% to 20% [2, 3], which is higher than the incidence among Western people [4, 5]. Although prolapse of the aortic valve is less frequent [6, 7], the fate of the aortic valve not supported by a muscular infundibulum after total repair is unknown. Because of subpulmonary extension of the ventricular septal defect, relief of the right ventricular outflow obstruction is difficult in TOF with subarterial VSD [8]. Moreover accurate suturing of the VSD patch may warrant an extra incision on the right ventricle. Therefore both the right and left ventriculoarterial junctions are at increased risk of insult and this can jeopardize the postoperative outcome of TOF with subarterial VSD. Presented at the Thirty-ninth Annual Meeting of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, San Diego, CA, Jan 31 Feb 2, Address reprint requests to Dr Ando, Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Yoyogi, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo , Japan; maando@shi.heart.or.jp. In this article we retrospectively reviewed specific anatomical features of TOF with subarterial VSD and compared postoperative outcome for this anomaly with that for TOF with infracristal VSD. Patients and Methods Hospital and outpatient records of 400 consecutive cases of classic TOF undergoing total repair between April 1978 and January 2002 were reviewed. A questionnaire, which was approved by our Institutional Review Board, was sent to the referring physician if the patient was not followed at our outpatient clinic. Tetralogy of Fallot associated with pulmonary atresia, absent pulmonary valve, or complete atrioventricular septal defect was excluded. Preoperative variables used to predict postoperative adverse outcomes included principal diagnosis (TOF with subarterial VSD or TOF with infracristal VSD), chronological order of operation, sex, age and body weight at operation, Nakata s pulmonary artery index [9], additional cardiac diagnosis, presence of noncardiac anomaly, and former systemic-to-pulmonary shunt placement. Operative variables analyzed included cardiopulmo by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons /03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc PII S (03)
2 1060 ANDO ET AL Ann Thorac Surg TETRALOGY WITH SUBARTERIAL VSD 2003;76: Table 1. Demographic and Outcome Variables With Univariate p Values Variable Subarterial VSD Infracristal VSD p Value Preoperative Body weight (kg) Age (years) Pulmonary artery index Presence of noncardiac anomaly 1 (1.6%) 23 (6.8%) 0.12 Previous systemic-pulmonary shunt 17 (27.9%) 125 (36.9%) 0.18 Additional cardiac diagnosis 8 (13.1%) 30 (8.8%) 0.30 Sex (female/male) 25/36 148/ Intraoperative Transannular patching 43 (70.5%) 155 (45.7%) Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) Presence of dysplastic pulmonary valve 7 (11.5%) 47 (13.9%) 0.62 Myocardial ischemic time (min) Surgeon (A/B/C) 31/15/15 169/76/ Postoperative Aortic valve regurgitation ( mild) 7 (11.7%) 7 (2.1%) Reoperation 5 (8.2%) 6 (1.8%) NYHA functional class I 53 (88.3%) 324 (96.4%) Postoperative PR (0 4) Use of cardiac medication 11 (18.3%) 43 (12.8%) 0.25 Postoperative RVp/LVp Mortality 1 (1.6%) 3 (0.8%) 0.59 Postoperative complication 7 (11.5%) 32 (9.4%) 0.62 Arrhythmia 1 (1.7%) 9 (2.7%) 0.64 Data presented are mean standard deviation or number with percentages in parentheses. NYHA New York Heart Association; PR pulmonary valve regurgitation; RVp/LVp systolic pressure ratio of the right ventricle to the left ventricle; VSD ventricular septal defect. nary bypass time, myocardial ischemic time, surgeon (A, B, or C), use of transannular patch, and presence of dysplastic pulmonary valve. Dysplasty of the pulmonary valve was defined as the presence either of severe commissural fusion of the leaflets with pinhole opening of the orifice, severe asymmetry of the leaflets, or very thick leaflets without normal excursion. Postoperative variables used as outcome measures included incidence of aortic regurgitation, postoperative complication seen during the initial hospitalization, systolic pressure ratio of the right ventricle to the left ventricle (RVp/LVp) obtained before initial discharge and on the most recent echocardiogram, the degree of pulmonary regurgitation obtained before initial discharge and on the most recent echocardiogram, use of cardiac medication, ventricular or atrial arrhythmia requiring medication, mortality, reoperation, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification at the latest follow-up. Cardiac medications included digoxin, diuretics, and antiarrhythmics. The surgical approach varied over time during the study period. Before 1991 the VSD was primarily closed from a right ventriculotomy. Since 1992 transatrialtranspulmonary repair has been employed whenever possible. The age at repair has become younger, and recent policy is to perform repair before the age of 2 years, regardless of the anatomy. Right ventricular pressure had been measured by direct needle insertion; more recently it has been estimated by measuring the maximal flow velocity of tricuspid regurgitation using Doppler echocardiography. Statview statistical software for Windows (version 4.5; Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA) was used for data analysis. Values were expressed as mean SD. Univariate analysis was performed using either the Student s t test or the 2 test, as appropriate. Survival analysis was done using the Kaplan-Meier product limited method. Intergroup comparisons were made using the log-rank test. Factors found to have significance (p 0.05) on univariate analysis were selected for final multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results The mean follow-up period was years (3,569.2 patient years). Follow-up was complete in 360 patients (90%). Sixty-one patients (15.3%) had TOF with subarterial VSD and 339 had TOF with infracristal VSD. Representative preoperative, operative, and postoperative variables are summarized in Table 1. Patients with TOF with subarterial VSD were significantly older and had larger body weight compared with TOF with infracristal VSD. Pulmonary artery size tended to be larger with TOF with subarterial VSD but the
