Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability

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1 Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability AZ Source: /gemuese/spargel-richtig-essentradition-verpflichtet.html Ulrike Lohwasser Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank Dept., Gatersleben, Germany

2 Press Release March 2017 from the German statistical office (Statistisches Bundesamt) Asparagus the market leader in the German vegetable cultivation also in 2016! Asparagus was the market leader in the German vegetable cultivation with a cultivated area of 27,000 ha (+ 5% compared to 2015). In 2016 asparagus was cultivated on 22% of the whole cultivated area of vegetables. The total yield was 120,000 t produced by 1,850 farms.

3 Asparagus harvested area 2014 Area harvested (ha) World China Peru Mexico Germany Spain United States of America Italy Japan France Netherlands Argentina United Kingdom Chile Greece Bulgaria Thailand Canada Australia Hungary Iran (Islamic Republic of) New Zealand Austria China, Taiwan Province Ecuador Belgium Switzerland The former Yugoslav Philippines Slovakia Morocco Poland Denmark Czechia Zimbabwe Lithuania Slovenia Costa Rica Finland Colombia Kenya Israel Turkey (FAOSTAT, August 2017) 0 Area harvested (ha) Peru Mexico Germany Spain United States of America Italy Japan France Netherlands Argentina United Kingdom Chile Greece Bulgaria Thailand Canada Australia Hungary Iran (Islamic Republic of) New Zealand Austria China, Taiwan Province of Ecuador Belgium Switzerland The former Yugoslav Philippines Slovakia Morocco Poland Denmark Czechia Zimbabwe Lithuania Slovenia Costa Rica Finland Colombia Kenya Israel Turkey

4 Asparagus production in Production (t) World China Peru Mexico Germany Spain Italy United States of America Japan France Thailand Iran (Islamic Republic of) Netherlands Chile Bulgaria Argentina Australia Greece Hungary Canada United Kingdom Belgium China, Taiwan Province of Philippines New Zealand Austria Morocco Poland Ecuador Switzerland Slovakia The former Yugoslav Czechia Lithuania South Africa Zimbabwe Tunisia Slovenia Denmark Costa Rica Kenya RÃ union Israel Colombia Turkey Finland (FAOSTAT, August 2017) 0 Production (t) Peru Mexico Germany Spain Italy United States of America Japan France Thailand Iran (Islamic Republic of) Netherlands Chile Bulgaria Argentina Australia Greece Hungary Canada United Kingdom Belgium China, Taiwan Province of Philippines New Zealand Austria Morocco Poland Ecuador Switzerland Slovakia The former Yugoslav Czechia Lithuania South Africa Zimbabwe Tunisia Slovenia Denmark Costa Rica Kenya RÃ union Israel Colombia Turkey Finland

5 Asparagus production in 2012 (metric tons) Source: FAO Country Production Export Import China 7,350,000 4, Peru 375, ,034 n/a Mexico 119, , Germany 102,395 4,340 26,409 United States 34,518 40, ,351 Netherlands 15,700 19,128 15,253

6 Very important vegetable with high production rates BUT Narrow genepool, many cultivars go back to Ruhm von Braunschweig and Argenteuil Low adaptation to climate change (changes in temperature, rain fall, soil) Stable disease resistance necessary (Fusarium wilt, Stemphylium leaf spot, Phytophthora rot, rust, potyvirus AV1, etc.

7 Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability Ex situ Collections World-wide Asparagus Collections The German Genebank in Gatersleben Maintenance of Asparagus Availability of Material International Regulations Genepool/Gap Analysis Taxonomy of Asparagus

Ex situ Collections 90% were conserved as seeds FAO (2010)

resources for food and agriculture In vivo In vitro Seeds Ex

samples of living organisms outside their natural habitat, in

8 Ex situ Collections 90% were conserved as seeds FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture In vivo In vitro Seeds Ex situ conservation is the conservation and maintenance of samples of living organisms outside their natural habitat, in the form of whole plants, seed, pollen, vegetative propagules, tissue or cell cultures.

