Supernumerary Teat Removal

Transcription

1 Supernumerary Teat Removal Usually performed when brucellosis vaccinated Removed flush with skin and parallel to normal folds of udder using curved scissors Suturing skin is not usually necessary in young calves Don t remove any of four normal teats Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

2 Ovariectomy Surgical removal of an ovary Indications Ovarian cysts, abscesses, or neoplasms Preventing pregnancy (spaying heifers) Improve fattening in feedlot cows Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3 Ovariectomy Surgery Flank approach Unilateral ovariectomy or if ovary is enlarged Colpotomy Bilateral ovariectomy if ovary is normal size Requires caudal epidural Specialized instruments: Kimberly Rupp or Willis Rod Postoperative patients monitored for signs of hemorrhage Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

4 Cesarean Section Incision through the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a calf Indications Dystocia Malposition or presentation Excessively large calf Uterine torsion Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

5 Cesarean Section Surgical approaches Flank approaches (right or left) Paramedian (right or left) Ventral midline Left flank approach on standing patient Most common approach Rumen obstructs other viscera from incision site Skin incision will be longer than for exploratory Calf delivered feet first Post-surgical consideration Oxytocin administration To aid uterine involution Minimize hemorrhage Encourage passage of placenta Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

6 Vaginal Prolapse Occurs during late pregnancy Begins as intermittent prolapse protruding when lying down Eventually becomes permanent Buhner suture technique Repair technique Standing animal Caudal epidural Vagina replacement Buhner suture pattern used to partially close the vulva Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

7 Uterine Prolapse Occurs at parturition or shortly thereafter An emergency situation Shock Fatal hemorrhage Hypocalcemia Possible intestinal and bladder prolapse Uterine mucosa protrudes through vulvar lips Uterus has invaginated Buhner suture technique Used as with vaginal prolapse Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

8 Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

9 Fibropapilloma of the Penis Caused by bovine papilloma virus Can become large enough to prevent extension or retraction of penis May result in hesitancy or refusal to breed Surgical removal Performed in conjunction with vaccination therapy Commercial or autogenous vaccine Removed in standing animal using local anesthesia and restraint Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

10 Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Cancer Eye) Most common tumor of cattle Predisposing factors Genetic predisposition Exposure to ultraviolet radiation Lack of protective pigmentation around eye Occur predominantly in Herefords, Simmentals, and Holsteins Seldom seen in animals <4 years of age and peak age is 8 years Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

11 Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Cancer Eye) Begin as benign plaques or papillomas progress quickly to squamous cell carcinoma Treatment Cryotherapy Radiofrequency hyperthermia Immunotherapy Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Surgery (keratectomy, lid resection, or extirpation) Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

12 Ocular Squamous Cell Extirpation Carcinoma Removal of all ocular tissue in the bony orbit Performed with retrobulbar or Peterson eye block 15 ml of lidocaine is injected in three alliquots Aspiration is essential to avoid fatal deposition of lidocaine in CSF Eye is surgically prepped Lids are sutured or clamped together All ocular tissue is removed Incision closed with appositional or everting interrupted sutures Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

13 Dehorning Dairy calves Within the first month or when horn buds are palpable Electrothermal dehorning Beef calves Performed when weaned Procedure: Usually dehorned with Barnes dehorner or scoop (Fig ) Hemostasis, crucial and done by pulling or twisting cornual artery Calves >6 months may expose frontal sinuses and at greater risk for sinusitis Mature cattle requires analgesia via cornual nerve block Block is injecting 10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral canthus and base of horn Large horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Gigli wire Surgical or cosmetic dehorning, performed on show cattle Requires local or regional analgesia Elliptical incision is made around base of horn Horn is removed, and skin incision is closed Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances of postoperative hemorrhage or infection Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

14 Dehorning Dairy calves Performed within the first month or when horn buds are palpable Electrothermal dehorning Beef calves Performed when weaned Barnes dehorner or scoop Hemostasis is crucial Done by pulling or twisting the cornual artery Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

