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1 PHYTO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF BALA (SIDA CORDIFOLIA L.) DR. SHIPRA STRI ROGA & PRASUTI TANTRA M.S.(AY.), PhD SCHOLAR PROF. NEELAM STRI ROGA & PRASUTI TANTRA PROF. & HEAD DEPARTMENT OF PRASUTI TANTRA, FAC. OF AYURVEDA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, B.H.U, VARANASI Abstract Plants have always been considered to be one of the most important and indispensable sources of medicines in Ayurveda, used for treating different pathological conditions, as well as for improving general human well-being. Their role has been well recognized since ancient times throughout the different parts of the world. According to the world health organization, about 80% or three quarters of the total world s population rely on the traditional plant-based medicines for their primary health care. Sida cordifolia is unique herb used for various medicinal purposes for strengthen and improving health as well treating diseases. The plant contains various alkaloids, flavonoids, phytoecteroids, sterols and fatty acids etc. S. cordifolia is used as aphrodisiac, analgesic, antipyretic, antiasthamatic, diuretics, laxative, hypoglycaemic and hepatoprotective etc. The current review presents essential aspects of S. cordifolia including taxonomy, Ayurvedic descriptions, geographical distribution, chemical constituents, pharmacology of plant extracts and its uses. Ayurvedic physicians have formulated single as well as compound drugs for the cure and prevention of various ailments. In Ayurvedic literature, the preparations of the drugs are made according to their Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Prabhava. In modern sciences, every drug has therapeutic effect by its chemical constituency. Keywords: Alkaloids, Ayurvedic preparation, chemical constituents, Sida cordifolia. INRODUCTION In Ayurveda, a number of Indian medicinal plants have been used for various diseases. Sida cordifolia (family Malvaceae) is considered to be an important medicinal plant belonging to the Rasayana category. It is known with different names in different parts of the world and has numerous folklore uses in different pathological conditions. The plant also reported to possess a number of important pharmacological activities. 181 Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Tracheobionta Super division : Spermatophyta Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Dilleniidae Superorder : Malvanae Order

2 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Tracheobionta Super division : Spermatophyta Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Dilleniidae Superorder : Malvanae Order : Malvales Family : Malvaceae Subfamily : Malvoideae Tribe : Malveae Genus : Sida L. Species : Sida cordifolia L. Classical names : Sahadeva, Vatyalika, Vatyapushpi Botanical name : Sida cordifolia Linn. Family : Malvaceae AYURVEDIC DESCRIPTION 1 Gana : Balya, Brihaniya, Prajasthapana (Ch.Su.4), Madhuraskanda (Ch.Vi.8), Vatasansamana (Su.Su.39) Part Used Properties : Panchanga (whole plant) : Rasa : Madhura Guna :Snigdha Virya : Seeta Vipaka : Madhura Doshakarma : Vata - Pitta shamaka Action : Balya, Vrisya, Rasayana, Raktapittahara, Sangrahana, Grahi Classical Use : Garbhashayadaurbalya, Jawara, Mutrakrichha, Netra roga, Pakshaghata, Ardita, Grahani, Raktapitta, Shukrameha, Kshaya etc. DISTRIBUTION It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India up to an elevation of 1800 m. 182 Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

3 TYPES (Balachatustaya) 1. Bala, 2. Peetbala, 3. Atibala, 4. Naagbala. (Bala Sida cordifolia, Naagbala Grewia hirsuta, Peetbala Sida spinosa, Atibala Abutilon indicum) CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 2,3,4 It has been reported that it consist pharmacologically important phytoconstituents: Asparagine Quinazoline alkaloids Quinazoline alkaloids Ephedrine, Choline, Betaine, Rutin Phytosterol, β-sitosterol, vasicinol, Hypaphorine, Vasicinone, Vascicine Ecdysterone β-phenethylamine, Sterculic, Malvalic acid MATERIALS AND METHODS S. cordifolia L. (whole plant) was collected from localities near Varanasi and surroundings. Identification of S.cordifolia : S. cordifolia was identified in the Dravyaguna Department, Faculty of Ayurveda, B.H.U., according to standard scientific method. PHARMACOGNOSY Microscopy of root Transverse section is circular with a very wide central woody part and a thin outer bark. Cork consists of 4-6 rows of thinwalled, tangentially elongated cells, outer 1-2 rows light brown in colour; phellogen consisting of single row, cortex very narrow comprising 3-4 rows of comparatively large polygonal or slightly tangentially elongated thin-walled cells, containing few clustered crystals of calcium oxalate and small starch grains. T.S of Root of S. cordifolia 183 Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

Microscopy of stem Transverse section is circular in outline with stellate trichomes on epidermis followed by conspicuous zone of collenchyma, parenchyma, conducting elements and central pith.