3 Ann Thorac Surg ANDO ET AL 2003;76: TETRALOGY WITH SUBARTERIAL VSD 1061 Table 2. Additional Cardiac Diagnoses (n 39) Diagnosis Subarterial VSD Infracristal VSD Total Anomalous coronary artery Tricuspid valve regurgitation ( moderate) Aortic valve regurgitation ( moderate) Total/partial anomalous 4 4 pulmonary venous return Interrupted branch pulmonary artery Additional muscular ventricular septal defect PLSVC draining into the left 2 2 atrium Pulmonary valsalva 1 1 aneurysm Discrete subaortic stenosis 1 1 Mitral valve regurgitation 1 1 ( moderate) Major aortopulmonary 1 1 collateral artery Hypoplastic right ventricle 1 1 Recent myocardial infarction 1 1 Annuloaortic ectasia 1 1 Congenital heart block 1 1 Double aortic arch 1 1 PLSVC persistent left superior vena cava; defect. VSD ventricular septal difference was statistically borderline, with a p value of Additional cardiac diagnoses are listed in Table 2. Noncardiac anomalies were seen in 24 patients. Twentythree of these were present in patients with TOF with infracristal VSD, including Down s syndrome (n 18) and 1 case each of the following: hydronephrosis, absence of a kidney, pulmonary sequestration, funnel chest, and diaphragmatic hernia. Noonan syndrome was the only noncardiac anomaly seen in a patient with TOF with subarterial VSD. Transannular patch was more frequently used in TOF with subarterial VSD (70.5%) compared with TOF with infracristal VSD (45.7%). There were 2 early deaths ( 30 days) and 2 late deaths, yielding actuarial survivals of 99.2% at 5 years and 98.7% from 10 through 20 years. Three deaths occurred in patients with TOF with infracristal VSD. The first patient developed cerebral venous thrombosis demonstrated on computed tomographic scan and died on postoperative day 1. The second patient developed severe cardiac failure, which was further complicated by bleeding from the lung; this patient died on day 3. The third patient had postoperative bleeding resulting in late cardiac tamponade causing cardiac failure and died on day 33. One female patient with TOF with subarterial VSD was found dead in her house at 7.9 years after operation. This patient was in NYHA class III but no definite cause was identified. There was no statistical difference in actuarial survival between the two groups (p 0.61). Fig 1. Kaplan-Meier estimated freedom from reoperation (FFR). The open markers indicate FFR for patients with tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial ventricular septal defect. The solid markers indicate patients with infracristal ventricular septal defect. Vertical bars indicate the lower 95% confidence intervals. The number of patients at risk are shown in parentheses (infracristal ventricular septal defect, upper row; subarterial ventricular septal defect, lower row). The FFR curves are significantly different (p 0.01; log-rank test). Acute postoperative complications during the initial hospitalization were seen in 39 patients including the 3 deaths with TOF with infracristal VSD. Congestive heart failure (defined as dependence on catecholamine infusion or mechanical ventilation, or having persistent pleural effusion for more than 7 days) was seen in 34 patients 6 with TOF with subarterial VSD and 28 with TOF with infracristal VSD. Surgical atrioventricular block was seen in 1 patient with TOF with subarterial VSD. This patient required epicardial pacemaker insertion at the time of reoperation. Another patient with TOF with infracristal VSD developed cardiac arrest of unknown cause and required resuscitation; this patient recovered without a further event. Postoperative variables that had significant difference between TOF with subarterial VSD and TOF with infracristal VSD included incidence of aortic regurgitation, NYHA functional class, and incidence of reoperation. Eleven patients required reoperation. The indication for reoperation with TOF with infracristal VSD included repair of the branch pulmonary artery stenosis in 3 patients, aortic valve replacement in 1, pulmonary valve replacement in 1, and relief of the pulmonary venous obstruction in 1 patient (after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return). In contrast right ventricular outflow tract obstruction at the level of the distal VSD patch was the most frequent cause of reoperation for patients with TOF with subarterial VSD and was seen in 3 cases; 2 of these had dehiscence of the VSD patch, which was repaired at the same time. Indications for reoperation in the other 2 patients with TOF with subarterial VSD were aortic valve replacement and repair of the branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Overall freedom from reoperation was 98.2% at 5 years, 97.2% at 10 years,
4 1062 ANDO ET AL Ann Thorac Surg TETRALOGY WITH SUBARTERIAL VSD 2003;76: Table 3. Multiple Logistic Regression Risk Analysis for Worse NYHA Functional Class Variables Coefficient ( ) SE Wald 2 p Value Postoperative RVp/LVp Acute complication Late arrhythmia Aortic regurgitation Cardiac complication Body weight Cardiopulmonary bypass time Myocardial ischemic time VSD (subarterial/infracristal) Age Fig 2. Kaplan-Meier estimated actuarial incidence of aortic valve regurgitation (AIAR) of more than mild degree. The open markers indicate AIAR for patients with tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial ventricular septal defect. The solid markers indicate patients with infracristal ventricular septal defect. Vertical bars indicate the upper 95% confidence intervals. The number of patients at risk are shown in parentheses (subarterial ventricular septal defect, upper row; infracristal ventricular septal defect, lower row). The AIAR curves are significantly different (p ; log-rank test). and 94.9% from 15 through 20 years. By group it was 92.8% at 5 years and 88.0% at 10 years for TOF with subarterial VSD, and 99.2% at 5 years and 98.1% at 10 years for TOF with infracristal VSD (Fig 1). The p value of this difference was Fourteen patients developed more than mild aortic regurgitation during the study period 7 with TOF with subarterial VSD and 7 with TOF with infracristal VSD. In 6 patients with TOF with infracristal VSD, aortic regurgitation was present before operation. Only 1 patient developed aortic regurgitation after operation, at 11 months. The uniform finding was an annular dilation although 1 patient had a coexisting bicuspid valve. One had severe regurgitation and eventually required aortic valve replacement. The actuarial incidence of aortic regurgitation (more than mild) for patients with TOF with infracristal VSD was 2.1% from more than 11 months to 20 years. Conversely the etiologies of aortic regurgitation for patients with TOF with subarterial VSD seemed to be diverse. One patient had a quadricuspid valve and eventually required aortic valve replacement (at 8 months). Prolapse of the right coronary cusp was identified in 1 patient; regurgitation in this patient was mild and diminished with suspension of the leaflet at the time of repair. Five patients developed aortic regurgitation after operation even though the valve was intact at the time of repair. Prolapse of the left and noncoronary cusps was found in 2 patients and the regurgitation jet was directed toward the interventricular septum. In the other 3 patients the etiology was not identified. The actuarial incidence of aortic regurgitation (more than mild) was 3.3% Variables that were identified to be a risk on univariate analysis are listed. NYHA New York New Association; RVp/LVp systolic pressure ratio of the right ventricle to the left ventricle; SE standard error of the mean; VSD ventricular septal defect; Wald 2 Wald test statistic calculated from the data to be compared with the chi-square distribution with one degree of freedom. at 5 years, 10.8% at 10 and 15 years, and 29.7% at 20 years for patients with TOF with subarterial VSD. The p value of the difference between two groups was (Fig 2). Among patients with TOF with subarterial VSD, 11.7% were in NYHA class II or III at the time of last follow-up compared with 3.6% of patients with TOF with infracristal VSD (p 0.007). The follow-up period was similar between TOF with subarterial VSD ( years) and TOF with infracristal VSD ( years) (p 0.23). The actuarial percentage of the patients on cardiac medication was 8.9% at 20 years for patients with TOF with subarterial VSD and 2.8% with infracristal VSD, although this difference did not reach significance (p 0.14). Tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial VSD repaired without transannular patch had a higher postoperative RVp/ LVp on the most recent echocardiogram ( ) compared with other groups ( , p ). