IMPACT OF PROTEIN SOURCES ON PERFORMANCE AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF MALE GROWING BUFFALO CALVES

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1 Indian J. Anim. Res., 39 (2): IMPACT OF PROTEIN SOURCES ON PERFORMANCE AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF MALE GROWING BUFFALO CALVES A.R. Yazdani Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan province. Iran ABSTRACT The main objectives of this research were to assess the male buffalo calves welfare under two different feeding ration.an experiment was conducted to study the feeding of different sources of protein, viz., cotton seed meal (CSM) and Soya bean meal (SBM) in the ration of male buffalo calves in the north part of Iran.25 male buffalo calves of 6-12 months of age were selected and after 14 days of pre adjustment period on feeding, 5 animalswere discarded and the remaining 20 buffalo calves were divided into 2 treatments of 10 buffalo in each treatment. Experiment examined the animal responses to growth and biochemical changes, over 120 days. The statistical analysis was of complete randomize design (CRD). The housing systems for both the group were loose housing systems. Average daily growth rate of cottonseed meal (CSM) group were g/day compare to Soya bean meal (SBM) group of g/day. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the two treatments also feed conversion efficiency of CSM were significant (P<0.05) over the SBM group. Regarding biochemical changes like (hemoglobin, PCV, Glucose and total protein) the HB and total protein of CSM group was significant (P< 0.05) over the other group; likewise and glucose of SBM group were significant (P<0.05). INTRODUCTION The world population of domestic buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis, is estimated to be 167 million (FAO, 2000). Water buffaloes are bred in all continents of the world including Iran, India, Pakistan, Italy, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Syria, China, Egypt, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and the former Yugoslavia. Two main types of domestic buffalo are the river buffalo and the swamp buffalo. The river buffalo is mainly reared for both milk and meat production. Murrah in India, Nili Ravi and Kundi in Pakistan, Azari, Khozestani in Iran, Behri and Saidi in Egypt and Italian and Shumen in Europe are well known types of river buffalo. About half of the world's buffalo population found in India. Swamp buffaloes are reared for draught and for meat. Because buffaloes are able to stay in water when temperature is high, they are more adopted to hot and humid climates than many breeds (Rosati and Van Vleck, 2002). The buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is the world's most neglected domestic animal and the one with the greatest unexploited potential for productive development (Cockrill, 1980) Despite its present elementary genetic point of development, this species has recently evoked world wide interest as a future animal for getting the growing demands of meat, milk and work in the developing countries. The lifetime performance of a dairy buffalo is adversely affected by a number of built-in biological and environmental constraints. One of the major constraints to full exploitation of productive potential has been its inherently low reproductive efficiency as reflected in a low calving rate and long generation interval (Mahadevan, 1978). For better-feed intake the management conditions are of much interest, especially for growing calves, which are the base for future dairy stock. Thus, it is imperative to evolve and evaluate suitable management package for this species on scientific line along with the physiological and behavioral study to understand the need of the animal.

