Melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett Diptera:Tephritidae

Transcription

1 Islamic Republic Of Iran Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture Plant Protection Organization A Guide for Diagnosis & Detection Of Quarantine Pests Melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett Diptera:Tephritidae Edited by: Ahmad cheraghian Bureau of Plant Pest Surveillance and Pest Risk Analysis 2014

2 Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett Diptera : Tephritidae Common name: melon fly, melon fruit fly Synonyms: Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett),Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett Dacus yayeyamanus, Chaetodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) Strumeta cucurbitae Coquillett, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) Economic impact: B. cucurbitae is a very serious pest of cucurbit crops throughout its native range (tropical Asia) and in introduced areas such as the Hawaiian Islands. Damage levels can be anything up to 100% of unprotected fruit.. Hosts: Major hosts:cucumis melo (melon), Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguinea (snakegourd) Minor hosts : Abelmoschus moschatus (muskmallow), Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit), Benincasa hispida (wax gourd), Carica papaya (papaw), Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Cucumis auguria (gerkin), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato), Ficus carica (fig), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Luffa acutangula (angled luffa), Luffa aegyptiaca (loofah), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Mangifera indica (mango), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Momordica balsamina (common balsamapple), Momordica charantia (bitter gourd), Passiflora (passionflower), Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Persea americana (avocado), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Prunus persica (peach), Psidium guajava (guava), Sechium edule (chayote), Sesbania grandiflora (agati), Syzygium samarangense (water apple), Trichosanthes cucumerina, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube), Geographic distribution: Asia:Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,China,Taiwan,India,Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan,Saudi Arabia,Philippines, Taiwan,Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam, United Arab Emirates,Iran(invalid record) Africa:Cameroon, Côte d'ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania. North America: USA, Hawaii Australia and Pacific Island: Australia, Guam, Kiribati, Northern Mariana Islands, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Bougainville, Solomon Islands. World distribution map of Bactrocera cucurbitae

3 Morphology: Egg The egg of Bactrocera olae was described in detail by Margaritis (1985) and those of other species are probably very similar. Size, 0.8 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, with the micropyle protruding slightly at the anterior end. The chorion is reticulate (requires scanning electron microscope examination). White to yellow-white in colour. Larva Third instar larva: Large, length mm; width mm. Head: Stomal sensory organ small, completely surrounded by 6-7 large preoral lobes, some bearing serrated edges similar to oral ridges; oral ridges with rows of moderately long, uniform, bluntly rounded teeth; accessory plates numerous, with serrated edges and interlocking with oral ridges; mouthhooks large, heavily sclerotized, each with a small but well defined preapical tooth. Thoracic and abdominal segments: anterior portion of T1 with an encircling, broad band of spinules which dorsally and laterally form small plates 7-10 rows deep, becoming discontinuous rows ventrally; T2 with smaller, stouter spinules, forming 5-7 discontinuous rows around anterior portion of segment; T3 similar to T2, but reduced to 4-6 rows. Creeping welts obvious, with 9-13 rows of small spinules. A8 with large well rounded intermediate areas, almost linked by a large, slightly curved, pigmented transverse line (mature larvae only). Tubercles and sensilla well defined. Anterior spiracles: tubules. Posterior spiracles: spiracular slits large, with heavily sclerotized rimae; about 3 times as long as broad. Spiracular hairs long, fine and often branched in apical half; dorsal and ventral bundles of 6-12 spiracular hairs; lateral bundles of 4-6 hairs. Anal area: lobes large with a lightly sculptured surface, surrounded by 3-7 rows of spinules. Around outer edges spinules small, in discontinuous rows; closer to anal lobes, spinules becoming stouter, and forming small groups below anal opening. Puparium Barrel-shaped with most larval features unrecognisable, the exception being the anterior and posterior spiracles which are little changed by pupariation. White to yellow-brown in colour. Usually about 60-80% length of larva. Adult Head: Pedicel+1st flagellomere not longer than ptilinal suture. Face with a dark spot in each antennal furrow; facial spot round to elongate. Frons pairs frontal setae; 1 pair orbital setae. Thorax: Predominant colour of scutum red-brown. Postpronotal (=humeral) lobe entirely pale (yellow or orange). Notopleuron yellow. Scutum with parallel sided lateral postsutural vittae (yellow/orange stripes) which extend anterior to suture and posteriorly to level of the intra-alar setae. Medial vitta present; not extended anterior to suture. Scutellum yellow, except for narrow basal band. Anepisternal stripe not reaching anterior notopleural seta. Yellow marking on both anatergite and katatergite. Postpronotal lobe (=humerus) without a seta. Notopleuron with anterior seta. Scutum with or without anterior supra-alar setae; with prescutellar acrostichal setae. Scutellum rarely (5%) with basal as well as apical pair of setae. Wing: Length mm. With a complete costal band; depth to below R2+3, sometimes reaching R4+5. Costal band expanded into a spot at apex, which extends about half way to M. With an anal streak. Cells bc and c colourless. May have a transverse mark over crossvein r-m. Always with transverse mark over crossvein dmcu. Cells bc and c without extensive covering of microtrichia. Cell br (narrowed part) with extensive covering of microtrichia. Legs: All femora pale basally, red-brown apically.

