Corynespora cassiicola
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2 Corynespora cassiicola Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei type species of the genus (>100 described species) Found on diverse substrates: plant leaves, stems, and roots; nematode cysts; Pathogen of over 530 plant species from 380 genera, including monocots, dicots, ferns, and one cycad Pathogenicity varies among isolates Saprotrophic and endotrophic isolates
3 Rubber Papaya Soybean Mandevilla Cucumber Hibiscus Summa phytopathol. vol.38 no.2 Botucatu Apr./June
4 Symptoms on cotton include numerous small circular lesions that may expand to larger target like lesions of > 0.5 inch in diameter. Up to 70% premature defoliation has been reported from GA (Fulmer et al., 2012)
5 Corynespora cassiicola Human skin infections (immunocompromised individuals): Lv GX et al Med Mycol. Phaeohyphomycosis caused by a plant pathogen, Corynespora cassiicola. 49: Huang HK et al Subcutaneous infection caused by Corynespora cassiicola, a plant pathogen. 60:
6 Corynespora cassiicola Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei type species of the genus (>100 described species) Found on diverse substrates: plant leaves, stems, and roots; nematode cysts; Pathogen of over 530 plant species from 380 genera, including monocots, dicots, ferns, and one cycad Pathogenicity varies among isolates Saprotrophic and endotrophic isolates Human skin infections: Produces a host-selective toxin, Cassiicolin Barthe et al J. Molec. Biol. 367: Lamotte et al J. Chromatography B. 849: Deon et al Plant Sci : (toxin gene)
7 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)
8 Require high humidity...rain or dew...for infection. Easily dispersed by wind. In general, disease development favored by high temps F and long periods of high moisture (16 44 hr leaf wetness). Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)
9 Under ideal conditions, disease progresses rapidly. Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)
10 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)
11 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola) Conidia are long, hyline with 4 20 pseudosepta. Form singly or in chains of two to six. Pronounced hilum at the base.
12 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)
13 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola) Anthracnose of tomato (Colletotrichum spp.)
14 Target Spot Early Blight
15 A. solani Early blight of potato (Alternaria solani) Target Early blight spot affects of tomato tomato (Corynespora (Alternaria tomatophila) cassiicola)
16 Symptoms of target spot can be confused with other foliar pathogens. Grey Leaf Spot (Stemphyllium spp.)
17 Symptoms of target spot can be confused with other foliar pathogens. Grey Leaf Spot (Stemphyllium spp.)
18 Can you identify the perpetrator? Target Spot Early Blight Many fungal diseases can look alike Without the aid of a microscope, exact identification can be tricky Gray Leaf Spot
19 Can you identify the perpetrator? Target Spot Early Blight Early Blight Target Spot
20 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11) QoI; non-strobilurins (11) SDHI; Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (7) DMI; Demethylase inhibitors (3) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin fenamidone famoxidone boscalid penthiopyrad fluopyram fluxapyroxad benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole flutriafol pyrimethanil cyprodinil Quadris Evito Cabrio Flint Reason Tanos (+ cymoxanil) Endura Fontelis Luna (+ pyrimethanil/trifloxystrob.) Priaxor (+ pyraclostrobin) AproviaTop (+ difenoconazole) RevusTop (+ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (+ cyprodinil) Inspire Rhyme Scala Switch (+ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (+ difenoconazole)