9 Ex Situ Collections world-wide 7.4 Million accessions world-wide 15% 9% 7% 6% Cereals Food Legumes Forages Vegetables 8% Fruits Roots and Tubers 45% Fibre Crops Oil Crops Others Asparagus not mentioned and counted in the report FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

10 Ex situ Collections world-wide The 10 largest world-wide germplasm collections by crop Crop Genus Accessions Wheat Triticum 857,940 Rice Oryza 773,947 Barley Hordeum 470,470 Maize Zea 327,931 Bean Phaseolus 262,369 Sorghum Sorghum 235,711 Soybean Glycine 229,947 Oat Avena 148,260 Groundnut Arachis 128,461 Cotton Gossypium 104,780 FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

11 Ex situ Collections world-wide NCGRP USA 508,994 ICGR China 391,919 NBPGR India 366,333 VIR Russia 322,238 NIAS Japan 243,463 CIMMYT Mexico 173,571 IPK Germany 151,007 ICARDA Syria 132,793 FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

12 Ex situ Collections world-wide Svalbard 1,475 Genebanks world-wide 130 > 10,000 Accessions FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

13 Ex situ Collections World-wide Asparagus Collections The German Genebank in Gatersleben Maintenance of Asparagus Availability of Material International Regulations Genepool/Gap Analysis Taxonomy of Asparagus

European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources (EURISCO) National Inventory No of Accessions Armenia 13 Austria 3 Azerbaijan 8 Belgium 6 Bulgaria 2 Croatia 4 Czech Republic 22

14 European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources (EURISCO) National Inventory No of Accessions Armenia 13 Austria 3 Azerbaijan 8 Belgium 6 Bulgaria 2 Croatia 4 Czech Republic 22 Georgia 1 Germany 45 Hungary 8 Ireland 4 Israel 11 Italy 58 Nordic Countries 25 Poland 1 Portugal 1 Romania 2 Slovakia 10 Spain 50 Ukraine 4 United Kingdom accessions in total (August 2017)

15 Homepage: but not updated anymore Genus: Asparagus Total hits: 363

16 Asparagus Collections in USA 34 Accessions 30 A. officinalis L. 2 A. hybr. 1 A. maritimus Mill. 1 A. brachyphyllus Turcz. JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1962 From Stratens Forgstation, Spangsbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark 'Dansk Kaempe' 'Spangsbjerg Nr 1' 'Spangsbjerg Nr 2\ From Wageningen, the Netherlands 'Glory of Brunswick'. Selection Franken No Allmale. ML X RV No Allmale. MAB X RV. From England 'Connover Colossal*. From Sutton's, Reading Trench Argentevil'. From J. L. Clucus, Ltd KBF. From Captain Kidner, Hakenheath Turple Argentevil\ From Elsom's, Hines.

17 Asparagus Collection in Japan NARO Genebank the focal point in Japan for conservation of plants, animals, micro-organisms and DNA materials related to agriculture

18 5 Accessions JP No. Scientific name Cultivar Status Source Origin Asparagus officinalis ZUIYOU Breeders line Introduced JAPAN(HOKKAIDO) Asparagus officinalis GOLDSCHATZ Unknown Introduced GERMAN FED Asparagus officinalis RUHM VON BRAUNSCHWEIG Landrace Introduced GERMAN FED Asparagus officinalis EDEN Unknown Introduced CANADA Asparagus officinalis NEW JERSEY 322 Unknown Introduced USA

19 JP No. (Accession No.) Plant name Garden Asparagus Scientific name Asparagus officinalis L. Cultivar/Accession name ZUIYOU Origin JAPAN(HOKKAIDO) Status Breeders line Collection source Introduced Donor HOKKAIDO Conservation ID Form of Distribution Seed Standard Quantity of distribution 20 seeds Germination percentage 92% Availability Yes C&E data Plant height 65 (cm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk thickness 3 (mm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk internode length 31 (mm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk number 7 (GUNMA, 1990)