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified four significant risk factors for worse NYHA functional class with the strongest being the postoperative RVp/LVp, followed by acute complication, late arrhythmia, and aortic regurgitation (more than mild; Table 3). Comment Tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial VSD is characterized by its unique geographic distribution, namely around Eastern Asia [2, 3]. The correction of this anomaly has been associated with increased mortality compared with TOF with infracristal VSD [10]. In the present study however overall mortality rate and actuarial survival were similar between TOF with subarterial VSD and TOF with infracristal VSD. It has been a subject of debate whether this can be called tetralogy because the traditional definition required anterior deviation of the muscular outlet septum,
5 Ann Thorac Surg ANDO ET AL 2003;76: TETRALOGY WITH SUBARTERIAL VSD 1063 Fig 3. An estimated mechanism of late aortic regurgitation. Deep stitches on the distal ventricular septal patch (arrow) can fix or plicate the aortic valve annulus adjacent to the right coronary cusp (A). This can interfere with growth of this leaflet (arrows) and may cause prolapse and regurgitation in the long-term (B). which is absent with subarterial VSD [11]. As anterior displacement of the fibrous raphe between the arterial valves produces hemodynamic characteristics consistent with TOF with infracristal VSD, this entity is generally categorized as a tetralogy variant nowadays [12]. It is known that with an isolated subarterial VSD prolapse of the right or noncoronary cusp can cause aortic regurgitation [13]. It is generally thought that because of dominant right to left shunt at early systole deformity of the aortic valve is subtle with TOF [6]. Because the aortic valve receives blood from both ventricles before operation annular dilation can cause aortic regurgitation for patients with TOF. Dodds [14] reported an increased incidence of aortic regurgitation after repair of TOF with pulmonary atresia. The incidence has been lower with classic TOF [15, 16]. The present data reveal that the etiology of aortic regurgitation with TOF with infracristal VSD was predominantly annular dilation, which rarely progresses after surgery. However late aortic regurgitation after repair is possible with TOF with subarterial VSD. Two patients with TOF with subarterial VSD in whom developed late aortic regurgitation obviously had prolapse of the left and noncoronary cusps. We speculate that fixation or plication of the aortic valve annulus adjacent to the right coronary cusp caused by ventricular septal patch placement interferes with the growth of this leaflet. Consequently the leaflets may become asymmetrical and eventually develop prolapse and regurgitation with somatic growth (Fig 3). Very accurate suturing of the distal VSD patch with stitches confined to the pulmonary valve annulus may be the key to preventing this phenomenon. Because of the absence of an obstructing distal infundibulum TOF with subarterial VSD may be associated with better growth of the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary artery size tended to be better compared with TOF with infracristal VSD. To achieve more precise surgery one might consider complete repair of TOF with subarterial VSD later in the life of the patient. The attenuated limb of the septal band usually merges Fig 4. An adequate sized ventricular septal patch leaves the right ventricular outflow tract patent (A). In contrast an oversized patch with redundancy left at the distal end can obstruct the outflow tract (B). posteriorly with a thin ventriculoinfundibular fold in TOF with subarterial VSD. Fibrous continuity may exist between tricuspid and aortic valves (total conus defect). Consequently the ventricular septal plane or the right ventricular inflow axis crosses perpendicular to the outflow axis. On an angiogram the subarterial infundibulum protrudes into the right ventricular shadow in an anteroposterior projection, which others call beak-neck shadow [6]. Therefore an oversized patch or a redundancy left at the distal patch can result in further obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (Fig 4). Infundibulectomy is confined to the free wall side of the right ventricle at this level and has to be done generously to avoid a long transannular patch placement. Vargas [17] reported that TOF with subarterial VSD was more likely to have a nonrestrictive pulmonary annulus and to be repaired without a transannular patch. In contrast others report that pulmonary annulus size is similar to TOF with infracristal VSD and that transannular patch placement is almost mandatory [6]. In our cohort 70.5% required transannular patch for TOF with subarterial VSD. Furthermore TOF with subarterial VSD repaired without transannular patch resulted in a higher postoperative RVp/LVp. We believe that more liberal use of a transannular patch is still justified in the repair of TOF with subarterial VSD. Anterior and posterior ends of the fibrous tissue between the aortic and pulmonary annuli merge with attenuated limbs of the septal band. Suturing of the VSD patch is especially difficult at these points both from the right atrium and the pulmonary artery because of the sharply angled turn. Instead of extending the transannular incision we prefer to place an isolated transverse incision on the right ventricle to expose these points. This incision is closed primarily and is therefore unlikely to compromise right ventricular function. There are multiple limitations to the study. This was a retrospective study and the surgical approach varied over its duration. Moreover surgical approach might have varied at the discretion of the three different surgeons involved. The accuracy of estimated RVp/LVp depends significantly on the hand of the interpreter. The
