Dr. Malvika Chaudhary Bio-Control Research Laboratories A division of Pest Control (India)Pvt.Ltd.

Transcription

1 Dr. Malvika Chaudhary Bio-Control Research Laboratories A division of Pest Control (India)Pvt.Ltd.

2 Contents Novel IPM Components Cover Sprays Bait Application Technique Male Annihilition Technique BioControl Field Sanitation Commercial Products Addressing constraints by Planning newer IPM products and strategies

3 Mode of action: Cover sprays Insecticide contact action kills adult flies, residual effect repels the flies Penetration: destroys larvae and eggs Novel strategy: Cover spray: Pre harvest using dimethoate, carbaryl and deltamethrin Alternate to Diazonin as Soil drench: Platinum, Admire and Regent are recommended. B. dorsalis was diazinon > Platinum = Warrior = Force > Regent = Admire B. cucurbitae was Warrior = diazinon > Force = Regent = Platinum = Admire

4 Mode of action: Antifeedant Oviposition detterent Novel Methods: Cover Sprays Botanicals and Pathogens Neem leaf dust and Commercial formulation of Neem Combining Azadirictin ml/litre with Deltamethrin ( %) ; least three weeks prior to harvest. Culture filtrates of Trichoderma, Rhizoctonia, Gliocladium

5 PCI : Neem Baan Strength: 300, 1500 and 10,000ppm Packing: 250ml, 500ml, 1lt and 5 lt. Dosage: 2-5ml/l Frequency: 2-3 sprays at interval of 12 days.

6 Male Annihilition Technique Consist of trap, lure (with/without) insecticide Lure: Parapheromone which attracts the male for their gonadal development Trap: Based on insect behaviour captures and retains the incoming insect Insecticide : usually malathion/ddvp kills the insect as and when it is attracted towards the lure

7 Parapheromone B.dorsalis: Methyl Eugenol(1-2-dimethoxy-4- allylbenzene) B.cucurbitae: Cue-Lure (4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2- butanone) Fluorine analouge of Methyl Eugenol attracts B.dorsalis Extract of Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum) Attractants like Benzyl acetate enhance ME

8 Volatile Blends Female biased attraction: Melon fly to a blend of nine component found in pureed cucumberref: Matthew Samuel Siderhurst and Eric B. Jang. Cucumber Volatile Blend Attractive to Female Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Journal of Chemical Ecology Volume 36, Number 7, Oriental Fly: A nine-component subset of compounds eliciting relatively large female biased response were extracted from Terminalia cattapa Matthew S. Siderhurst Eric B. Jang. 2006Female-Biased Attraction of Oriental Fruit Fly,Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), to a Blend of HostFruit Volatiles From Terminalia catappa L.J Chem Ecol (2006) 32:

9 Attraction of both sexes of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae to conspecific males a comparison after pharmacophagy of cue-lure and a new attractant zingerone.cynthia Chiew-Hong Khoo and Keng-Hong Tan2005. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Volume 97, Number 3, , Bulbophyllum apertum flower (Orchidaceae) releases Raspberry ketone (RK) in its fragrance, which attracts males of several fruit fly species belonging to the genus Bactrocera. (TAN KENG-HONG1and RITSUO NISHIDA.2005Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 31, No. 3,2)

10 Dispensers Wooden Block soaked in parapheromone with and without insecticide Plastic Matrix formulation of ME and Cue lure (Jang,.B Effectiveness of plastic matrix lures and traps against Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera cucurbitae in Hawaii.Journal of Applied Entomology) Cross-species disruption approach: interrupting mating of one species that uses another insect species as the mercenary agent. Successful with B.dorsalis and B.cucurbitae (D. M. Suckling & E. B. Jang & L. A. Carvalho & J. T. Nagata & E. L. Schneider & A. M. El-Sayed.J Chem Ecol (2007) 33: )

11 Comparison of different dispensers in MAT technique against B.cucurbitae Total no. of adults caught I II III IV Wooden Block Type of dispenser Plastic vial Average catch/day Wooden block: Plastic vial: 48.47