20 Asparagus Collections in India National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Gene Bank, New Delhi, India 29 accessions from 4 species Photo: Dr. A. Börner (2011)

21 Wiews Germplasm Report ( FAO ) Country Species Total Accessions Armenia Asparagus officinalis 12 Austria Asparagus officinalis 3 Azerbaijan Asparagus officinalis 8 Brazil Asparagus officinalis 1 Bulgaria Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus tenuifolius 1 Canada Asparagus densiflorus 3 Asparagus falcatus 1 Asparagus laricinus 2 Asparagus officinalis 2 Asparagus virgatus 2 Chile Asparagus officinalis 12 Colombia Asparagus officinalis 1 Czech Republic Asparagus officinalis 11 France Asparagus spp. 710 Germany Asparagus officinalis 33 Asparagus verticillatus 1 Hungary Asparagus officinalis 8 India Asparagus adscendens 2 Asparagus officinalis 14 Asparagus racemosus 23 Asparagus rotleri 1 Asparagus sp. 3 Iran, Islamic Rep. of Asparagus officinalis 1 Israel Asparagus spp. 10 Italy Asparagus falcatus 1 Asparagus meyeri 1 Asparagus myriocladus 1 Asparagus piramidalys 1 Asparagus plumosus 1 Asparagus sprengeri 1 Asparagus virgatus 1 Country Species Total Accessions Japan Asparagus officinalis 21 Kazakhstan Asparagus officinalis 5 Kenya Asparagus africanus 1 Asparagus deflexus 1 Asparagus racemosus 1 Asparagus setaceus 2 Asparagus sp. 1 Lithuania Asparagus officinalis 2 Mexico Asparagus plumosus 2 Namibia Asparagus sp. 1 Philippines Asparagus officinalis 1 Poland Asparagus sp. 2 Asparagus officinalis 1 Portugal Asparagus officinalis 1 Romania Asparagus officinalis 1 Russian Federation Asparagus officinalis 16 Senegal Asparagus officinalis 36 Slovakia Asparagus officinalis 10 South Africa Asparagus densiflorus 3 Asparagus falcatus 1 Asparagus laricinus 4 Asparagus virgatus 3 Spain Asparagus acutifolius 4 Asparagus officinalis 2 Asparagus pastorianus 1 Asparagus plumosus 1 Asparagus scoparius 1 Asparagus sp. 2 Asparagus stipularis 1 Asparagus umbellatus 2 Sweden Asparagus officinalis 15 Taiwan, China Asparagus officinalis 4

22 Country Species Total Accessions Thailand Asparagus officinalis 12 Turkey Asparagus spp. 3 Ukraine Asparagus officinalis 2 United Kingdom Asparagus aethiopicus 2 Asparagus africanus 2 Asparagus albus 1 Asparagus angusticladus 1 Asparagus aphyllus 1 Asparagus asparagoides 1 Asparagus buchananii 1 Asparagus capensis 2 Asparagus consanguineus 1 Asparagus cooperi 1 Asparagus crassicladus 1 Asparagus declinatus 1 Asparagus falcatus 2 Asparagus filicinus 1 Asparagus flagellaris 4 Asparagus flavicaulis 1 Asparagus greveanus 3 Asparagus krebsianus 1 Asparagus laricinus 1 Asparagus officinalis 17 Asparagus persicus 1 Asparagus racemosus 3 Asparagus retrofractus 1 Asparagus rubicundus 2 Asparagus scandens 1 Asparagus schroederi 1 Asparagus schumanianus 1 Asparagus setaceus 3 Asparagus sp. 3 Asparagus stipularis 1 Asparagus suaveolens 1 Asparagus umbellulatus 2 Asparagus vaginellatus 2 Asparagus virgatus 1 Country Species Total Accessions United States of America Asparagus acutifolius 3 Asparagus africanus 2 Asparagus albus 2 Asparagus aphyllus 1 Asparagus arborescens 1 Asparagus asparagoides 4 Asparagus brachyphyllus 1 Asparagus bucharicus 1 Asparagus cochinchinensis 3 Asparagus dauricus 3 Asparagus declinatus 3 Asparagus densiflorus 19 Asparagus falcatus 4 Asparagus gonoclados 1 Asparagus hybrid 2 Asparagus laricinus 4 Asparagus litoralis 1 Asparagus maritimus 1 Asparagus officinalis 79 Asparagus oligoclonos 1 Asparagus pseudoscaber 1 Asparagus racemosus 8 Asparagus scandens 2 Asparagus scoparius 1 Asparagus setaceus 9 Asparagus sp. 10 Asparagus stipularis 1 Asparagus verticillatus 6 Asparagus virgatus 3 1,284 accessions