6 1064 ANDO ET AL Ann Thorac Surg TETRALOGY WITH SUBARTERIAL VSD 2003;76: measurement is qualitative and may be sufficiently subjective to introduce bias. This effect may be even more prominent in the assessment of pulmonary regurgitation. Many angiograms and echocardiograms had poor images from which to attempt reliable measurements of pulmonary arterial annulus size. Thus this potentially useful information could not be incorporated into the data analysis. In summary both TOF with subarterial VSD and TOF with infracristal VSD had low perioperative mortality and morbidity. An excellent long-term outcome can be expected after repair of TOF with infracristal VSD. In contrast TOF with subarterial VSD was associated with worse functional outcome. The present study was consistent with other reports demonstrating that residual subarterial obstruction was the main reason for reoperation in TOF with subarterial VSD and that transannular incision was required in significant proportion. In the long term a higher RVp/LVp was closely associated with worse NYHA functional class. Aortic regurgitation associated with TOF with infracristal VSD may be eliminated by early repair because preoperative annular dilation seems responsible. Conversely late aortic regurgitation after repair can develop in patients with TOF with subarterial VSD. Fixation or plication of the right coronary cusp may be one cause of this phenomenon. Accurate surgery with precise suturing of the distal ventricular septal patch, extensive infundibulectomy, lower threshold to place a transannular patch, and usage of a smaller-sized ventricular septal patch are warranted in order to prevent adverse outcomes. References 1. De Leval MR, Pozzi M, Starnes V, et al. Surgical management of doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects. Circulation 1988;78(Suppl 3): Oguni H, Satomi G, Yamada Y, Hatano T, Nakamura K, Takao A. Two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with a total conus defect. J Cardiogr 1983;13: Ando M. Subpulmonary ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis. Circulation 1974;50: Anderson RH, Allwork SP, Ho SY, Lenox CC, Zuberbuhler JR. Surgical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981;81: Goel PK, Shahi M, Mahant TS, Mittal PK, Radhakrishnan S. Absent conal septum in tetralogy of Fallot. An angiographic study. Angiology 1997;48: Kurosawa H, Yanagisawa M, Kainuma Y, et al. Tetralogy of Fallot with total conus defect. Jpn J Thorac Surg 1976;29: Matsuda H, Ihara K, Mori T, Kitamura S, Kawashima Y. Tetralogy of Fallot associated with aortic insufficiency. Ann Thorac Surg 1980;29: Neirotti R, Galindez E, Kreutzer G, Rodriguez Coronel A, Pedrini M, Becu L. Tetralogy of Fallot with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect. Ann Thorac Surg 1978;25: Nakata S, Imai Y, Takanashi Y, et al. A new method for the quantitative standardization of cross-sectional areas of the pulmonary arteries in congenital heart diseases with decreased pulmonary blood flow. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984;88: Okita Y, Miki S, Ueda Y, et al. Early and late results of repair of tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial ventricular septal defect. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110: Griffin ML, Sullivan ID, Anderson RH, Macartney FJ. Doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defect: new morphologic criteria with echocardiographic and angiographic correlation. Br Heart J 1988;59: Jacobs ML. Congenital heart surgery nomenclature and database project: tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69:S Tatsuno K, Konno S, Ando M, Sakakibara S. Pathogenetic mechanism of prolapsing aortic valve and aortic regurgitation associated with ventricular septal defect. Circulation 1973;68: Dodds GA, Warnes CA, Danielson GK. Aortic valve replacement after repair of pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect or tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113: Pomè G, Rossi C, Colucci V, et al. Later reoperations after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1992;6: Zahka KG, Horneffer PJ, Rowe SA, et al. Long-term valvular function after total repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Relation to ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation 1988;78(Suppl 3): Vargas FJ, Kreutzer GO, Pedrini M, Capelli H, Rodriguez Coronel A. Tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial ventricular septal defect. Diagnostic and surgical considerations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;92: DISCUSSION DR JOHN E. MAYER, JR (Boston, MA): Why is this any different in the way you have managed the ventricular septal defect in patients who have an isolated subpulmonary ventricular septal defect? Have you seen the same problems with late aortic regurgitation due to fixation of the right coronary cusp in patients who have an infundibular or subpulmonary ventricular septal defect as an isolated lesion? DR ANDO: Actually, with an isolated VSD, because the VSD is running more parallel to the main pulmonary artery axis, and the VSD size itself is a little bit smaller, we always try to close it exclusive from the pulmonary artery. And it is possible in the majority of cases. With regard to late aortic regurgitation, I am not realizing that it is happening after repair of an isolated VSD. A couple of estimations exist. One is with tetralogy of Fallot; the root plication is thought to be one of the mechanisms for late AR. But with an isolated VSD, this may be not causing such a harm, because there is always a redundancy of the right coronary cusp exists. That is one reason. Another reason is because an annular dilation before surgery exists in tetralogy/subarterial VSD, this may be causing some degree of vascular medial injury in these patients. And this may be making the aortic valve more vulnerable to a surgical insult. These are the couple of things that I am estimating. DR GERHARD ZIEMER (Tuebingen, Germany): In your summary, in order to achieve best results, you suggest to perform accurate surgery and have a low threshold for placing a transannular patch. Accurate surgery in your hands includes extensive infundibulectomy. If you combine both transannular patch and extensive infundibulectomy, I think this is a guarantee to get an outflow tract aneurysm at some point with or without major
7 Ann Thorac Surg ANDO ET AL 2003;76: TETRALOGY WITH SUBARTERIAL VSD 1065 regurgitation. So in my experience it should be either transannular patch or extensive infundibulectomy. But if you combine both, I would regard this as being not the best surgical treatment possible. DR ANDO: Maybe if you resect the muscle too much, you can cause an aneurysm. But with a very adequate excising, I think it does not happen. DR RALPH S. MOSCA (New York, NY): You alluded to it in your summary; perhaps you can clarify for us. Since the aortic insufficiency was progressive, do you think that operating at an earlier might alleviate most if not all of this associated aortic regurgitation? DR ANDO: Aortic regurgitation associated with tetralogy/ PMVSD, we think, is caused by annular dilatation that exists before operation. Therefore, as long as an intrinsic deformity of the valve does not exist, AR could be eliminated by an early repair. Another thing is that a right coronary cusp prolapse, which is seen in a fraction of patients with tetralogy/subarterial VSD, may be also eliminated by indication of repair at an earlier age.
describes 28 years of experience in the surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot with subarterial VSD at Tenri Hospital in Japan.