12 Amulet CL&Amulet ME Molded paper dispenser With fipronil Against B. dorsalis: effective upto 3 weeks Against B. cucurbitae: effective upto 15 weeks Fipronil is much more safer than insecticide used Weathering trials of amulet cue-lure and amulet methyl eugenol attract-and-kill stations with male melon flies and oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii. Journal of economic entomology , vol. 98, no5, pp

13 SPLAT Technology Specialised pheromone and lure Application technology Methyl Eugenol combined with Spinosad Spinosad: low toxicity Eliminates the need of organophosphate Vargas RI, Pinero,J.C,Mau,R.F.L, Stark,J.D, Hertlein,M, Mafra,Neto,A, Coler,R and Getchell,A Attraction and mortality of oriental fruit flies to SPLAT-MAT-methyl eugenol with spinosad. Entomologia-Experimentalis-et-Applicata.; 131(3):

14 Traps Sticky trap: Jackson Trap, Delta trap when population density is less Mc Phail trap: Fligh-T trap, Dome,ball a modified McPhail trap Depicts ripe fruit Better attributes due to colour of the bowl Bowl : with water Olfactory stimulus Dry trap: with insectide One entry trap: without use of insecticide

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16 Evaluation of different traps for the management of B.dorsalis 2000 No. of adults caught in a fortnight I II III IV FlightT Delta Trap Types of traps Average catch/day in Flight T (79.02) is superior to the Delta trap(55.77)

17 PCI MAT technology Flight The trap: T: a yellow coloured base, to be filled with water A translucent dome interlocked with dome with a slot to hang the wooden block lure A slot on the top to be hung with a metallic wire 5ft. Above the ground feet Bacu The lure: A parapheromone for B.cucurbitae Bador lure: A parapheromone for B.dorsalis Dispenser: A wooden block measuring Application rate: 3-4 traps/acre Time: onset of flowering Shelf life of lure: days under field conditions

18 PCI MAT technology against fruit flies Number of fly caught BACU BODO Effective upto days B.dorsalis: Average catch/day:33.91 B.cucurbitae: 0.00 I II III IV Days of trap installation ( Fortnightly) Average catch/day:80.12

19 Bait Application Technology Concept: Meet nutrional requirement both the sexes for sexual maturity. Contains: Attractant (food based) and Killing agent ( Insecticide) Applied: Spot (with brushes) or Spray (alternate/border/ non host crops) Non target organisms are not affected

20 Recent approach Substrate: Autolyse protein bait over hydrolyse protein bait : reduced phytotoxicity to plants. Yeast autolysed with papain Natural sources Grapes+ Beer+palm oil Fruit pulp of banana/guava mixed with jaggery With meat broth For persistence: Banana pulp +citric acid Torula yeast and ammonium acetate (broad spectrum) Nu-Lure is a commercial liquid bait that is available for use against B.cucurbitae

21 Applications Spot Spraying: One square mts. 5Ml Spot on the lower canopy of 4 spots/plant Application time Fruits Guava after fruit formation Immediately Papaya 0.66 Mango 2 Citrus 6 Apply early hours: fruit fly is active Do not spray when rain is due

22 Applications Foliar sprays 1litre/ha at weekly interval GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit fly bait : alternate tree or rows Frequency: Two rounds of MAT+ 6-8 rounds of BAT at weekly intervals Site B.cucrbitae: Non host crops bordering vegetation B.dorsalis: host crops

23 Provesta protein bait With natural insecticide Spinosad Bait additive and replacement of malathion Lethal Species B. cucurbitaemales Dose(mg/l) 5.5 Females 4.3 B. dorsalis Males 3.1 Females 3.1 Compatible to parasitoids used as natural enemies JOHN D. STARK,1 ROGER VARGAS,2 AND NEIL MILLER.20042Toxicity of Spinosad in Protein Bait to Three Economically Important Tephritid Fruit Fly Species (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Their Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 97(3): 911Ð915

24 - An Organic Bait Attracts and controls cherry fruit flies, Droplet size: 4000 to 6000 (4-6 mm) recommended. Application: Spot or strip spray Water proof: resists wash off, but will lose effectiveness if exposed to rain and overhead irrigation. Application catch 2-3 weeks before ripening of fruit Application Frequency: 7 days. Marketed by Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc.,Suite 2100, Street S.W.,Calgary, Alberta,T2P 5H