Epidermis followed by 1-2 layers of chlorenchyma followed by 4-6 layers of collenchyma consisting of round to oval cells.

4 Microscopy of stem Transverse section is circular in outline with stellate trichomes on epidermis followed by conspicuous zone of collenchyma, parenchyma, conducting elements and central pith. Epidermis is composed of oval to oblong, radially elongated, thin-walled cells covered by a thin cuticle. Trichomes are stellate or glandular. Epidermis followed by 1-2 layers of chlorenchyma followed by 4-6 layers of collenchyma consisting of round to oval cells. Microscopy of leaf Transverse section of the leaf shows very thin cuticle with stellate and glandular trichomes on upper and lower epidermis. Stellate trichomes present on lower epidermis possess eight or more rays while that on upper epidermis consists of 5-6 rays. Stomata are anisocytic, average stomatal index of lower surface while 22.4 at the upper surface. Single layered upper epidermis consists of oval to oblong cells followed by compactly arranged, rectangular elongated palisade cells, spongy parenchyma oval to round, and loosely arranged. T.S of Stem of S. cordifolia T.S of leaf of S. cordifolia PHYSICAL CONSTANT Constant Whole plant (S. cordifolia) (%) Total ash 7.12 Acid insoluble ash 2.32 Alcohol soluble extractive 3.8 Water soluble extractive 4.36 Loss on drying Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

EXTRACTION OF S. cordifolia (By Soxhlate method): Process of extraction Hydro-alcoholic extract of S.

percolated with silica gel 60F-254 as stationary phase.

toluene: methanol (66:26:8, v/v/v) at room temperature. HPTLC Plate (at 366nm) 49.0 41.3 37.1 32.9 29.4 28.

2, 10 and 7 constitute about 63% of the whole content that is these are major bands. Sl. No. Band no.

5 EXTRACTION OF S. cordifolia (By Soxhlate method): Process of extraction Hydro-alcoholic extract of S. cordifolia HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPTLC) Methodology: It performs on aluminium plates percolated with silica gel 60F-254 as stationary phase. Linear ascending development was carried out in twin through glass chamber saturated with chloroform: toluene: methanol (66:26:8, v/v/v) at room temperature. HPTLC Plate (at 366nm) HPTLC Plate (at 254nm) Interpretation of HPTLC Band no. 2, 10 and 7 constitute about 63% of the whole content that is these are major bands. Sl. No. Band no. Colour At 254 nm At 366 nm Rf value Area % 1. 1 Dark Light pink Dark Pink Dark Blue Dark Blue Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

5. 5 Dark Pink 0.40 3.81 6. 6 Dark Pink 0.42 7.44 7. 7 Dark Pink 0.47 11.36 8. 8 Dark Pink 0.53 3.23 9. 9 Dark Pink 0.59 5.66 10. 10 Dark Light red 0.70 18.

cordifolia has been reported to treat bronchial asthma, cold and flu, chills, lack of perspiration, head ache, nasal congestion, aching joints and bones, cough and wheezing, and

6 5. 5 Dark Pink Dark Pink Dark Pink Dark Pink Dark Pink Dark Light red Spectrum scan: DISCUSSION S. cordifolia has been reported to treat bronchial asthma, cold and flu, chills, lack of perspiration, head ache, nasal congestion, aching joints and bones, cough and wheezing, and edema. The root infusion is given in nervous and urinary diseases and also in disorders of the blood and bile 5. It has been used as a general tonic, anti-inflammatory agent, and blood coagulant. It has also been used in some gynecological practices, sexual inadequacies, and Parkinson s disease. 186 Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