EARLY AND LATE RESULTS OF REPAIR OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH SUBARTERIAL VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT A comparative evaluation of tetralogy with perimembranous ventricular septal defect Between November 1966
More informationOutcomes of Mitral Valve Repair for Mitral Regurgitation Due to Degenerative Disease
Outcomes of Mitral Valve Repair for Mitral Regurgitation Due to Degenerative Disease TIRONE E. DAVID, MD ; SEMIN THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 19:116-120c 2007 ELSEVIER INC. PRESENTED BY INTERN 許士盟 Mitral valve
More informationPediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Pediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 Anatomy and Physiology Normal Anatomy and Physiology 10% 2 Abnormal Pathology and Pathophysiology
More information14 Valvular Stenosis
14 Valvular Stenosis 14-1. Valvular Stenosis unicuspid valve FIGUE 14-1. This photograph shows severe valvular stenosis as it occurs in a newborn. There is a unicuspid, horseshoe-shaped leaflet with a
More informationCardiac Catheterization Cases Primary Cardiac Diagnoses Facility 12 month period from to PRIMARY DIAGNOSES (one per patient)
PRIMARY DIAGNOSES (one per patient) Septal Defects ASD (Atrial Septal Defect) PFO (Patent Foramen Ovale) ASD, Secundum ASD, Sinus venosus ASD, Coronary sinus ASD, Common atrium (single atrium) VSD (Ventricular
More informationThe modified Konno procedure, or subaortic ventriculoplasty,
Modified Konno Procedure for Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction David P. Bichell, MD The modified Konno procedure, or subaortic ventriculoplasty, first described by Cooley and Garrett in1986, 1
More informationCongenital Heart Defects
Normal Heart Congenital Heart Defects 1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus The ductus arteriosus connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta. In utero, it allows the blood leaving the right ventricle to bypass
More informationSurgical Management of TOF in Adults. Dr Flora Tsang Associate Consultant Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Queen Mary Hospital
Surgical Management of TOF in Adults Dr Flora Tsang Associate Consultant Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Queen Mary Hospital Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in Adults Most common cyanotic congenital heart
More informationHeart and Lungs. LUNG Coronal section demonstrates relationship of pulmonary parenchyma to heart and chest wall.
Heart and Lungs Normal Sonographic Anatomy THORAX Axial and coronal sections demonstrate integrity of thorax, fetal breathing movements, and overall size and shape. LUNG Coronal section demonstrates relationship
More informationIn 1980, Bex and associates 1 first introduced the initial
Technique of Aortic Translocation for the Management of Transposition of the Great Arteries with a Ventricular Septal Defect and Pulmonary Stenosis Victor O. Morell, MD, and Peter D. Wearden, MD, PhD In
More informationIntroduction. Study Design. Background. Operative Procedure-I
Risk Factors for Mortality After the Norwood Procedure Using Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery Shunt Ann Thorac Surg 2009;87:178 86 86 Addressor: R1 胡祐寧 2009/3/4 AM7:30 SICU 討論室 Introduction Hypoplastic
More informationSince first successfully performed by Jatene et al, the
Long-Term Predictors of Aortic Root Dilation and Aortic Regurgitation After Arterial Switch Operation Marcy L. Schwartz, MD; Kimberlee Gauvreau, ScD; Pedro del Nido, MD; John E. Mayer, MD; Steven D. Colan,
More informationCMS Limitations Guide - Radiology Services
CMS Limitations Guide - Radiology Services Starting October 1, 2015, CMS will update their existing medical necessity limitations on tests and procedures to correspond to ICD-10 codes. This limitations
More informationThe need for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction
Polytetrafluoroethylene Bicuspid Pulmonary Valve Implantation James A. Quintessenza, MD The need for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and pulmonary valve replacement is increasing for many
More informationThe Rastelli procedure has been traditionally used for repair
En-bloc Rotation of the Truncus Arteriosus A Technique for Complete Anatomic Repair of Transposition of the Great Arteries/Ventricular Septal Defect/Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction or Double
More informationPerimembranous VSD: When Do We Ask For A Surgical Closure? LI Xin. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong
Perimembranous VSD: When Do We Ask For A Surgical Closure? LI Xin Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong Classification (by Kirklin) I. Subarterial (10%) Outlet, conal, supracristal,
More informationLEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION WITH A VSD: OPTIONS FOR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION WITH A VSD: OPTIONS FOR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT 10-13 March 2017 Ritz Carlton, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Zohair AlHalees, MD Consultant, Cardiac Surgery Heart Centre LEFT VENTRICULAR
More informationAtrioventricular valve repair: The limits of operability
Atrioventricular valve repair: The limits of operability Francis Fynn-Thompson, MD Co-Director, Center for Airway Disorders Surgical Director, Pediatric Mechanical Support Program Surgical Director, Heart
More informationGiovanni Di Salvo MD, PhD, FESC Second University of Naples Monaldi Hospital
Giovanni Di Salvo MD, PhD, FESC Second University of Naples Monaldi Hospital VSD is one of the most common congenital cardiac abnormalities in the newborn. It can occur as an isolated finding or in combination
More informationList of Videos. Video 1.1
Video 1.1 Video 1.2 Video 1.3 Video 1.4 Video 1.5 Video 1.6 Video 1.7 Video 1.8 The parasternal long-axis view of the left ventricle shows the left ventricular inflow and outflow tract. The left atrium
More informationAnomalous Systemic Venous Connection Systemic venous anomaly
World Database for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery Appendix B: Diagnosis (International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Codes (IPCCC) and definitions) Anomalous Systemic Venous Connection Systemic
More informationIndication and Technique of Total Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot in 228 Patients
Indication and Technique of Total Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot in 228 Patients Qingyu Wu, MD Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical
More informationAn anterior aortoventriculoplasty, known as the Konno-
The Konno-Rastan Procedure for Anterior Aortic Annular Enlargement Mark E. Roeser, MD An anterior aortoventriculoplasty, known as the Konno-Rastan procedure, is a useful tool for the cardiac surgeon. Originally,
More informationMRI (AND CT) FOR REPAIRED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
MRI (AND CT) FOR REPAIRED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT Linda B Haramati MD, MS Departments of Radiology and Medicine Bronx, New York OUTLINE Pathogenesis Variants Initial surgical treatments Basic MR protocols
More informationChapter 2 Cardiac Interpretation of Pediatric Chest X-Ray
Chapter 2 Cardiac Interpretation of Pediatric Chest X-Ray Ra-id Abdulla and Douglas M. Luxenberg Key Facts The cardiac silhouette occupies 50 55% of the chest width on an anterior posterior chest X-ray
