INTERSEX STURGEON IN THE MISSOURI RIVER? - THE EFFECTS OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS ON A BIG RIVER
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1 INTERSEX STURGEON IN THE MISSOURI RIVER? - THE EFFECTS OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS ON A BIG RIVER Shovelnose sturgeon -Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Pallid sturgeon -Scaphirhynchus albus Photo courtesy of Aaron DeLonay
2 Overview: Our findings Where intersex occurs Historic occurrence Intersex biology Causes Likely chemicals What we (don t) know Photo Courtesy Aaron DeLonay
3 Sturgeon are Gonochoristic Female Male
4 Intersex/Hermaphrodite/Testes-ova Eggs Testis Testis Eggs
5 Intersex in MO River Sturgeon
6 Normal Early Stage Ovary
7 Ovarian folds Testis
8 Microscopic View
9
10
11 Historic occurrence of intersex
12 Distribution of Intersex Sturgeon % of Intersexed Males Male photo Fix mdc results Missouri River Mississippi River 14 0 RM 450 St. Joseph RM 330 Napoleon RM 250 Miami RM 298 Saverton RM 200 Franklin Island RM 170 Easley RM 125 Mokane RM 45 Weldon Springs RM 149 Crystal City RM 847 Caruthersville RM 52 Cape Girardeau
13 Historic Occurrence Percent of Catch of Males 0 '64-'71 '68-'69 '78-'79 '93-'94 '00-'01 07-'08 Year
14 So What? Not Normal Reproductive consequences May be increasing Indicative of other problems? Don t know what the cause is Could be related to water/sediment quality
15 Gametogenesis Primary Germ Cell (PGC) Sperm Eggs
16 Genetics Hormonal PGC Sperm Eggs
17 Hypothalmus Pituitary Hormones PGC Hormones Sperm Gonad Eggs
18 Some Causes of Abnormal Hermaphroditism in Fish Senescence Genetic abnormalities Hybridization Radiation Diet Temperature Environmental disturbances Chemicals
19 Age and Size Characteristics intersex normal mm or grams + SE Years + SE FL WT Age 0
20 Some Proposed Causes of Abnormal Hermaphroditism in Fish Senescence Genetic abnormalities Hybridization Radiation Diet Temperature Environmental disturbances Chemicals
21 Cl Cl Cl N N H C-Cl 3 DDT AN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR IS: C 2 H 3 N H N Atrazine NCH(CH 3 ) 2 H A compound that interferes with, or changes, normal endocrine (hormone) function. Cl OH Cl Cl C CH HO HO Hydroxy PCBs HO Bisphenol A OH 17 alpha-ethinyl Estradiol OH (C 4 H 9 ) (C 4 H 9 ) Sn (C 4 H 9 ) nonylphenol Tributyl Tin
22 Reproductive Characteristics, Functions, Processes that Can be Altered with Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Sexual differentiation and development Offspring sex ratio Gonad and duct development Secondary sexual characteristics Fertility Fecundity Mating and sexual behavior Gametogenesis Hormone levels
23
24 WHERE DO EDCS COME FROM? Personal care products Commercial products Detergents Industrial discharge Residential wastewater Municipal WWTP Agriculture
25 and where do go? 223
26 620
27 192
28 183
29 MAPS Courtesy of Gust Annis, TNC 9
30 From forthcoming report on Contaminants of Concern in the MOR Contaminant Trace Elements Water Exceedances Sediment Exceedances Tissue Exceedances Preliminary Risk Conclusion Arsenic 0 of of 21 No Data COC Cadmium 6 of of 21 0 of 43 COC Chromium 2 of of 20 No Data COC Copper 5 of of 25 No Data COC Lead 36 of of 26 0 of 41 COC Mercury 0 of 90 0 of of 43 COC Nickel 0 of of 27 No Data COC Selenium 31 of 302 No Data 1 of 2 COC Zinc 3 of of 28 No Data COC Nutrients Ammonia 6 of 268 No Data No Data COC Total Nitrogen 320 of 320 No Data No Data COC Total Phosphorous 346 of 346 No Data No Data COC
31 Pesticides Water Sediment Tissue 2,4-D 0 of 1 No Data No Data DG Carbaryl 1 of 110 No Data No Data DG Chlordane No Data 1 of 4 29 of 141 COC Chlorpyrifos 0 of of 4 No Data DG Diazinon 0 of of 1 No Data DG Dieldrin 0 of of 4 14 of 140 COC DDT No Data 0 of 4 21 of 141 COC DDD No Data 0 of 4 0 of 139 NL DDE 0 of of 4 26 of 139 COC Metolachlor 0 of 206 No Data No Data DG Triazine Herbicides 73 of 206 No Data No Data COC Industrial Organics Dioxins/Furans No Data No Data No Data DG Nonylphenol No Data No Data No Data DG PAHs No Data 0 of 4 No Data DG PBDE No Data No Data No Benchmark (94 samples) DG PCBs No Data 4 of of 141 COC Other Chlorophyl A 198 of 198 No Data No Data COC Estrogens No Data No Data No Data DG ph 0 of 361 No Data No Data NL
32 The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (DHSS) recommends that all consumers be aware of the positive benefits of eating fish and the potential adverse health effects of contaminants that may be found in fish.
33 PCBs, Chlordanes Egg Concentrations 1400 ng/g egg Fillet concentrations Year ng/g fillet Photo courtesy of Aaron DeLonay 500 Data: Courtesy Mike McKee, MO Dept. of Conservation 0 '84 '86 '88 '96 '04 '08 Year
34 Unlikely Legacy Chemicals: Total PCBs Organochlorine Pesticides ng/g Lipid ng/g Lipid Normal Intersex Normal Intersex Gonad Brain Normal Intersex Normal Intersex Gonad Brain
35 Flame Retardants: PBDEs ng/g Lipid Normal Intersex Normal Intersex Gonad Brain
36 Chemical Suspects? Ethinyl estradiol Estradiol Atrazine Nonylphenols Mercury Heavy metals
37 How do we link exposure to MOR EDCs to intersex in sturgeon? Eggs Testis A small incision in the belly of a pallid sturgeon to implant a transmitter revealed it was intersex
38 Must Consider: Exposure Uptake Metabolism Excretion Mechanism and Site of action
39 Vulnerability of Sturgeon Benthic feeders/dwellers Long-lived Age at first maturity High lipid content Spawning frequency Other?
40 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REGION #6 FY11 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS PROGRAM OFF-REFUGE INVESTIGATIONS SUB-ACTIVITY Evaluation of Endocrine Active Chemicals and Synthetic Hormones in Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus): Implications for the reproduction and recovery of an endangered species
41
42 Testicular Malformations
43 Reduced Size of Testes Testicular Gonadosomatic Index R2= ng OCPs/g Lipid
44 Egg Parasites
45 Teratomas
46
47 Embryological Survival (2-3 dpf) (From Buckler, J. Thesis 2011) dpf (p<0.01) Survival (cumulative %) R² = dl-pcb (ng/g lipid)
48 Intersex in other MOR species? Egg Sperm
49 Environmental Stressors Over harvest Channelization Dams Loss of habitat Contaminants? Photo courtesy of Robb Jacobson
50 Mean Vitellogenin (ng/ml) ± SD Intersex Male Immature Females Mature Females
51 Mimic endogenous hormone Antagonize hormone effects Disrupt hormone synthesis/metabolism Disrupt receptor synthesis/metabolism/function Plasma Binding Protein Estrogen or Mimic Target Cell Protein Synthesis Altered Functional Response Nucleus DNA Receptor mrna Hormone-Receptor Complex
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