23 Summary 7.4 Million accessions in ex situ collections world-wide 1,284 asparagus accesions world-wide BUT No information from all countries available No updates of accession numbers from all countries (last entry 2012) No information about availability of the material In some cases no taxonomical determination Very few number of wild species, especially of species from the genepool

24 Ex situ Collections World-wide Asparagus Collections The German Genebank in Gatersleben Maintenance of Asparagus Availability of Material International Regulations Genepool/Gap Analysis Taxonomy of Asparagus

25 Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research

26 The Federal ex-situ Genebank AZ Largest Genebank in the EU28 Conservation of Biodiversity ( accessions; species) Distribution of seeds (> samples p.a.) Safety Duplicates

The German Genebank in Gatersleben Inventory Total number Cultivation/no of acc.

1,436 beans (Phaseolus) 9,146 283 peas 5,295 180 151,002 accessions 3,212 species 776 genera Vegetable 18,794

flax 2,324 104 Medicine/Spice Plants 8,344 1,476 Mutants 1,771 266 Forage crops 11,786 1,410 forage grasses

27 The German Genebank in Gatersleben Inventory Total number Cultivation/no of acc. of accessions Cereals and Grasses 65,448 2,494 wheat 28, barley 23, rye 2, Legumes 28,066 1,436 beans (Phaseolus) 9, peas 5, ,002 accessions 3,212 species 776 genera Vegetable 18,794 2,556 tomatoes 3, onions 3,319 1,421 beet/beta 2, Oil/Fibreplants 7, rapeseed 2, flax 2, Medicine/Spice Plants 8,344 1,476 Mutants 1, Forage crops 11,786 1,410 forage grasses 10,441 1,115 Potatoes 6,060 2,991 Reference collections 415,888 herbarium sheets 100,096 seeds & fruits 52,249 cereal spikes Total 151,002 13,557