More informationpulmonary valve on, 107 pulmonary valve vegetations on, 113
INDEX Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy, 176 Amyloidosis, 160-161 echocardiographic abnormalities in, 160 intra-mural tumors similar to, 294 myocardial involvement in, 160-161 two-dimensional echocardiography
More informationECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: THE UNOPERATED ADULT
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: THE UNOPERATED ADULT Karen Stout, MD, FACC Divisions of Cardiology University of Washington Medical Center Seattle Children s Hospital NO DISCLOSURES
More informationIMAGES. in PAEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY. Abstract. Case
IMAGES in PAEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY Images PMCID: PMC3232604 Isolated subpulmonary membrane causing critical neonatal pulmonary stenosis with concordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections
More information"Giancarlo Rastelli Lecture"
"Giancarlo Rastelli Lecture" Surgical treatment of Malpositions of the Great Arteries Pascal Vouhé Giancarlo Rastelli (1933 1970) Cliquez pour modifier les styles du texte du masque Deuxième niveau Troisième
More informationAdult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Adult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 Anatomy and Physiology Pathology Clinical Care and Safety Measurement Techniques, Maneuvers,
More informationMitral Valve Disease, When to Intervene
Mitral Valve Disease, When to Intervene Swedish Heart and Vascular Institute Ming Zhang MD PhD Interventional Cardiology Structure Heart Disease Conflict of Interest None Current ACC/AHA guideline Stages
More informationTetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with atrioventricular (AV)
Tetralogy of Fallot with Atrioventricular Canal Defect: Two Patch Repair Sitaram M. Emani, MD, and Pedro J. del Nido, MD Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with atrioventricular (AV) canal defect is classified
More informationPerioperative Management of DORV Case
Perioperative Management of DORV Case James P. Spaeth, MD Department of Anesthesia Cincinnati Children s Hospital Medical Center University of Cincinnati Objectives: 1. Discuss considerations regarding
More informationLong-term results (22 years) of the Ross Operation a single institutional experience
Long-term results (22 years) of the Ross Operation a single institutional experience Authors: Costa FDA, Schnorr GM, Veloso M,Calixto A, Colatusso D, Balbi EM, Torres R, Ferreira ADA, Colatusso C Department
More informationAnatomy of the coronary arteries in transposition
Thorax, 1978, 33, 418-424 Anatomy of the coronary arteries in transposition of the great arteries and methods for their transfer in anatomical correction MAGDI H YACOUB AND ROSEMARY RADLEY-SMITH From Harefield
More informationSurgical Treatment for Double Outlet Right Ventricle. Masakazu Nakao Consultant, Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery
for Double Outlet Right Ventricle Masakazu Nakao Consultant, Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery 1 History Intraventricular tunnel (Kawashima) First repair of Taussig-Bing anomaly (Kirklin) Taussig-Bing
More information5.8 Congenital Heart Disease
5.8 Congenital Heart Disease Congenital heart diseases (CHD) refer to structural or functional heart diseases, which are present at birth. Some of these lesions may be discovered later. prevalence of Chd
More informationAppendix A.1: Tier 1 Surgical Procedure Terms and Definitions
Appendix A.1: Tier 1 Surgical Procedure Terms and Definitions Tier 1 surgeries AV Canal Atrioventricular Septal Repair, Complete Repair of complete AV canal (AVSD) using one- or two-patch or other technique,
More informationWhen should we intervene surgically in pediatric patient with MR?
When should we intervene surgically in pediatric patient with MR? DR.SAUD A. BAHAIDARAH CONSULTANT, PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PEDIATRICS HEAD OF CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIAC SURGERY UNIT KAUH
More informationHISTORY. Question: What category of heart disease is suggested by this history? CHIEF COMPLAINT: Heart murmur present since early infancy.
HISTORY 18-year-old man. CHIEF COMPLAINT: Heart murmur present since early infancy. PRESENT ILLNESS: Although normal at birth, a heart murmur was heard at the six week check-up and has persisted since
More informationCardiac MRI in ACHD What We. ACHD Patients
Cardiac MRI in ACHD What We Have Learned to Apply to ACHD Patients Faris Al Mousily, MBChB, FAAC, FACC Consultant, Pediatric Cardiology, KFSH&RC/Jeddah Adjunct Faculty, Division of Pediatric Cardiology
More informationAnatomy of left ventricular outflow tract'
Anatomy of left ventricular outflow tract' ROBERT WALMSLEY British Heart Journal, 1979, 41, 263-267 From the Department of Anatomy and Experimental Pathology, The University, St Andrews, Scotland SUMMARY
More informationTetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with absent pulmonary valve
Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome Karl F. Welke, MD, and Ross M. Ungerleider, MD, MBA Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS) occurs in 5%
More informationVentricular Septal Defect Associated with Aortic Regurgitation
Ventricular Septal Defect Associated with Aortic Regurgitation Kouichi Hisatomi, M.D., Kenichi Kosuga, M.D., Tadashi somura, M.D., Haruo Akagawa, M.D., Kiroku Ohishi, M.D., and Michihiro Koga, M.D. ABSTRACT
More information3/14/2011 MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORNS CARDIAC INTENSIVE CARE CONFERENCE FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IRVINE, CA. MARCH 7, 2011 WITH HEART DEFECTS
CONFERENCE FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IRVINE, CA. MARCH 7, 2011 MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORNS WITH HEART DEFECTS A NTHONY C. CHANG, MD, MBA, MPH M E D I C AL D I RE C T OR, HEART I N S T I T U T E C H I LDRE N
More informationFetal Tetralogy of Fallot
36 Fetal Tetralogy of Fallot E.D. Bespalova, R.M. Gasanova, O.A.Pitirimova National Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow Elena D. Bespalova, MD Professor, Director Rena M,
More informationThe Double Switch Using Bidirectional Glenn and Hemi-Mustard. Frank Hanley
The Double Switch Using Bidirectional Glenn and Hemi-Mustard Frank Hanley No relationships to disclose CCTGA Interesting Points for Discussion What to do when. associated defects must be addressed surgically:
More informationAnomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle
British Heart Journal, 1978, 40, 1040-1045 Anomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle Its recognition and surgical treatment M. D. LI, J. C. COLES, AND A. C. McDONALD From the Department of Paediatrics,
More informationDouble Outlet Right Ventricle with Anterior and Left-Sided Aorta and Subpulmonary Ventricular Septal Defect
Case Report Double Outlet Right Ventricle with Anterior and Left-Sided rta and Subpulmonary Ventricular Septal Defect Luciana Braz Peixoto, Samira Morhy Borges Leal, Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva, Sandra
More informationAortic valve repair is an accepted option for aortic valve
Complex Aortic Valve Disease in Children Christopher W. Baird, MD,* and Pedro J. del Nido, MD Aortic valve repair is an accepted option for aortic valve pathologic conditions in children and young adults.