2 80 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH Not much systematic work has been done on qualification of feeding level or codification of management package, which will optimize the growth of buffalo calves, Consistent with early maturity and conception. Certain intensive feeding studies related to meat production have shown that the male buffalo calves have the potentialto growalmost at double the normal rate as reported in literature (FAO, 1979). Besides, whatever studies are available, are mostly of relatively short duration, which are not long enough to be biologically and managementally meaningful. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different source of proteins on growth and biochemical chgnges of male growing buffalo calves. MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals and treatment: The experiment was carried out at Merry rose private dairy farm, near Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources from September to December 2002 on twenty male growing Murrah buffalo calves of six to twelve months of age and average.86.12±12 (kg) weight were selected. Before commencement of study, all the calves were deformed and sprayed against external parasites (deticked with melathion spray). After the preliminary adjustment period for 14days, on the basis of nearness in body weight, the calves were divided into two groups of 10 animals each, so that each group had calves of similar age and weight.the experiment conducted for 120 days. The experimental groups were randomly allocated to one of the following management-cum-feeding treatments and the composition of the experimental diets is shown in Table 1. Feeds and feeding: The first group calves (CSM) of 10 animals were fed a concentrate mixture with cottonseed meal and the secondgroup (SBM) of 10animal fed Soya bean meal as protein source in their concentrate mixture. The animals were fed as per their requirement NRC (1988) recommended levels of protein per head per day. An equal level and weighed amount of gre'en fodder wasfed to all the calves daily and its protein contentwas taken into consideration while fixing the allowance of concentrate mixture for each group.the calves in each group were fed extra amount bhossa to meet the desired requirement of TDN, as per NRC standard. Other managemental practices were similar in both the treatments. All the animals were maintained throughout period in a loose house in which 4 square meter of covered area and 8 square meter of paddock area were available to each animal. Statistical analyses: The experiment wasplanned asa completely Randomize design as follows: Y ii = 11 + T i +E ij Where as Y ii = observed response, 11 = Overall mean, T = main effect of treatment, and E = I I) error term. Observations Feed intake: The calves wen~ given weigh quantity of feed and fodder daily as per computed ration. The feed intake during the experimental period was determined on the basis of weighing of feeds and fodder offered and left over 5 consecutive days in a month., The dry matter content of green fodder, wheat straw and concentrate mixture were determined by keeping the samplesin the oven at temperature of 90 e. The samples were analyzed for proximate principles, (AOAC, 1970). Calves performance: The calves were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and thereafter at fortnightly interval. The weights were recorded in the morning before providing water and feed. These weights were used for computation of

3 VoL 39. No Ingredients Alfalfa Barley Wheat bran Wheat straw Sugar beat pulp Corn silage Cottonseed meal Soya bean meal OCP Vitamin premix Composition. % CP ME (Mcal/kg) OM EE NOF AOF Ca P 3 OMB=Ory matter basis. Table 1. Composition of diets (OMB %)3 G1 (CSM) o G2 (SBM) o ration as well as to study the body weight changes of animals. Blood parameters: Blood samples from all the calves were collected monthly in the both the experimental groups to determine the following blood constituents: A. Hemoglobin B. Packed cell volume C. Blood glucose level D. Total plasma protein Blood samples were taken in the morning at monthly interval using EDTA as an anticoagulant. Blood was drawn from the jugular vein of the animal. After collection, the blood was centrifuged at 3000 RPM for 30 minutes to obtain plasma, which was stored in plastic vials in deep freeze. The hematological parameters studied were blood hemoglobin by Shali- HB meter (Oser, 1965), PCV or Hematocrit values (centrifugation in Wintrobe tube at 3000 RPM for 40 minutes), glucose and plasma total protein level with the help of Ames blood analyzer (Model 6601). