Secondary Pests of Commercial Fruit Orchards

Transcription

1 Secondary Pests of Commercial Fruit Orchards Blue Mountain Hort Society Milton-Freewater Community Bldg 1 Fe. 212, 4-4:5 pm Elizaeth H. Beers Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center 11 N. Western Ave. Wenatchee, Washington

2 What are secondary pests? (and why are they secondary?) Primary pests are usually direct pests (fruitfeeding) for PNW, it s codling moth Control of primary pest drives the entire IPM program Secondary pests can e either direct/sporadic, or indirect/chronic Typical examples are mites, aphids, leafhoppers, leafminers Control costs can e up to ½ the spray ill!

3 Induced pests Would not normally even e a pest in an unsprayed orchard Biological control keeps it at a low level But, wipe out its natural enemies, and Look out! How do we know it s induced?

4 How to Create an Outreak of a Secondary Pest Kill it s natural enemies Choice of materials for the primary pest (CM) Choice of materials for the secondary pest(s)

5 Nontarget Effects of Pesticides They are the unintended consequence of the pesticide the effect on all organisms other than the target pest Target pest is on the lael nontarget effects are NOT.

6 Sulethal Effects All detrimental effects except killing it Reduced fecundity Reduced egg viaility Reduced prey consumption Altered sex ratio Repellency

7 New Orchard Pesticide to Replace Guthion (azinphosmethyl) Pesticide AI Class Targets Assail acetamiprid Neonicotinyl Codling moth, Heteroptera, thrips Rimon novaluron IGR Codling moth Delegate spinetoram Spinosyn Codling moth, pear psylla, thrips chlorantranil Codling moth Altacor iprole Calypso thiacloprid Neonicotinyl Codling moth, Heteroptera Entrust spinosad spinosyn Leafrollers, codling moth, cherry fruit fly

8 Apple Spray Program loom harvest acaricides insecticides fruit protectants PGRs actericides fungicides nutrients hericides Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

9 Non-target Effects: 2 Examples Spider mites Woolly apple aphid

10 Galendromus [=Typhlodromus =Metaseiulus] occidentalis Twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Western predatory mite attacks European red mite Galendromus (Typhlodromus) occidentalis Panonychus ulmi Mcdaniel mite Tetranychus mcdanieli

11 Hoyt 1969

12 Integrated Mite Control in Washington Alternate prey Apple Rust Mites Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa

13 How do we estalish nontarget effects? Laoratory ioassays Whole plant ioassays Small plot field trials Large plot field trials

14 G. occidentalis Lethal & Sulethal Mortality Adult females contact, residues Larvae contact, residues Prey consumption (females) Fecundity (females) Egg viaility + larval survival Repellency (females, residues) Persistance (la-, field-aged ioassays of residues)

15 Sulfur Materials Lime-sulfur (Calcium polysulfide 28%; Sulfur ca. 21.8%) ATS (Sulfur ca. 26%) Kumulus DF (Sulfur 8%)

16 Sulfur toxic to Typh adults on contact Exps

17 Adults vs Larvae G. occidentalis exposed to residues 12 1 Adults Larvae Corrected % Mortality Calcium polysulfide ATS Kumulus

18 Sulfur residues toxic to Typh Larvae Exp

19 Sulfur Products Reduce Prey Consumption Exps

20 Repellency Bioassay Leaf disk isected y midvein Dip half in pesticide solution Place female Typhs on midvein Count at intervals (treated, untreated)

21 Sulfur residues are repellant to Typhs Exp

22 Lime-sulfur residues on apple toxic to Typh larvae Exp

23 26 CM+thinners (Lime-sulfur, Sevin) LS-Sevin-Imidan LS-Imidan Imidan LS-Sevin-Rimon LS-Rimon Rimon LS-Sevin-Calypso LS-Calypso Calpyso LS-Sevin-Assail LS-Assail Assail a a a a a a Cumulative Mite Days - Tetranychids Exp. 63

24 Effect of Sulfur on Predatory Mites small plot field trials (via rust mite suppression) Check ATS 3X ATS 1X Flowale sulfur 3X Flowale sulfur 1X Lime-sulfur 3X Lime-sulfur 1X Cumulative Mite Days (Predatory Mites) Exp. 63

25 Assail (acetamiprid) Neonicotinoid insecticide

26 Prey Consumption Bioassay Assail % Mortality Assail Prey consumption (total) Assail c c a 6.8 oz 3.4 oz.34 oz Check 6.8 oz 3.4 oz.34 oz Check 3 Assail a 3 Assail a Total Eggs Laid 2 1 c c Live Larvae/5 females 2 1 c c 6.8 oz 3.4 oz.34 oz Check 6.8 oz 3.4 oz.34 oz Check