More informationTricuspid Valve Repair for Ebstein's Anomaly
Tricuspid Valve Repair for Ebstein's Anomaly Joseph A. Dearani, MD, and Gordon K. Danielson, MD E bstein's anomaly is a malformation of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle that is characterized by
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19123 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Hoohenkerk, Gerard Joannes Franciscus Title: Surgical correction of atrioventricular
More informationBicuspid aortic root spared during ascending aorta surgery: an update of long-term results
Short Communication Bicuspid aortic root spared during ascending aorta surgery: an update of long-term results Marco Russo, Guglielmo Saitto, Paolo Nardi, Fabio Bertoldo, Carlo Bassano, Antonio Scafuri,
More informationCommon Defects With Expected Adult Survival:
Common Defects With Expected Adult Survival: Bicuspid aortic valve :Acyanotic Mitral valve prolapse Coarctation of aorta Pulmonary valve stenosis Atrial septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus (V.S.D.)
More informationDevendra V. Kulkarni, Rahul G. Hegde, Ankit Balani, and Anagha R. Joshi. 2. Case Report. 1. Introduction
Case Reports in Radiology, Article ID 614647, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/614647 Case Report A Rare Case of Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect with a Right Sided Aortic Arch and
More informationSupramitral ring (SMR) is a rare developmental abnormality
Supramitral Obstruction of Left Ventricular Inflow Tract by Supramitral Ring Igor Konstantinov, MD, Tae-Jin Yun, MD, Christopher Calderone, MD, and John G. Coles, MD Supramitral ring (SMR) is a rare developmental
More informationTechniques for repair of complete atrioventricular septal
No Ventricular Septal Defect Patch Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair Carl L. Backer, MD *, Osama Eltayeb, MD *, Michael C. Mongé, MD *, and John M. Costello, MD For the past 10 years, our center has
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute coronary syndrome(s), anticoagulant therapy in, 706, 707 antiplatelet therapy in, 702 ß-blockers in, 703 cardiac biomarkers in,
More informationPresenter Disclosure. Patrick O. Myers, M.D. No Relationships to Disclose
Presenter Disclosure Patrick O. Myers, M.D. No Relationships to Disclose Aortic Valve Repair by Cusp Extension for Rheumatic Aortic Insufficiency in Children Long term Results and Impact of Extension Material
More informationS. Bert Litwin, MD. Preface
Preface Because of the wide variety of anomalies encountered in congenital heart surgery, a broad understanding of the pathologic anatomy of defects is vitally important to the surgeon. More than in many
More informationSURGICAL TREATMENT AND OUTCOME OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
SURGICAL TREATMENT AND OUTCOME OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Mr. W. Brawn Birmingham Children s Hospital. Aims of surgery The aim of surgery in congenital heart disease is to correct or palliate the heart
More informationRepair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects Single Patch Technique
Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects Single Patch Technique Fred A. Crawford, Jr., MD The first repair of a complete atrioventricular septal defect was performed in 1954 by Lillehei using
More informationAdult Congenital Heart Disease: What All Echocardiographers Should Know Sharon L. Roble, MD, FACC Echo Hawaii 2016
1 Adult Congenital Heart Disease: What All Echocardiographers Should Know Sharon L. Roble, MD, FACC Echo Hawaii 2016 DISCLOSURES I have no disclosures relevant to today s talk 2 Why should all echocardiographers
More informationCase 47 Clinical Presentation
93 Case 47 C Clinical Presentation 45-year-old man presents with chest pain and new onset of a murmur. Echocardiography shows severe aortic insufficiency. 94 RadCases Cardiac Imaging Imaging Findings C
More informationAlthough most patients with Ebstein s anomaly live
Management of Neonatal Ebstein s Anomaly Christopher J. Knott-Craig, MD, FACS Although most patients with Ebstein s anomaly live through infancy, those who present clinically as neonates are a distinct
More informationThe first report of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons
REPORT The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Congenital Heart Surgery Database Report: Analysis of the First Harvest (1994 1997) Constantine Mavroudis, MD, Melanie Gevitz, BA, W. Steves Ring, MD, Charles
More informationRepair of very severe tricuspid regurgitation following detachment of the tricuspid valve
OPEN ACCESS Images in cardiology Repair of very severe tricuspid regurgitation following detachment of the tricuspid valve Ahmed Mahgoub 1, Hassan Kamel 2, Walid Simry 1, Hatem Hosny 1, * 1 Aswan Heart
More informationThe radial procedure was developed as an outgrowth
The Radial Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation Takashi Nitta, MD The radial procedure was developed as an outgrowth of an alternative to the maze procedure. The atrial incisions are designed to radiate from
More informationCardiac Radiology In-Training Test Questions for Diagnostic Radiology Residents
Cardiac Radiology In-Training Test Questions for Diagnostic Radiology Residents March, 2013 Sponsored by: Commission on Education Committee on Residency Training in Diagnostic Radiology 2013 by American
More informationResearch Presentation June 23, Nimish Muni Resident Internal Medicine
Research Presentation June 23, 2009 Nimish Muni Resident Internal Medicine Research Question In adult patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot, how does Echocardiography compare to MRI in evaluating
More informationComplex Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
Complex Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Linda B. Haramati, MD Disclosures Complex Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Linda B. Haramati MD, MS Jeffrey M. Levsky MD, PhD Meir Scheinfeld MD, PhD Department
More informationSurgical Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect; Contemporary Results and Risk Factors for a Complicated Course
Pediatr Cardiol (2017) 38:264 270 DOI 10.1007/s00246-016-1508-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Surgical Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect; Contemporary Results and Risk Factors for a Complicated Course Maartje Schipper
More informationSeptember 26, 2012 Philip Stockwell, MD Lifespan CVI Assistant Professor of Medicine (Clinical)
September 26, 2012 Philip Stockwell, MD Lifespan CVI Assistant Professor of Medicine (Clinical) Advances in cardiac surgery have created a new population of adult patients with repaired congenital heart
More informationEchocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 44 Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease John L. Cotton and G. William Henry Multiple-plane cardiac imaging by echocardiography can noninvasively define the anatomy of the heart and the
More informationReconstruction of the Aortic Valve and Root A Practical approach Failures after aortic valve repair. Diana Aicher. September 16 th -18 th 2015
Reconstruction of the Aortic Valve and Root A Practical approach Failures after aortic valve repair Diana Aicher September 16 th -18 th 2015 Classification of failures- root repair 51/810 acute/ intraoperative
More informationAtrial Septal Defects
Supplementary ACHD Echo Acquisition Protocol for Atrial Septal Defects The following protocol for echo in adult patients with atrial septal defects (ASDs) is a guide for performing a comprehensive assessment
More informationDespite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology
Suture Relocation of the Posterior Papillary Muscle in Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Benjamin B. Peeler MD,* and Irving L. Kron MD,*, *Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD Disclosure No Relevant Financial Relationships with Commercial Interests Fetal Echo: How to do it? Timing of Study -optimally between 22-24 weeks
More informationHISTORY. Question: What category of heart disease is suggested by the fact that a murmur was heard at birth?
