The radial procedure was developed as an outgrowth

Transcription

1 The Radial Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation Takashi Nitta, MD The radial procedure was developed as an outgrowth of an alternative to the maze procedure. The atrial incisions are designed to radiate from the sinus node toward the atrioventricular annular margins and parallel the atrial activation sequence and the atrial coronary arteries. And the procedure avoids isolation of any atrial segments. The procedure has been shown to preserve a physiological atrial activation sequence, recruit more myocardium for the atrial transport function, and to prevent thromboembolism more effectively. The lesion set of the radial procedure in the right atrium (RA) are the same as the maze procedure, except for the excision of the right atrial appendage. The differences are in the left atrium (LA) and interatrial septum. The LA incisions, complying with the radial concept, recruit the posterior LA as a contractile component and preserve a physiological activation sequence and the atrial coronary arteries. The septal incision is reversed horizontally to preserve the blood supply to the posterior septum. The radial procedure is technically easier than the maze procedure, because the incisions are more linear and there is no isolation incision in the LA. 1 Atrial incisions, ablation lines, and sites of cryothermia in the radial procedure are shown. The left upper and middle schemas represent the anterior and posterior views of the atria, respectively. The four circles in the posterior left atrium indicate the pulmonary vein orifices. The right lower panel represents the interatrial septum. The broken lines indicate the cut-and-sew incisions and the full lines indicate the bipolar radiofrequency (RF) linear ablation lines. The small circles indicate the cryothermia at the atrioventricular annuli. The right atrial appendage is not excised, unlike the maze procedure, to preserve the secretion of the atrial natri-uretic peptide. The left atrial appendage is excised to prevent systemic thromboembolism due to thrombosis in the left atrial appendage. MV, mitral valve; TV, tricuspid valve; RAA, right atrial appendage; LAA, left atrial appendage; SVC, superior vena cava; IVC, inferior vena cava; FO, fossa ovalis; CS, coronary sinus. Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol 9, No 1 (Spring), 2004: pp

2 84 NITTA SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Preparation for Cardiopulmonary Bypass The chest is opened through a mid-line sternotomy. Both the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) are snared. The pericardium between the IVC and the right inferior pulmonary vein (PV) is dissected extensively, so that the oblique sinus between the right and left PVs is exposed. The patient is cannulated in the ascending aorta, SVC, and lower RA. A normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is then initiated. We usually isolate the right and left PVs by means of a bipolar radiofrequency (RF) device before making the RA incisions in patients with paroxysmal AF. Complete electrical isolation is verified by the demonstration of conduction block during pacing with the maximal output from the isolated right and left PVs while the heart is beating. 2 A small incision is made at the top of the right atrial appendage. The appendage is not excised, but all the major trabeculae inside the appendage are divided to prevent microreentry. The incision is extended inferiorly by a pair of scissors or a bipolar RF device. One jaw of the bipolar RF device is inserted into the RA and a linear ablation line is made on the lateral RA. The distal end of this incision should be 4 cm above the IVC cannula. A horizontal incision is made on the lower RA between the lateral RA incision and the IVC cannula. At least 2 cm of distance should be kept between the distal end of the lateral RA ablation line and the horizontal incision to allow the sinus impulse to propagate into the anterior RA between the lateral incision and the atrioventricular groove. The horizontal incision is extended posteriorly, crossing the crista terminalis, down to the interatrial septum. A marker in the middle of the incision assists later closure.

3 RADIAL PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION 85 3 This incision is then extended, using angled scissors, all the way up to the SVC, where no myocardium is visible. The incision is made posteriorly to the crista terminalis, and care is needed to be taken to avoid any injury to the sinoatrial node located at the junction of the RA and the SVC.

4 86 NITTA 4 This lesion can be replaced by the bipolar RF device. The device is properly placed at the posterior RA between the crista terminalis and the interatrial septum, anterior to the right superior and inferior PVs, so that a transmural linear ablation lesion is made along the entire length. 5 A linear lesion between the horizontal incision and the IVC is then made with the bipolar RF device.

5 RADIAL PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION 87 6 The horizontal incision made in the lower RA is extended anteriorly toward the atrioventricular groove. The atrial myocardium in the atrioventricular groove is carefully dissected by means of a #15 scalpel from inside the RA. It is extremely important to divide all the muscle fibers across this incision. Then the distal end of the atriotomy is cryoablated using a 5-mm cryoprobe for 2 minutes at 60 C.

6 88 NITTA 7 The incision made at the top of the right atrial appendage is extended antero-medially toward the right atrioventricular fat pad. Usually, the sino-atrial nodal artery from the right coronary artery can be identified close to this incision, and care needs to be taken to avoid any injury to or traction on this artery. The lateral RA is lifted using a couple of forceps and the incision is extended down to the tricuspid valve annulus by means of a #15 scalpel. The dissection ends at the annulus 1 to 2 cm above the membranous septum. Then the distal end of the atriotomy at the annulus is cryoablated. The incision is closed with a 3-0 Prolene continuous suture. The lower RA incision is also closed in the same fashion. As the top of the atrioventricular groove is reached, the RA flap is turned back down, and the incision is closed from outside the RA to one third of its length.

7 RADIAL PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION 89 8 The ascending aorta is cross-clamped and cardioplegic solution is infused antegradely and retrogradely. A vertical septal incision is made at the fossa ovalis and extended infero-posteriorly. Then the posterior RA is incised, and extended to the septal incision.