25 !" Light-activated xanthene dye, phloxine B (2',4',5',7' -tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro uorescein, disodium salt), as an alternative to malathion in protein bait sprays. Gustatory in action makes it friendlier than malathion Leads to suppression of population of Oriental flies Grant T McQuate, Roy T Cunningham, Steven L Peck and Paul H Moore.Suppressing oriental fruit fly populations with phloxine B-protein bait sprays.extended Summaries: IUPAC Conference

26 Field Sanitation Burying fruit 0.46 m deep prevented adult fly eclosion Screen between the infested fruit and the ground prevented 90.2% of fly eclosion The edges of the screen were buried to prevent the escape of eclosing adult flies. Augmentoria entrapped all adult flies eclosing from fruit placed inside the structure KLUNGNESS, L M1; ERIC B. JANG1; RONALD F. L. MAU2; ROGER I. VARGAS1; JARI S. SUGANO2; EARL FUJITANIJ Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt Vol. 9 (2) 5-14

27 Biological Control Predators and parasitoids: Fopius arisanus from Asia,- 95% egg mortality of the Oriental fruit fly in guava. Entomopathogens Nematodes: Steinernema 2 Fungus: Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisopliae Bacteria : Bt effective against larval stage Microsporidia: Nosmea

28 Miscellaneous technologies Remote sensing: Pest monitoring system to establish relationship between change in environment and pest population Use of acoustics: Broadcasting recorded synthetic sounds to attract females Mechanical Barrier Bagging: Waxed Paper bags to wrap the fruits on trees Netting: lightweight fabric such as mosquito netting, shadecloth or nylon flyscreen material.

29 Raking and Ploughing

30 Integerating technologies Community level approach Package: MAT+BAT+field sanitation IIHR, India: weekly removal of fallen fruit+3 weekly raking + 3 sprays of insecticide Taiwan: Fly watch: GPS Monitoring+Bait delivery (based on intensity of infestation) Hawai: Area wide Management (field sanitation to break the pest reproductive cycle, male trapping and low-risk insecticide application with a protein bait, sterile male release and augmentative biological control

31 Area-Wide Control of the Oriental Fruit FLY and Melon FLY in Taiwan (42MT of ME: 75% suppression) ( ) :21 districts : Chemical methyl eugenol, Cuelure, and protein bait containing spinosad, fruit bagging (Huang,2007) Non Chemical organizing involved farmers, establishing geological information, monitoring fruit fly density, establishing fruit production information, holding training programs, and maintaining the orchard sanitation Use of GIS/GPS: monitoring and control strategy planning: 3 dimensional virtual reality.

32 Integerated Approach: Malaysia 1996: Accidental introduction of B.dorsalis IPM Methyl Eugenol Bait Sprays Fruit disposal 1999: complete eradication of species (Seewooruthun et al. 2000)

33 Hawai -Area wide management (USDA-ARS) Identification of problematic area: community approach Variation in intensity of IPM approach : intensity of catches from Baseline data Area Grid Monitoring Sanitation: augmentoria/ disposal of fruits using bags Bait intervals GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly (organic) Male annihilation: use of DDVP, bucket traps Parasitoids: Fopius weekly basis Sterile male release Soil treatment: Force ( Tefluthrin ) and Warrior( lambda cyhalothrin )

34 GIS-GPS : Information system Protien bait monitoring system: Short range female attractant Dome trap with (Mesoferm/Nulure) Additional bait station with Solulys (+5% Borax) Plant host mapping/fruit sampling Transfer of technology to growers 99.5% reduction in B.dorsalis population # $%&'% $(%' ) %* (% +,%-) %./0% $%1 ( ! % Ceratitis capitata%,%bactrocera dorsalis%*7%-. Journal of Insect Science 54589