HISTORY 23-year-old man. CHIEF COMPLAINT: Decreasing exercise tolerance of several years duration. PRESENT ILLNESS: The patient is the product of an uncomplicated term pregnancy. A heart murmur was discovered
More informationULTRASOUND OF THE FETAL HEART
ULTRASOUND OF THE FETAL HEART Cameron A. Manbeian, MD Disclosure Statement Today s faculty: Cameron Manbeian, MD does not have any relevant financial relationships with commercial interests or affiliations
More informationEbstein s anomaly is a congenital malformation of the right
Cone Reconstruction of the Tricuspid Valve for Ebstein s Anomaly: Anatomic Repair Joseph A. Dearani, MD, Emile Bacha, MD, and José Pedro da Silva, MD Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
More informationThe background of the Cardiac Sonographer Network News masthead is a diagnostic image:
Number 5 Welcome Number 5 Welcome to the newsletter created just for you: sonographers who perform pediatric echocardiograms in primarily adult echo labs. Each issue features tips on echocardiography of
More informationAssessing Cardiac Anatomy With Digital Subtraction Angiography
485 JACC Vol. 5, No. I Assessing Cardiac Anatomy With Digital Subtraction Angiography DOUGLAS S., MD, FACC Cleveland, Ohio The use of intravenous digital subtraction angiography in the assessment of patients
More informationThe Edge-to-Edge Technique f For Barlow's Disease
The Edge-to-Edge Technique f For Barlow's Disease Ottavio Alfieri, Michele De Bonis, Elisabetta Lapenna, Francesco Maisano, Lucia Torracca, Giovanni La Canna. Department of Cardiac Surgery, San Raffaele
More informationChildren with Single Ventricle Physiology: The Possibilities
Children with Single Ventricle Physiology: The Possibilities William I. Douglas, M.D. Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Children s Memorial Hermann Hospital The University of Texas Health Science Center
More informationCongenital heart disease: When to act and what to do?
Leading Article Congenital heart disease: When to act and what to do? Duminda Samarasinghe 1 Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2010; 39: 39-43 (Key words: Congenital heart disease) Congenital heart disease
More informationDouble outlet right ventricle: navigation of surgeon to chose best treatment strategy
Double outlet right ventricle: navigation of surgeon to chose best treatment strategy Jan Marek Great Ormond Street Hospital & Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London Double outlet
More informationCMR for Congenital Heart Disease
CMR for Congenital Heart Disease * Second-line tool after TTE * Strengths of CMR : tissue characterisation, comprehensive access and coverage, relatively accurate measurements of biventricular function/
More informationSurgery For Ebstein Anomaly
Surgery For Ebstein Anomaly Christian Pizarro, MD Chief, Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Director, Nemours Cardiac Center Alfred I. dupont Hospital for Children Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Sidney
More information9/8/2009 < 1 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9,10 11,12 13,14 15,16 17,18 > 18. Tetralogy of Fallot. Complex Congenital Heart Disease.
Current Indications for Pediatric CTA S Bruce Greenberg Professor of Radiology Arkansas Children s Hospital University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences greenbergsbruce@uams.edu 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
More informationCandice Silversides, MD Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults University of Toronto Toronto, Canada
PVR Following Repair of TOF Now? When? Candice Silversides, MD Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults University of Toronto Toronto, Canada Late Complications after TOF repair Repair will be necessary
More informationRecent technical advances and increasing experience
Pediatric Open Heart Operations Without Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization Jean-Pierre Pfammatter, MD, Pascal A. Berdat, MD, Thierry P. Carrel, MD, and Franco P. Stocker, MD Division of Pediatric Cardiology,
More informationAnatomy of Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
Surgical challenges in atrio-ventricular septal defect in grown-up congenital heart disease Anatomy of Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD) S. Yen Ho Professor of Cardiac Morphology Royal Brompton and
More informationHow to Perform a Valve Sparing Root Replacement Joseph S. Coselli, M.D.
How to Perform a Valve Sparing Root Replacement Joseph S. Coselli, M.D. AATS International Cardiovascular Symposium 2017 Session 6: Technical Aspects of Open Surgery on the Aortic Valve Sao Paulo, Brazil
More informationCASE REPORT: DOUBLE ORIFICE MITRAL VALVE WITH CLEFT IN ANTERIOR LEAFLET OF DOMINANT VALVE IN AN AFRO-CARIBBEAN
CASE REPORT: DOUBLE ORIFICE MITL VAE WITH CLEFT IN ANTERIOR LEAFLET OF DOMINANT VAE IN AN AFRO-CARIBBEAN Disclosure: No potential conflict of interest. Received: 27.08.13 Accepted: 23.06.14 Citation: EMJ
More information3 Aortopulmonary Window
0 0 0 0 0 Aortopulmonary Window Introduction Communications between the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery constitute a spectrum of malformations which is collectively designated aortopulmonary window,
More informationCARDIAC ANATOMY. David McGiffin Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation Alfred Health, Melbourne
CARDIAC ANATOMY David McGiffin Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation Alfred Health, Melbourne Outline The aorto-ventricular unit The mitral valve Interior of the right ventricle Aorto-ventricular
More informationCorrective Repair of Complete Atrioventricular
Corrective Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defects and Major Associated Cardiac Anomalies A. D. Pacifico, M.D., A. Ricchi, M.D., L. M. Bargeron, Jr., M.D., E. C. Colvin, M.D., J. W. Kirklin,
More informationSurgical Results in Patients With Double Outlet Right Ventricle: A 20-Year Experience
Surgical Results in Patients With Double Outlet Right Ventricle: A 20-Year Experience John W. Brown, MD, Mark Ruzmetov, MD, Yuji Okada, MD, Palaniswamy Vijay, PhD, MPH, and Mark W. Turrentine, MD Section
More informationThe pulmonary valve is the most common heart valve
Biologic versus Mechanical Valve Replacement of the Pulmonary Valve After Multiple Reconstructions of the RVOT Tract S. Adil Husain, MD, and John Brown, MD Indiana University School of Medicine, Department
More information