8 90 NITTA 9 From the junction of the septal incision and the posterior RA incision, the lower LA is incised transversely toward the posterior mitral valve annulus. Again, a marker in the middle of the incision assists later closure. The incision ends at the posterior mitral annulus between the middle (P2) and postero-medial scallops (P3) of the posterior mitral leaflet. This is because the distal ends of the left circumflex coronary artery and right coronary artery converge at the level of P2-P3 junction in most patients so that the dissection of the atrioventricular fat pad can be safely performed. However, approximately 10% of humans are said to have a large posterior interventricular artery that perfuses the right and almost half of the left ventricles. In these particular patients, the LA incision should be directed more craniad at the posterior mitral annulus. For this reason, preoperative coronary angiography is recommended in all patients who are scheduled for surgery for AF.

9 RADIAL PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION The atrial myocardium at the atrioventricular groove is carefully dissected in the same fashion as in the RA. Then the distal end of the incision at the mitral annulus and the coronary sinus (CS) are cryoablated. A 5-mm and a 15-mm cryoprobe are used for the mitral annulus and the CS ablation, respectively. During the CS ablation, the cardioplegia catheter inserted into the CS is pulled back to make a complete circumferential cryolesion on the CS.

10 92 NITTA 11 The left atrial appendage is safely excised from outside the heart. The operating table is inclined toward the surgeon and the main trunk of the pulmonary artery is displaced toward the right side by a retractor to expose the left atrial appendage. The appendage is totally removed and any atrial myocardium having a trabecula is excised.

11 RADIAL PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION The bipolar RF device is introduced into the left superior PV through the excised appendage orifice with the tip directed into the left superior PV and a linear ablation is made between the orifice and the PV. The left superior PV is dissected between the left pulmonary artery, and the superior and inferior PVs are taped. The LA is clamped 1 cm proximal to the orifice of the left superior and inferior PVs, and RF energy is applied to electrically isolate the PVs from the LA. Then the left atrial appendage is closed with a 3-0 Prolene continuous suture.

12 94 NITTA 13 The inclined table is restored, and the right superior PV is dissected between the right pulmonary artery and the superior and inferior PVs are taped. The LA at the junction of the right superior and inferior PVs is clamped with the bipolar RF device, and the PVs are isolated in the same fashion as on the left side. A linear ablation is made between the right inferior PV and the posterior LA incision with the bipolar RF device to block the reentrant circuit around the right PVs. Another linear ablation is made between the left inferior PVs and the posterior LA incision in the same fashion. After the completion of the radial incisions, all the atrial incisions are closed with a 3-0 Prolene continuous suture. The continuous suture is started from the distal end of the LA incision at the posterior mitral annulus. The atrial endocardium and myocardium are closed over the atrioventricular fat pad and the CS. The continuous suture makes a transition to full-thickness stitches on the infero-posterior LA free wall. It is important to avoid making a dog ear at the epicardial distal end of the LA incision to prevent bleeding from the suture line. The inferior LA, interatrial septum, and the posterior RA are closed. The LA is deaired most effectively from the interatrial septum while keeping the suture loosely tied. Then the aortic cross-clamp is removed and the heart is reperfused. The intercaval incision in the posterior RA and the horizontal incision in the lower RA are closed. Lastly, the remaining incision at the top of the right atrial appendage is closed while deairing from the RA. SUMMARY Sequence of the Procedures If the radial procedure is not the lone procedure and is concomitant to other cardiac procedures, there are considerations for the sequence of the procedures. A mitral valve repair or replacement is safely performed after all the radial incisions are made. After completion of the mitral valve surgery, the displacement of the heart can be unsafe and the exposure of the left atrial appendage and inside of the LA is limited to some extent. Coronary artery bypass grafting is also performed after completion of the radial procedure for the same reason. The distal coronary anastomosis can be performed even on the beating heart after the release of the aortic cross-clamp. Aortic valve replacement, particularly in patients with aortic valve regurgitation, is performed before the LA incisions are made, after the aorta is cross-clamped. In this way, the time for selective infusion of cardioplegic solution directly into the coronary artery ostia can be saved. The atrial septal defect is closed at the time of closure of the septal incision of the radial procedure. The tricuspid valve repair is usually performed after the LA is closed, and the aortic cross-clamp is released. Modifications of the Radial Procedure In the radial procedure, the longitudinal septal incision, which is extended down to the mitral valve annulus, provides an excellent exposure of the mitral valve,

13 RADIAL PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION 95 which is satisfactory to undergo complex valve repair. The septal incision can be replaced by a right-sided LA incision in patients who do not require complex mitral valve repair. In that case, the postero-inferior interatrial septum should be ablated by crythermia or RF energy to interrupt the potential reentrant circuit around the fossa ovalis. Recently developed ablation devices may enable minimally invasive procedures for AF without undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. It is extremely important to preserve the concept of the radial procedure in the lesion set for the off-pump AF procedure to resume a physiological atrial activation and sufficient atrial transport function, and to most surely prevent thromboembolism. Clinical Results Between October 1997 and December 2003, we performed the radial procedure in 100 patients. There were 53 male and 47 female patients, and the average age was years. Of those patients, 82 patients had valvular heart disease and 9 patients were associated with congenital heart disease, while the remaining 9 patients had no structural heart disease. There were 67 patients with continuous AF and 33 with intermittent AF. Thirteen patients had experienced thromboembolic events before the surgery. Seven patients had left atrial thrombi present at the time of surgery. There were two surgical mortalities, not related to the radial procedure. The success rate for AF was 91%. A pacemaker implantation was required in six patients. In all the patients who were cured of AF, a significant contraction of the LA was detected by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography postoperatively. During the follow-up period of up to 74 months (median 35 months), no patient has experienced thromboembolic events. These results suggest that the radial procedure provides a greater atrial transport function and prevents thromboembolism, and thus may represent a physiological alternative to the maze procedure as a surgical procedure for AF. From the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, , Japan. Address correspondence to Takashi Nitta, MD, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved /04/ $30.00/0 doi: /j.optechstcvs