35 Initiative to promote productivity and trade of fruits and vegetables through management of African fruit flies -AFFI- (phase I) Analysis of the pest status, basic ecology and distribution of fruit flies Exploration for sources of new attractants for those African fruit flies which do not respond to the standard lures; Development of simple methods for monitoring the target fruit flies on smallholder fields On-farm evaluation of food-based localized baiting stations for fruit fly suppression; Development of biological control agents for fruit fly control (exploration and testing of pathogens for the control of pupariating larvae, adult fruit flies and new fruit fly parasitoids). Characterization of the farming structure and fruit production patterns in selected trial sites; Development of tools for Quarantine

36 Integrated Management of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in India ( ) IPM controls using minimum pesticide doses Blocks soaked in lure and insecticide Weekly applications of baits : cover sprays locally-sourced baits of bananas or jaggery weekly removals of fallen fruit, 3-weekly inter-tree ploughing and raking and three fortnightly cover sprays of insecticide village-level cooperative control South Asia Fruit Fly Network:cooperative international association of fruit fly scientists and practitioners

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38 Traps available Vector 960 Fruit Fly Trap :A ten vent trap with liquid attractant that controls fruitflies without use of toxicants Rid fly: Contains fruit and herb extract and kills both the sexes of fruit flies of all the ages

39 Fruit fly trap : Attacks both the species B.dorsalis and B.cucurbitae. Eco friendly, safe and effective Fly Trap: Contains bottle trap and natural baits Natural bait: Malt, proteins, powdered fruits etc. Bottle trap: reusable, work best if installed near the ground UV resistant non woven fabric bags which gives protection against gnats and fruit flies

40 Ball trap: These dome shaped trap is effective trap with receptacle for solid as well as liquid attractant. Dome Trap Bio-fruit: High quality hydrolysed protein to attract fruit flies Fly glue-fruit: Aromatic adhesive strips with special colour to attract the flies and is suitable fo horticultural plantations like oranges, guava, mango etc Banana scent trap: Aromatic glue board to catch fruit flies

41 Addressing Constraints with newer concepts and translating into products for use

42 Novel Products: Constraint identified: MAT has a male biased population catch Solution: Integeration of female attractant in the exisitng lure Research: Quilici, S., A Franck, P.F. Duyck, P. Rousse, F.. fabre, P. Rryckewaert, V.Rioux, I.Litrico, A. Chaboud, C. Simi Development of improved attractants and their integration into fruit fly SIT management programmes. Proceedings of a final research coordination meeting organised by Joint FAO/IEA Programme of nuclear techniques in food and agriculture (Vienna 5-7th May,2008).

43 Novel Products Constraint identified: Existing Mc Phail trap Servicible (as it contains water) Use of insecticide Expensive Solution: One way valve trap (pending for design registration) Dry trap Catches visible through clear plastic No insecticide Cheap to produce, easy to transport Jang,.B Effectiveness of plastic matrix lures and traps against Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera cucurbitae in Hawaii.Journal of Applied Entomology

44 Novel Products constraint identified: Unfeasible soil application for pupal stages a.i: Metarhizium anisopliae Formulation: Granular Easy to apply Cause mortality of Pupae of fruit flies Reduces emergence Eco friendly Cost effective

45 Novel Products Constraint identified : cover sprays as ovipositional detterent a.i: Beauveria bassiana Formulation: Emulsified suspension Reduces oviposition % and infects adults Infects adults also Eco friendly Is also effective on other pest mango hoppers, Aphids, spodoptera etc.

46 Novel Product constraint identified: No ready to use organic solution for post harvest management Organic Salt IMO Certified Affects soft bodied insects Soaking in suspension Damages eggs Makes surface unacceptable for the flies to lay eggs.

47 Further concepts Protein baits: Substituting insecticide with Beauveria bassiana spores Auto dissemination technology: sterile flies as carrier of spores Integerating pheromone/spores charged with electrostatic powder

48 Constraints identified: dissemination of knowledge upto grower level Extension technology Plant Clinics: on GPC model Plant health Management Training for Plant Doctors Plant Clinics: Diagnosis and recommendation on symptoms Generation of Photosheets and Fact sheets Registration of each case Identifying problematic region Forecasting infestation Network of scientist, extension workers and growers

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