4 Abdomen: Predominant colour orange-brown. Tergites not fused. Abdomen not wasp waisted. Pattern distinct; transverse band across tergite 3; tergite 4 dark laterally; medial longitudinal stripe on T3-5. Terminalia and secondary sexual characters: male wing without a bulla. Male tergite 3 with a pecten (setal comb) on each side. Male sternite 5 not V-shaped. Surstylus (male) with a long posterior lobe. Wing (male) with a deep indent in posterior margin. Hind tibia (male) with a preapical pad. Aculeus apex pointed. Adult of Bactrocera cucurbitae

5 Lateral Dorsal Adult of Bactrocera cucurbitae

6 Thoracic-Dorsa Thoracic-Lateral Posterior Anterior-Lateral Anterior-Dorsal Anterior Forewing Posterior

7 Caudal segment (lateral) SEM Anal lobes SEM Caudal segment (posterior) SEM Posterior spiracles SEM Head (lateral) SEM Anterior spiracle SEM Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, spiracles, caudal segment Larvae of Bactrocera cucurbitae

8 Biology and ecology: Eggs (up to 40) are laid below the skin of the host fruit; a female may lay more than 1000 eggs. These hatch within 1-2 days and the larvae feed for another 4-17 days (longest in thick-skinned fruits such as pumpkin). Pupariation is in the soil under the host plant for 7-13 days but may be delayed for several weeks under cool conditions. Adults occur throughout the year and begin mating (at dusk) after about days, and may live 5-15 months depending on temperature (longer in cool conditions); data from Christenson and Foote (1960), Clausen (1978) and Waterhouse (1993). Adult flight and the transport of infected fruit are the major means of movement and dispersal to previously uninfected areas. Many Bactrocera spp. can fly km (Fletcher, 1989). This is one of the most common species attracted to cue lure. The biological basis of cue lure attraction is under investigation; Shelley and Villalobos (1995) showed that wing vibrating activity increased following a cue lure feed, and evidence from other species suggests that in nature feeding on certain chemicals increases mating success (see White, 2000, for review).. Life cycle of Bactrocera cucurbitae

9 Symptoms: Following oviposition there may be some necrosis around the puncture mark ('sting'). This is followed by decompostion of the fruit. Symptoms by affected plant part Fruits/pods: internal feeding; lesions/inflorescence: internal feeding. Leaves: internal feeding./roots: internal feeding./stems: internal feeding. Damage of Bactrocera cucurbitae Bagged Guavas for fruit fly protection Means of movement and dispersal: Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport - Fruits (inc. Pods): Eggs, Larvae; borne internally; visible to naked eye. -Growing Medium Accompanying Plants:Pupae;borne internally;visible to naked eye Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport - Bark/ - Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes/ - Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx - Leaves/ - Seedlings/Micropropagated Plants - Roots/ - Stems (above Ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches/ - True Seeds (inc. Grain)/ - Wood. Transport pathways for long distance movement - Conveyances (transport Vehicles): Aeroplanes And Boats, With Fruit Cargo. - Mail: Fruit In Post. - Containers And Packing: Of Fruit Cargo. - Soil, Gravel, Water, Etc.: Risk Of Puparia In Soil. - Travellers And Baggage: Fruit In Case Or Handbag