27 Typh Repellency Bioassay Assail No. Females on Disk Half 6 Assail 1x Untreated χ 2 =.4 χ 2 = 3.9* χ 2 = 4.84* Eval. 1 Eval. 2 Eval. 3

28 Prey Consumption Bioassay Guthion 1 % Mortality Guthion a a a a Prey consumption (total) Guthion a a a a 2 6 ls 3 ls.3 ls Check 6 ls 3 ls.3 ls Check 25 Guthion Total Eggs Laid a a a 5 6 ls 3 ls.3 ls Check Exp. 93.1

29 Prey Consumption Bioassay Guthion % Mortality Guthion a a Live Larvae/Replicate Guthion a a a a a 2 6 l 3 l.3 l Check 6 l 3 l.3 l Check Exp

30 Neonicotinyls for Codling Moth - Assail 1 Spider Mites/leaf Assail Guthion Assail 312 g Assail 336 g Assail 336 g Assail 472 g Assail 472 g Assail 54 g Assail 668 g Assail 668 g Assail 668 g Assail 668 g Assail 668 g Assail 668 g Assail 668 g Assail 668 g Assail 939 g

31 Mites & Neonicotinyls - Tetranychids Assail w, wo oil (all) 917 1,169 without oil with oil 1,476 Assail w, wo oil (C1- C4) 988 Assail w, wo oil (C1, C2) Assail w, wo oil (C2) ,55 1, ,2 1,5 Cum. mite day (Tetranychids) Exp. 219

32 Rimon Novaluron IGR

33 Typh Bioassay Rimon 1 3 % Mortality Rimon Live Larvae/5 females 2 1 Rimon a a 2 1 fl oz 5 fl oz 5 fl oz Check 1 fl oz 5 fl oz 5 fl oz Check

34 Typh Repellency Bioassay Rimon No. Females on Disk Half 6 Rimon 1x Untreated χ 2 = χ 2 = χ 2 = Eval. 1 Eval. 2 Eval. 3

35 25 Commercial Trial OP 25 Rimon Calpyso Assail , Tetranychid mite days

36 26 Commercial Trials OP Rimon Calpyso Assail , Cum. Mite Days (Tetranchids)

37 Delegate spinetoram (synthetic analog of spinosad, which is a fermentation product of a soil microorganism)

38 Prey Consumption Bioassay Delegate % Mortality Delegate Prey consumption (total) Delegate c c a 2 14 oz 7 oz.7 oz Check 14 oz 7 oz.7 oz Check 3 Delegate a 3 Delegate a Total Eggs Laid 2 1 Live Larvae/Replicate 2 1 c c 14 oz 7 oz.7 oz Check 14 oz 7 oz.7 oz Check

39 Effect of Delegate on Twospotted mites Mortality Reproduction 1 Delegate 12 Delegate 8 1 % Mortality (TSM) 6 4 Live TSM Larvae oz 7 oz.7 oz Check 14 oz 7 oz.7 oz Check

40 Altacor chlorantraniprole diamide; ryanodine receptor inhiitor

41 Typh Bioassay Altacor 1 3 Altacor Altacor 8 a a a a % Mortality 6 4 Live Larvae/Replicate oz 4.5 oz.45 oz Check 9 oz 4.5 oz.45 oz Check

42 Typh Repellency Bioassay Altacor No. Females on Disk Half χ 2 = 17.4*** χ 2 = 8.4*** Altacor 1x Untreated χ 2 = 3.1* Eval. 1 Eval. 2 Eval. 3

43 Effect of Altacor on predatory mites small plot commercial trial Exp. 631 Check a Asana 12 fl oz Altacor 3 oz a Altacor 2 oz a Cumulative Mite Days (predators)

44 G. occidentalis Acute Topical Mortality 1 97 Corrected % Mortality x 1x.1x Delegate 25WG Warrior 2.8CS Provado 1.6F Calypso 4F Rimon.83EC Assail 7W Manzate Kocide Entrust 8W Belt 4SC Sevin 4F Ultor 1.25L Altacor 35WDG Guthion 5W Cyazypyr More Harmful Less Harmful

45 G. occidentalis Live Larvae 1 97 Live Larvae - % of Check x 1x.1x Ultor Delegate Warrior Assail Sevin Rimon Provado Entrust Manzate+Kocide Calpyso Guthion Belt Altacor Cyazypyr More Harmful Less Harmful