28 ACCENUMB GENUS SPECIES SPAUTHOR ACCENAME ACQDATE ORIGCTY SAMPSTAT DONORDESCR ASP 2 Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagio di Argentuill ITA landrace 34 accessions in total 33 Asparagus officinalis L. 1 Asparagus verticillatus L. The Asparagus Collection ASP 19 Asparagus officinalis L. Dansk Kaempe advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 11 Asparagus officinalis L. FRANKULLUS DEU advanced cultivar ASP 16 Asparagus officinalis L. Geo-Riesenspargel advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 27 Asparagus officinalis L. Giant White Cap advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 26 Asparagus officinalis L. Gr. Asperge Rue Hative Améliorée D advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany Argenteuil ASP 18 Asparagus officinalis L. Gr. Blanche Amélorée advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 22 Asparagus officinalis L. Gr. Hatives de Sologne advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 17 Asparagus officinalis L. Huchels advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 36 Asparagus officinalis L. Huchels Leistungsauslese DEU advanced cultivar ASP 1 Asparagus officinalis L. Ivancicky advanced cultivar ASP 15 Asparagus officinalis L. Mary Washington advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 8 Asparagus officinalis L. OPTIMA DEU advanced cultivar ASP 10 Asparagus officinalis L. PRIMUS DEU advanced cultivar ASP 21 Asparagus officinalis L. R.v.B advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 24 Asparagus officinalis L. Riesen Schneekopf advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 31 Asparagus officinalis L. Ruhm von Braunschweig DEU advanced cultivar ASP 23 Asparagus officinalis L. Schneekopf advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 20 Asparagus officinalis L. Schwetzinger Meisterschuß advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 35 Asparagus officinalis L. Spaganiva DEU advanced cultivar ASP 7 Asparagus officinalis Spaganiva advanced cultivar Dr. Kurt von Sengbusch L. DEU GmbH, Germany ASP 9 Asparagus officinalis L. SPAGANIVA DEU advanced cultivar ASP 4 Asparagus officinalis Spitzenschleier advanced cultivar Zierpflanzensammlung Erfurt, Germany ASP 3 Asparagus officinalis L. Start advanced cultivar VVB Saat- u. Pflanzgut Quedlinburg, Germany ASP 25 Asparagus officinalis L. Viking advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 28 Asparagus officinalis L. Wallham Washington advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 12 Asparagus officinalis L landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 13 Asparagus officinalis L landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 14 Asparagus officinalis L landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 29 Asparagus officinalis L landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 33 Asparagus officinalis DEU landrace Irene Schellstede, Germany ASP 37 Asparagus officinalis landrace Alfons Scherr, Germany ASP 6 Asparagus officinalis L RUS landrace ASP 5 Asparagus verticillatus L semi wild Zierpflanzensammlung Erfurt, Germany

29 Genebank Information System (GBIS)

30 Quality Management System Certification according to ISO 9001:2015

31 more than 20 ha field area for cultivation 170 small greenhouses for cross pollinators more than 3000 m 2 greenhouse area

33 Protocol of Reproduction species month of sowing preculture life form pollination asparagus March necessary perennial insect pollination species isolation location asparagus necessary (by distance or bagging field (perennial garden) floor space protection from birds 2 m 2 not necessary species method of harvest first cleaning second third asparagus picking fermentation water cleaning hand sorting

34 Characterization 16 traits, 8 for spears Cross & Falloon (1996): Asparagus descriptor list for genebank management. Acta Hort. 415 Only characterization of plant height, flowering and harvest time

35 Foto Documentation

37 Taxonomy Flora Europaea Vol. 5

38 Picking of the berries

40 Fermentation Squashing

41 Documentation of seeds ASP 9 - Asparagus officinalis L.

Germination Test Germination rate of cultivated material: 80-100% Germination rate

44 Germination Test Germination rate of cultivated material: % Germination rate of wild material: % Test of fresh harvested material Control of old material

45 Germination Test on Jacobsen Apparatus

46 ASP 7/1999: 50 seeds: after four weeks 31 seeds germinated, 4 rotten, 15 hard ASP 9/2016: 50 seeds: after four weeks 32 seeds germinated, 18 hard

47 Seed Storage Cold Storage at 18 C; seed humidity < 10% (ca. 7%)

48 Seed Longevity Hordeum vulgare L. Nagel et al., Euphytica 170, 2009

49 Triticum aestivum L. 100 Germination (%) Year of Germination Test

50 Approximate life expectancy of vegetable seeds D. N. Maynard and G. J. Hochmuth, Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, fourth edition (1997) Vegetable Years Vegetable Years Asparagus 3 Kohlrabi 3 Bean 3 Leek 2 Beet 4 Lettuce 6 Broccoli 3 Muskmelon 5 Brussels sprouts 4 Mustard 4 Cabbage 4 New Zealand spinach 3 Carrot 3 Okra 2 Celeriac 3 Onion 1 Cauliflower 4 Parsley 1 Celery 3 Parsnip 1 Chard, Swiss 4 Pea 3 Chicory 4 Pepper 2 Chinese cabbage 3 Pumpkin 4 Collards 5 Radish 5 Corn, sweet 2 Rutabaga 4 Cucumber 5 Salsify 1 Eggplant 4 Spinach 3 Endive 5 Squash 4 Fennel 4 Tomato 4 Kale 4 Turnip 4 Watermelon 4 Under ambient conditions: 3-7 years Under optimal conditions: years