21 Fall 2014 Target Spot + Early Blight P = < Statistically: Superior to control or Bravo alone. Equivalent to Bravo Equivalent to Control Alternated with: Bravo 2 pt/a AUDPC Final disease severity ranged from 42 to 84%
22 Fall 2014 Target Spot + Early Blight Superior Foliar Control Alternated with: Bravo 2 pt/a Diseased Fruit (%) P = < Statistically: Superior to control or Bravo alone. Equivalent to Bravo + Control Equivalent to Control Reduced foliar symptoms didn t necessarily equate to reduced fruit losses. r 2 = 8.4%
23 Fall 2015 Target Spot trial 1 P = < Statistically: Superior to Penncozeb alone. Equivalent to Penncozeb Equivalent to Penncozeb Equivalent to control Alternated with: Penncozeb 1.5 lbs/a AUDPC No significant differences in yield or diseased fruit. Final disease severity ranged from 31 to 81%
24 Fall 2015 Target Spot trial 2 P = < Statistically: Superior control equivalent to Scala alt. Bravo WS 2pt/A. Intermediate level of control Equivalent to the water treated control No significant differences in yield or diseased fruit. Alternated with: Bravo 2 pt/a Disease Severity (%)
25 Fall 2014 Integrated Fungicide Programs Weeks: Program Fungicide Rate /100 gal Bravo Weatherstik 2pt X X X X X X X Scala 7floz X - X - Fontelis 16floz - - X - X - X Inspire Super 20floz X Penncozeb 2lb X X X X X X X Scala 7floz X Fontelis 16floz - - X - X - X Inspire Super 20floz X Penncozeb 2lb X X X X X X X Scala 7floz X Fontelis 16floz - - X - X - X Inspire Super 20floz X - - Switch 14oz X X 4 Actigard 0.5oz X X X X X X X Penncozeb 2lb X X X X X X X Scala 7floz X Fontelis 16floz - - X - X - X Switch 14oz X X 5 Actigard 0.5oz X X X X X X X Penncozeb 2lb X X X X X X X Scala 7floz X Fontelis 16floz - - X - X - X Switch 14oz X X **Folicur 8oz - X - X - X - 6 Non-Treated Control Inoculated with SDHI sensitive isolates. Bacterial leaf spot managed with a rotational program that included antibiotics. Severe disease outbreak that was favored by extended periods of rain.
26 Fall 2014 Integrated Fungicide Programs Disease Severity (%): Diseased Trt Treatment, Rate/100 gal (Week) 14-Nov 16-Dec 13-Jan AUDPC Fruit (%) 1 Bravo Weatherstik, 2 pt (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4,6); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5) 5.2 ab 60.4 ab 73.4 ab 754 a 14.4 b 2 Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5); 3.0 b 42.6 bc 55.0 bc 532 b 16.3 b 3 Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4,7); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5); Switch, 14 oz (6,7); 3.0 b 31.4 c 42.6 cd 415 bc 11.6 bc 4 Actigard, 0.5 oz (1-7); Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Switch, 14 oz (6,7); 3.0 b 15.4 d 55.0 bc 346 c 14.0 bc 5 Actigard, 0.5 oz (1-7); Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Folicur, 8 oz (2,4,6); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Switch, 14 oz (6,7) 3.0 b 12.9 d 31.4 d 241 d 7.9 c 6 Non-Treated Control, (1-7) 9.1 a 76.3 a 97.0 a 999 a 34.4 a P = < < <
27 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11) QoI; non-strobilurins (11) SDHI; Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (7) DMI; Demethylase inhibitors (3) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin fenamidone famoxidone boscalid penthiopyrad fluopyram fluxapyroxad benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole flutriafol pyrimethanil cyprodinil Quadris Evito Cabrio Flint Reason Tanos (+ cymoxanil) Endura Fontelis Luna (+ pyrimethanil/trifloxystrob.) Priaxor (+ pyraclostrobin) AproviaTop (+ difenoconazole) RevusTop (+ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (+ cyprodinil) Inspire Rhyme Scala Switch (+ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (+ difenoconazole)
28 New SDHIs Boscalid (BASF) Fluxapyroxad (BASF) Penthiopyrad (DuPont) Benzovindiflupyr (Syngenta) Fluopyram (Bayer)