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth: The average daily weight gains of the buffalo calves under different treatments are shown in Table 2 and 3.The average daily body weight gain was recorded as and 0.700g in group 1 and 2, respectively which revealed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) of SBM group over the CSM group. These results are in agreement with the finding of Mandai et al. (1989) and Malik et al. (1991) who also observed significant effect on the body weight gain in cattle and buffalo by feeding SBM as a protein source. Yadav (1982) have confirmed that the individuality fed calves have highergrowth rate compare to group-fed ones. The reason of such differential growth trend may be existence of social order. On the contrary, Labande et al. (1980) reportedthatthe individuality fed calves have a comparatively lower growth than group fed calves. This may be due to the fact that these calves get physical exercise resulting in better utilization of feed and the faster growth. Bagg et al. (1985) reported that calves had better growth when fed as per NRC (1988) than that of calves fed diet either 20 % below

4 82 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH Table 2. Performance and blood profile of growing buffalo calves (n=20) CSM SBM LSD Growth Body weight gain (g) 0.590b 0.690a Feed conversion efficiency for growth (kg) 7.461b 8.263a Blood profile Hemoglobin (g/100 ml) 1l.504a b Pacl,ed cell volume (%) b a Glucose (mg/loo mil b a Total protein (g/100 ml) 7.295a 7.213b Means with the same letter are not significantly different. Table 3. Productive responses to different source of proteins at different months in growing buffalo calves (n=20) CSM SBM LSD Month 1 Body weight gain (g) 0.582b 0.683a Feed conversion efficiency for growth (kg) 7.450b 8.285a Month 2 Body weight gain (g) 0.595b 0.696a Feed conversion efficiency for growth (kg) 7.484b 8.254a Month 3 Body weight gain (g) 0.600b 0.700a Feed conversion efficiency for growth(kg) 7.460b 8.229a Month 4 Body weight gain (g) 0.582b 0.683a 0.Ql15 Feed conversion efficiency for growth (kg) 7.450b 8.285a Means with same letter are not significantly different. or 20 % above the NRC requirement. Sharma and Singh (1988) suggested that buffalo calves of 5-16 months of age can be grown well on feeding standards recommended by NRC and there is no use of feeding over and above NRC standard. The average daily body weight gain (kg) of riverrine buffaloes as reported by Daccarett et a/. (1993) are: in Bulgaria, in Egypt, in India and in swamp buffaloes of Philippines, 0.70 in Australia. Daily weight gain in Murrah buffalo calves as 443 to 569 gram, (Mugdal and Sivaiah, 1982), 378 to 456 gram Tomar et a/. (1986) in Indian subcontinent. In present investigation the average growth in the second treatment (Soya bean meal) had significant effect compare to first treatment (cotton seed meal) and that the buffalo calves might have diverted the nutrient energy to increase the body weight gain rather than diverting the same to maintainthe thermal balance in the body. Dry matter consumption is positively correlated with the growths of the calves and negatively correlated with the ambient temperature. Average daily weight gain in Iraqi Murrah buffalo calves from the birth to one year is 800 g and from one'year old till 18 months of age is reported 1000 g (Aksoy, 1991). Average daily weight gain of growing buffaloes in Haryana, India in a 3 months period and under rural and hot condition is g/day (Muclgal and Sivaiah, 1982). The reason of variation in growth rate may be

5 Vol. 39. No Table 4. Blood profile of different source of proteins at different months in growing buffalo calves (n-20) CSM SBM LSD Month 1 Hemoglobin (g/100 mil a b Packed cell volume (%l b a Glucose (mg/100 mil b a Total protein (g/100 ml) 7.263a 7.237a Month 2 Hemoglobin (g/100 mil 1l.452a 1l.480a Packed cell volume (%l b a Glucose (mg/100 mil b a Total protein (g/100 mil 7.311a 7.205b Month 3 Hemoglobin (g/100 mil a 1l.455b Packed cell volume (%) b a 0.'0435 Glucose (mg/100 ml) b a Total protein (g/100 ml) 7.303a 7.208b Month 4 Hemoglobin (gl100 mil a b Packed cell volume (%l b a Glucose (mg/100 mil b a 0,0485 Total protein (g/100 ml) 7.304a 7.205b Means with the same letter are not significantly different. due to the age and weight of the calves at the Packed cell volume (pev %): The beginnings, length of fattening calves, season overall average pcv values are presented in of fattening and qualities of the rations. Table 2 and 4, respectively. Analysis of data Blood parameters showed that SBM group had significant To Assess the physiological status of (P<0.05) effect over the CSM group. This may the experimental animals as well as to see bedue to differences in the size of cells in adult whether their nutritional status is reflected in and