10 Phytosanitary significance: The major risk is from the import of fruit containing larvae, either as part of cargo, or through the smuggling of fruit in airline passenger baggage or mail. For example, in New Zealand Baker and Cowley (1991) recorded 7-33 interceptions of fruit flies per year in cargo and per year in passenger baggage. Private individuals who successfully smuggle fruit are likely to discard it when they discover that it is rotten. Isolated catches of B. cucurbitae in cue lure baited traps in California (Foote et al., 1993) probably had an origin of this sort. B. cucurbitae is quarantine pest for Iran and some of other countries. Detection and inspection host for fruit fly

11 Detection and inspection: fruits (locally grown or samples of fruit imports) should be inspected for puncture marks and any associated necrosis. Suspect fruits should be cut open and checked for larvae. Larval identification is difficult, so if time allows, mature larvae should be transferred to saw dust (or similar dry medium) to allow pupariation. Upon emergence, adult flies must be fed with sugar and water for several days to allow hardening and full colour to develop, before they can be identified. Detection is described in the control section under Early Warning Systems. methyl eugenol (1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene). Trap position: Near the highest point of the plant using supporting posts approximately 1 meter high or higher if the crop is higher. Trap data and interpretation Collect date weekly from the start of the flight of the over wintering generation. During the height of the population more frequent reading may be needed. Decisions on pesticide application should not be taken solely on the trap catch data. Climatic and biological considerations should be taken in account. Lures: Lures can be changed every 4-6 weeks to get the most accurate results. Lures handling: Pheromone lures are very sensitive tool. They can be affected by exposure to elevated heat and direct sunshine. Direct touching by hand may cause cross contamination leading to mixed catches in the trap. Some contaminants such as Nicotine may have repellent effect reducing trap catch. Lure Storage: Cool dry place. Shelf life can very from 3-36 months depending on the storage temperature. See Technical Data Sheet for further details

12 (Jackson Trap) McPhail (McP) Yellow Panel (YP) ChamP Trap Open Bottom Dry Trap (OBT) Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

13 Multilure Tephri Trap Steiner Trap (ST) C & C (Cook and Cunningham) Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

14 Use of trap for Detection of fruit fly

15 References: Abai, M. (1984).List of forest trees and shrubs of Iran. Plant pests and Diseases Rech. Inst.,Tehran, 147p. Barouti,S.,A.alavi,2004,Plant Nematology,Principles, Parasitic and Quarantine Nematode in Iran., p. Behdad,E.,1984.Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran,Sepehr pub,tehran,822p. Esmaile,M.1983, Pests of Fruit Crops in Iran, Sepehr pub,tehran,366p. CAB International Crop Protection Compendium Edition. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Modarres Awal, M.2012.List of Agricultural pests and Their Natural Enemies in Iran. Revised Edition, Ferdowsi university Prss,877p. Salavatean, Mer.1996, Plant quarantine in Iran, Research Institute,Ministey of Agriculture pub,279p. H. V. Weems, J. B. Heppner, J. L. Nation and T. R. Fasulo2, Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Insecta:Diptera: Tephritidae), EENY-083 S I Seewooruthun, P Sookar, S Permalloo, A Joomaye, M Alleck, B Gungah and A R Soonnoo, AN ATTEMPT AT THE ERADICATION OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera dorsalis (HENDEL) FROM MAURITIUS, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Co-operatives. Chien-Chung Chen*, Yaw-Jen Dong, Chuan-Tsung Li, and Kao-Yow Liu,Movement of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel),(Diptera: Tephritidae), in a Guava Orchard with Special, Reference to Its Population Changes, Ling-Lan Cheng Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A Cheraghian_a10@hotmail.com