29 Testing Fungicide Sensitivity: C. cassiicola Control Control 1 ppm 5 ppm 10 ppm 50 ppm Azoxystrobin Pyraclostrobin Boscalid
30 Fungicide Sensitivity Collected > 100 isolates from throughout Florida Chose 32 representative isolates for testing (9 concentrations) Establish discriminatory dose for each fungicide 1.0 Azoxystrobin Relative Colony Growth % PPM
31 Fungicide Sensitivity Azoxystrobin Penthiopyrad EC50 PPM A L-04 LB-13 LB-23 LB-36 LB-43 P6 DC 3-4 DC 4-4A DC 5-5B DC 5-5C 7P 8G Q-1501 I B I C Q-1505 I A I A 1P Cuc 2B Cot-2 Ses-1 EC50 PPM A L-04 LB-13 LB-23 LB-36 LB-43 P6 DC 3-4 DC 4-4A DC 5-5B DC 5-5C 7P 8G Q-1501 I B I C Q-1505 I A I A 1P Cuc 2B Cot-2 Ses-1 Boscalid Fluopyram EC50 PPM A L-04 LB-13 LB-23 LB-36 LB-43 P6 DC 3-4 DC 4-4A DC 5-5B DC 5-5C 7P 8G Q-1501 I B I C Q-1505 I A I A 1P Cuc 2B Cot-2 Ses-1 EC50 PPM A L-04 LB-13 LB-23 LB-36 LB-43 P6 DC 3-4 DC 4-4A DC 5-5B DC 5-5C 7P 8G Q-1501 I B I C Q-1505 I A I A 1P Cuc 2B Cot-2 Ses-1 *EC50 Level of AI to reduce strain growth by 50% on amended media.
32 Fungicide Sensitivity In Vitro Fungicide Sensitivity 89% 25 # of Isolates % 38% 60% Azoxystrobin Boscalid Penthiopyrad Fluopyram Fungicide Resistant Moderately Resistant Sensitive *Sensitive strains exhibited > 50% reduction in colony diameter on amended media.
33 Fungicide Sensitivity Frequency (%) of Corynespora cassiicola isolates SENSITIVE to different fungicides Region # Isolate boscalid (5 ppm) azoxystrobin (10 ppm) fluopyram (5 ppm) tebuconazole (10 ppm) fludioxonil (1 ppm) cyprodinil (3 ppm) Myakka Wimauma Immokalee Naples Parrish Quincy TOTAL *Sensitive strains exhibited > 50% reduction in colony diameter on amended media.
34 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11) QoI; non-strobilurins (11) SDHI; Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (7) DMI; Demethylase inhibitors (3) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin fenamidone famoxidone boscalid penthiopyrad fluopyram fluxapyroxad benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole flutriafol pyrimethanil cyprodinil Quadris Evito AVOID! Evidence of Cabriowidespread resistance Flint to group 11 (QoI) Reason fungicides. Tanos (+ cymoxanil) Endura Fontelis Luna (+ pyrimethanil/trifloxystrob.) Priaxor (+ pyraclostrobin) AproviaTop (+ difenoconazole) RevusTop (+ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (+ cyprodinil) Inspire Rhyme Scala Switch (+ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (+ difenoconazole)
35 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11) azoxystrobin Caution! Quadris Evidence of fluoxastrobin mixed Evito populations with pyraclostrobin resistance Cabrio to group 7 trifloxystrobin (SDHI) Flint fungicides. QoI; non-strobilurins (11) fenamidone Reason ROTATION!! famoxidone Tanos (+ cymoxanil) SDHI; Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (7) DMI; Demethylase inhibitors (3) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) boscalid penthiopyrad fluopyram fluxapyroxad benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole flutriafol pyrimethanil cyprodinil Endura Fontelis Luna (+ pyrimethanil/trifloxystrob.) Priaxor (+ pyraclostrobin) AproviaTop (+ difenoconazole) RevusTop (+ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (+ cyprodinil) Inspire Rhyme Scala Switch (+ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (+ difenoconazole)
36 What s next Florida Specialty Crop Block Grant Advancing integrated practices and host resistance for managing target spot; Proj S. Hutton, M. Paret & P. Roberts Continued assessment of fungicides Larger isolate collection Evaluate against SDHI, DMI & MBI fungicides Improve understanding of pathogen Moisture & temperature requirements Pathogen survival Identify resistant tomato germplasm
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