15 Dehorning Calves >6 months May expose frontal sinuses, resulting in greater risk for sinusitis Mature cattle Require analgesia via cornual nerve block 10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral canthus and base of horn Large horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Gigli wire Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

16 Dehorning Surgical or cosmetic dehorning Performed on show cattle Requires local or regional analgesia Elliptical incision is made around base of horn Horn is removed, and skin incision is closed Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances of postoperative hemorrhage or infection Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

17 Castration Small calves restrained on ground Larger calves restrained in chute with tail pushed tightly up over back Open castration Bottom one third to one half of scrotum is excised, exposing testicles Young calves Testicles pulled until cords break Older calves Cord sharply transected Emasculator Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

18 Castration Closed castration Emasculotome Crushes cord within scrotum without cutting scrotal skin Bloodless castration or pinching Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18

19 Umbilical Hernias Most are associated with infection in one or more umbilical remnants Treatment Treat infection Surgical resection for severely infected Omphalectomy or umbilical herniorrhaphy Presurgical considerations Feed not withheld 6-8 hours pre-surgery Clip large area and prep for surgery Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19

20 Umbilical Hernias Surgical incision may be extended cranially to xiphoid process or caudally to pelvis Infected tissue removed intact Large defects may require mesh herniorrhaphy Postoperative considerations Calf maintained in stall for 1 month Excessive exercise leads to edema, seroma formation, or dehiscence Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20

21 Male Small Ruminants Urolithiasis High risk for developing due to feeding of excessive grain diet Similar to cattle except: Obstructed goats tend to vocalize due to pain Palpation and/or ultrasound of urinary bladders is possible Calculi resembles sand and block most of distal portion of urethra Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21

22 Male Small Ruminants Urolithiasis surgical therapy Lumbosacral epidural can be performed If obstructed, penis can be amputated close to its attachment to glans Immediate patency after amputation Reobstruction is common Amputation rarely results in long-term cure Urethral catheterization with saline flushing may be attempted to relieve obstruction Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22

23 Urolithiasis treatment Urethrostomy May be used as salvage procedure Frequently results in stricture formation in urethra Cystotomy and/or tube cystostomy Procedures of choice for obstructive urolithiasis Preserves breeding capability and prolongs life Procedure Calculi removed from bladder Normograde and retrograde urethral flushing Foley catheter placed in bladder Catheter removed when animal can consistently urinate a normal stream Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23

24 Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24

25 Entropion Inward rolling of eyelid Most common ocular disease of neonatal lambs Treatment options Ophthalmic antibiotics Manually rolling lower lid outward Injection of penicillin or tetracycline in linear fashion parallel to lower lid Clamping skin of lower lid below and parallel to lid margin with mosquito forceps for 30 seconds Placement of two or three vertical mattress sutures in lower lid to roll out lid margin Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25

26 Lumbosacral Epidural Useful for alleviating pain during procedures performed caudal to umbilicus Will lose motor control to hind legs and should be confined to a small, well-bedded area to prevent injury Performed at lumbosacral junction 20-gauge, 3.8-cm needle Analgesia will take several minutes if injected into epidural space and almost immediately if injected into subarachnoid space Dose of lidocaine is 5-8 ml/45 kg body weight Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26

27 Disbudding/Dehorning Kids Optimal time 3-5 days in buck kids 5-7 days in doe kids Procedure is less invasive because horn buds not yet attached to underlying bone Less chance of regrowth if dehorned properly at these ages Many owners perform procedure with restraint only May be sedated with xylazine and butorphanol Ring block with1% lidocaine around base of horn Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27

28 Cesarean Sections Indicated in cases of dystocia Left flank laparotomy used to approach uterus Sedation and inverted L block performed Alternatively, ventral midline or ventral paramedian approach can be used Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28

29 Rectal Prolapse Short tail docking can be a predisposing factor Short tail docks performed strictly for cosmetic reasons in show lambs May result in loss of innervation to rectum and anal sphincter Methods for repair include: Purse-string suture after replacement (salvage procedure) Injection of irritating solutions at 3-4 points perirectally Rectal amputation Copyright 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29