7 The leaves of the plant are reported to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory 6, anticancer 7, diuretic, laxative, hypoglycemic, antispasmodic, antiamoebic, antiurinary filariasis, antiasthmatic, antihypertensive 8 and hepatoprotective 9 activities. Further, studies showed that aqueous fraction of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves induces vasorelaxation 10, hypotension, and bradycardia 11. The plant was reported to have weight loss and wound healing, thyroregulatory, adaptogenic, antibacterial 12, antiplaque, and antifungal 13 activities. The plant was also reported to have antioxidant 14 and central nervous system (CNS) depressant 15 properties. Studies showed that the roots possessed diuretic and tonic properties and administered for nervous disorders such as hemiplegia and facial paralysis 16. Kanth and Diwan also demonstrated that S. cordifolia can increase pain tolerance and appears to have anti-inflammatory properties [Kanth et al.,1999]. CONCLUSION As plants are considered to be one of the most important sources of medicines, and Sida cordifolia have a wide range of reported activities or its traditional folklore use in the various pathological conditions, the exploration of therapeutically potential action would be always helpful. REFFERENCES 1. Sharma P.V (2006), Dravyaguna Vijnan, Vol. 2, Chap. 9, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy Varanasi, P.N Ghosal S, Ballav R, Chauhan PS, Mehta R. (1975), Phytochemistry:14, Alkaloids from Sida cordifolia. P.N Ghosal S, Kaur R, Bhattacharya SK. (1988), Planta Med 54(6) : Chemistry and bioactivity of sitoindosides IX and X, P.N Bhatnagar AK, Bhattacharji S, Popli SP.(1965), Indian J Chem. 3, On the identity of vasicinol, P.N Jain A, Choubey S, Singour PK, Rajak H, Pawar RS. (2011), Journal of Appl Pharm Sci. 1(2), Sida cordifolia (Linn) An overview, P.N Franzotti EM, Santos CV, Rodrigues HM, Mourão RH, Andrade MR, Antoniolli AR (2000), J Ethnopharmacol 72 (1-2), Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca), P.N Matsui TA, Sowa Y, Murata H, Takagi K, Nakanishi R, Aoki S, et al.(2007), Int J Oncol 31 (4), The plant alkaloid cryptolepine induces p21waf1/cip1 and cell cycle arrest in a human osteosarcoma cell line, P.N Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

8 8. Kanth VR, Diwan PV. (1999), Phytother Res 13(1), Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities of Sida cordifolia, P.N Silva RL, Melo GB, Melo VA, Antoniolli AR, Michellone PR, Zucoloto S, et al. (2006), Acta Cir Bras 21 Suppl 1, Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, P.N Santos MR, Nascimento NM, Antoniolli AR, Medeiros IA. (2006), Pharmazie 61 (5) Endothelium-derived factors and k channels are involved in the vasorelaxation induced by Sida cordifolia L., P.N Medeiros IA, Santos MR, Nascimento NM, Duarte JC. (2006), J. Fitoterapia 77(1), Cardiovascular effects of Sida cordifolia leaves extract in rats, P.N Alam M, Joy S, Ali US. (1991), Indian Drugs 28(12), Antibacterial activity of Sida cordifolia Linn, Sida rhomboidea Roxb and Triumfetta rotundifolia lam.p.n Muauza DN, Kim BW, Euler KI, Williams L.(1994), Int J Pharmacog 32, Pharmacognostic studies of Sida cordifolia. P.N Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, et al.(2003), J Ethnopharmacol 84(2-3), Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, P.N Franco CI, Morais LC, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Almeida RN, Antoniolli AR. (2005), J Ethnopharmacol 98, CNS pharmacological effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sida cordifolia L. leaves, P.N Rastogi RP, Malhotra BN. (1985), Compendium of Indian Medical Plants. Vol. 4. Lucknow: Drug Research Institute, P.N Received: 5 January Revised: 13 January Accepted: 22 January

Research Article PHARMACOGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION ON ROOTS & LEAVES EXTRACT OF ABUTILON INDICUM LINN.

Research Article PHARMACOGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION ON ROOTS & LEAVES EXTRACT OF ABUTILON INDICUM LINN. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences Available online at http//www.ijrdpl.com August - September, 2013, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp 567-573 ISSN: 2278-0238 Research Article