46 G. occidentalis Lethal & Sulethal Effects: do they help us predict field ehavior? Effect on alternate prey Effect on primary prey (pest spp) Year-to-year variation Regional variation (climatic) Other disruptive materials Refugia inside/outside the orchard

47 Nontarget Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies: Woolly Apple Aphid as a Case Study

48 6-year project (26-211) Identify and quantify the predators and parasitoids of woolly apple aphid in eastern Washington Determine the relative impact of the predators and parasitoids Determine the effect of orchard pesticides on the A. mali in la tests (acute, sulethal) Determine the effect of CM programs on woolly apple aphid outreaks

49 ID, quantify natural enemies Lacewings, 23.6% Other, 4.8% *Aphelinus mali only parasitoid found Lacewings, 12.% Other, 3.% Lady Beetles, 8.9% 28 Syrphids, 62.7% Lady Beetles, 13.% Lacewings, 6.% Lady Beetles, 24.% Syrphids, 62.% Syrphids, 81.% 26 27

50 Relative impact of predators and parasitoids 15 a No NEs Mean WAA/tree 1 5 A. mali 21-Jun 28-Jun 5-Jul 12-Jul 19-Jul 26-Jul 2-Aug c A. mali + predators Exp. 131, 1 st run

51 Entrust Delegate Lorsan Sevin Guthion Calypso Assail Warrior II Cyazapyr Altacor Impact of Pesticides on A. mali Acute toxicity Rimon Kumulus Ultor Koc+Man.1x 1x Corrected % Mortality

52 Pesticide effects - Large plots Trt PF (1 DD) Rimon 32 fl oz Intrepid 16 fl oz Rimon 32 fl oz Intrepid 16 fl oz 1st cover (35 DD) Delegate 7 oz Delegate 7 oz Altacor 4.5 oz Altacor 4.5 oz 2nd cover (+17 d) Delegate 7 oz Delegate 7 oz Altacor 4.5 oz Altacor 4.5 oz 4 trts x 4 replicates Each rep acres (Total 16-2 acres) Sampled every other week April-Nov: WAA, GAA, mites WAA predators/para HIPV traps A. mali sticky cards Earwig traps Tap Counts

53 29 Large Plot: Bridgeport 5 91 WAA colonies/5 min Rimon-Delegate Intrepid-Delegate Rimon-Altacor Intrepid-Altacor Intrepid-Altacor Woolly Apple Aphid d Rimon-Altacor May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Intrepid-Delegate c Rimon-Delegate a WAA colonies (seasonal mean)

54 29 Large Plot: Bridgeport 25 2 Earwigs Earwigs/trap Intrepid-Altacor a Rimon-Altacor Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 91 Rimon-Delegate Intrepid-Delegate Rimon-Altacor Intrepid-Altacor Intrepid-Delegate Rimon-Delegate Earwigs/trap (seasonal sum)

55 29 Large Plot: Othello WAA colonies/5 min Rimon-Delegate Intrepid-Delegate Rimon-Altacor Intrepid-Altacor Intrepid-Altacor Woolly Apple Aphid c Rimon-Altacor c May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Intrepid-Delegate Rimon-Delegate a WAA colonies (seasonal mean)

56 21 Large Plot: Othello WAA colonies/5 min Rimon-Delegate Intrepid-Delegate Rimon-Altacor Intrepid-Altacor Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Intrepid-Altacor Rimon-Altacor Intrepid-Delegate Woolly Apple Aphid 29 c 21 c c Rimon-Delegate a a WAA colonies (seasonal mean)

57 21 Large Plot: Othello # WAA colonies/5 min Delegate Altacor Warrior II Guthion Guthion Woolly Apple Aphid Warrior II c Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Altacor Delegate a WAA colonies (seasonal mean)

58 WAA colonies/5 min Woolly Apple Aphid 211 Field Trial Delegate-Altacor Altacor-Delegate Warrior-Altacor Altacor-Warrior May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec WAA Seasonal Mean Woolly Apple Aphid Populations a a c c Delegate/ Altacor Altacor/ Delegate Warrior/ Altacor Altacor/ Warrior

59 Summary The est way to control secondary pests is not to get them in the first place (don t induce). Small changes in the CM program can consideraly change the outcomes for secondary pests May not e possile to avoid all nontarget effects on all natural enemies (pick your attles.) It s Complicated

60 EB 419 Crop Protection Guide for Tree Fruits in Washington

61 Nontarget Effects A. mali - Parasitoid T. pallidus - Parasitoid Deraeocoris - Predator G. occidentalis - Mite predator Pelegrina spider Altacor Cyazypyr Delegate Rimon Warrior Kumulus Kocide/ Manzate