51 Svalbard Global Seed Vault Svalbard Image Gallery ( Storage of safety duplicates of the German genebank 48,655 accessions

52 Collections of old crops / old cultivated material Museum or gene reservoir for the future? Museum of doomed plants?

53 Number of distributed samples Since July 1st, 2016 the delivery is done with fees

54 Distributed samples Getreide/cereals Leguminosen/legumes Gemüse/vegetables Heil-, Gewürzpflanzen / medicinal, spice plants Kartoffeln/potatoes* Futterpflanzen/forage plants*

55 cultivars tested 10 from Gatersleben

57 Ex situ Collections World-wide Asparagus Collections The German Genebank in Gatersleben Maintenance of Asparagus Availability of Material International Regulations Genepool/Gap Analysis Taxonomy of Asparagus

58 Sample Availability Convention of Biological Diversity International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources of Food and Agriculture (Annex1 species) Asparagus is part of the Multilateral System Standard Material Transfer Agreement Nagoya Protocol Breeders rights Special agreements

59 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was adopted by the Thirty-First Session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on 3 November The Treaty aims at: Recognizing the enormous contribution of farmers to the diversity of crops that feed the world; Establishing a global system to provide farmers, plant breeders and scientists with access to plant genetic materials; Ensuring that recipients share benefits they derive from the use of these genetic materials with the countries where they have been originated.

61 SMTA

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity is a supplementary

62 The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol on ABS was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan and entered into force on 12 October 2014, 90 days after the deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification. Its objective is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

63 ABS-Clearing House (ABSCH)

64 Ex situ Collections World-wide Asparagus Collections The German Genebank in Gatersleben Maintenance of Asparagus Availability of Material International Regulations Genepool/Gap Analysis Taxonomy of Asparagus

65 Genepool/Gap Analysis of Asparagus Genepool Concept Hybrids with GP I anomalous, lethal or sterile All species that can be crossed with GP I GP III GP II Genepool I Biological Species: cultivated and spontaneous races GP II GP III Gene transfer possible but may be difficult Gene transfer not possible or requiring radical techniques Source: Harlan & De Wet, 1971

66 AGRI GEN RES Project ( ): Leafy vegetables germplasm, stimulating use

Source: https://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/ Reference for Asparagus: Wiersema, J. H. & León, B. (2013). GRIN Taxonomy crop wild relatives project.

67 Source: Reference for Asparagus: Wiersema, J. H. & León, B. (2013). GRIN Taxonomy crop wild relatives project. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Plant Exchange Office, Beltsville, Maryland. (

68 Species Europe Asia Africa Primary gene pool Asparagus officinalis L. ALB; AUT; BEL; BLR; BGR; CHE; CZE; DEN; DEU; ESP; FRA; GRC; HUN; ITA; MDA; MNE; NLD; POL; PRT; ROU; SRB; UKR AFG; ARM; AZE; CHN; GEO; IRN; KAZ; LBN; MNG; RUS; SYR; TUR DZA; MAR; TUN Secondary gene pool Asparagus aphyllus L. ESP; GRC; ITA; PRT ISR; JOR; LBN; SYR; TUR EGY; LBY; MAR Asparagus brachyphyllus Turcz. ROU CHN; KAZ; KGZ; KOR; MNG; RUS; TJK; TKM; UZB Asparagus dauricus Fisch. ex Link CHN; KOR; MNG; RUS Asparagus inderiensis Blume ex Ledeb. UKR KAZ Asparagus kiusianus Makino JAP Asparagus maritimus (L.) Miller ALB; ESP; FRA; GRC; ITA; MNE; SRB; UKR MAR Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. CHN; JAP; KOR; MNG; RUS Asparagus prostratus Dumort. BEL; DEN; DEU; ESP; FRA; GBR; IRL; NLD Asparagus pseudoscaber Grecescu MNE; ROU; UKR; SRB Asparagus schoberioides Kunth CHN; JAP; MNG; RUS Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. AUT; BGR; CHE; FRA; ITA; MNE; ROU; SRB TUR Tertiary gene pool Asparagus acutifolius L. ALB; ESP; FRA; GRC; ITA; MNE; SRB CYP; ISR; TUR DZA; LBY; MAR; TUN Asparagus albus L. ESP; FRA; ITA; PRT DZA; LBY; MAR; TUN Asparagus asparagoides L. ETH; LSO; NAM; SWZ; ZAF Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. CHN; JAP; LAO; PHL; TWN; VNM Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop Asparagus denudatus (Kunth) Baker Asparagus drepanophyllus Welw. ex Baker LSO; SWZ; ZAF LSO; ZAF CAF; CMR; GNQ Asparagus filicinus Hamilton ex D.Don BTN; CHN; IND; MMR; NPL; THA Asparagus horridus L. ESP; GRC; ITA; PRT ARE; BHR; CYP; ISR; JOR; LBN; QAT; SAU; SYR Asparagus lycopodineus Wall. ex Baker BTN; CHN; IND; MMR DZA; EGY; LBY; MAR; TUN Asparagus macowanii Baker MOZ; ZAF Asparagus scandens Thunb. ZAF Asparagus verticillatus L. BGR; GRC; MNE; ROU; SRB; UKR ARM; AZE; GEO; IRN; IRQ; TKM; TUR; RUS Asparagus virgatus Baker YEM MOZ; NAM; SWZ; TZA; ZAF; ZMB

69 Primary Genepool: Asparagus officinalis L. Occurence data Potential distribution map Secundary Genepool: Asparagus aphyllus L. Occurence data Potential distribution map

70 Summary Secondary and tertiary genepool of Asparagus officinalis L. identified Known occurence and potential distribution area of crop wild relative inventory identified BUT Only a small number of wild relatives in genebanks available Many accessions with missing taxonomic identification Problems of crossing due to different ploidy levels

71 Ex situ Collections World-wide Asparagus Collections The German Genebank in Gatersleben Maintenance of Asparagus Availability of Material International Regulations Genepool/Gap Analysis Taxonomy of Asparagus

72 219 accepted Asparagus names (incl. species, subspecies and varieties) 132 accepted Asparagus names (incl. species, subspecies and varieties)

73 31 species

74 The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity Source: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2010), copyright The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Name: Asparagus officinalis L. Nomencl. ref.: Rank: Status: Taxonomy (this taxon is included in): Sp. Pl.: Species ACCEPTED Regnum - Plantae Divisio - Tracheophyta Subdivisio - Spermatophytina Class - Magnoliopsida Superordo - Lilianae Ordo - Asparagales Familia - Asparagaceae Genus - Asparagus Tourn. ex L wild species

75 Included taxa: Taxon Notes: Asparagus officinalis L. subsp. officinalis Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb. Widely cultivated as a vegetable.

76 Problems of Taxonomy Different names for the same species, lots of synonyms Different classification: A. officinalis L. A. prostratus Dumort. (2 species) A. officinalis L. subsp. officinalis + subsp. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb. (2 subspecies) Many floras are necessary to find the right name Country of origin often not known in genebank material

77 France, Tarn Valley Sept Asparagus prostratus Dumort.?

78 Final Conclusion Asparagus officinalis is very important vegetable worldwide Only a few numbers of wild relatives are available in ex situ collections Collecting missions are necessary to fill the gaps in the genebanks It is necessary to focus more on crop wild relatives to have material for further breeding purposes

79 Acknowledgements Dr. Andreas Börner Karina Krusch and the Vegetable Group Sibylle Pistrick and the Seed Lab Team Gudrun Schütze Karin Baumann

80 AZ Many thanks for your attention! Source: /gemuese/spargel-richtig-essentradition-verpflichtet.html Ulrike Lohwasser Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank Dept., Gatersleben, Germany

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