growing animals.the red cell size in a their blood profile, a study of the levels of new born calf was smaller than cows and. certain constituents of blood was carried out. decreased in size gradually until adult size was Hemoglobin (Hb %): The mean reached. (Holman, 1956). hemoglobin level of blood in ea,ch group has Hence, the low level of pcv in blood been presented in Table 2 and 4. Statistical indicates the anemic condition of the animal. analysis indicated that there was significant Indirectly the pcv is the index of health status difference in CSM group( P<0.05) than the of the individual. The pcv content observed in SBM group indicating that animals were having the present study was similar to the results more or less similar nutritional and values of earlier workers (Yazdani and Gupta, physiological stat':!s':. 1996b), (Soly and Singh. 2003). The Hb level has got a crucial role in Blood glucose levels: The overall transport of oxygen and its level is influenced average glucose content in both the groups is by variation in dietary iron as well as protein. shown in Table 2 and 4, respectively. TheSBM Hb level of blood tended to increase with age. group had significant (P<0.05) effect than CSM (Yazdani and Gupta, 1996a); (Soly and Singh, group. The level of glucose in the blood is an 2003). important factor'in determining the glucose

6 84 INDIAN ~JfW.k~i RESEARCH ~~.~.~~-::' concentration in the interstitial flukkwbf 11J...,."~I;t'm~lo;~.~ physic-chemical functions an influence on the rate of transport of thibh'of>the:... protein are the maintenance of sugar into individual cells. It is one of the most normargtbod volume and normal water important.znergy yielding constituents. Small content in. the tislue'fluids. They provide increase may be found in hyperactivity of nutrition for the body~contributeto the pituitary and adrenal glands. Moderate rise of solubility and transportqi lipids, fat-soluble glucose level is associated with the infectious vitamins, bile salts, hormonesand various drugs diseases. in the blood. The gamma globulin fraction (Yazdani and Gupta, 1996a) observed provides antibodies for the defense against that the hood glucose level decreased with infection. It also reflects nutritional status of increase in age of the calves. They also animals specially the nitrogen balance. Payne observed tl1at levels of protein in that diet had et ai. (1974). (Katharia and Avasathi 1985) significant effect on blood glucose, which was reported that a normal value of total proteins similar with the result of present investigation. to be 7.5 to10gml100ml. Levels of plasma protein increase with the aging in all species (Shaffer et ai., 1981). Alxlolhafez et ai. (1983) reported that the rate 0: glucose utilization in ruminant is positively related with digestible energy intake. Since one uf the reason for variation in glucose in the rum inant species is nutritional status of animal. Soni et ai. (1982) also reported reduction Ln plasma glucose level due to high ambient temperature and light intensity with low relative humidity, providing comfort through showering, wallowing or even rains led to an increase in glucose level. Total plasma protein: The overall average tctal plasma protein gl100 ml in the blood of ectch experimental animals at monthly interval is given in Table 2 and 4.There were significanl differences (P<0.05) in plasma protein level of CSM group than SBM group. CONCLUSIONS The use of performance and blood profile is to assess the welfare of male growing buffalo calves was successful in detecting differences in animal responses between two different diets. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wish to thank Directorate of Research,GarganUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources to facilitate this research and providing the financial assistance. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Afshin Soltani, Associate proffessor, department of Agronomy for his assistance during statistical analyses. REFERENCES Abdel Hafez et al. (1983). Indian J. Anim. Sci.. 53: Aksoy. AR. (1991). Turk veterinarlik-hayvanlik. AO.A.C. (1970). Official Methods of Analysis. 11 th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington. D.C. Bagg. JG ct a!. (1985). J. Dairy Sci.. 68: Cockrill. WR (1980). World Anim. Rev.. 33: Food and Anriculture Organization of the United Nations (1979). The Water Buffalo. FAO. Rome. Italy. pp Food and Aflriculture Organization of the United Nations (2000). The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo FAO. Rome. Italy. Holman. H.i-i. (1956). Brit. Vet. J., 112: Katharia. L.G. and Avasathi. B.L. (1985). Indian Vet. J., 62: Labande. G et al. (1980). Anim. Bred. Abstr., 48: 515. Mahadevan. P (1978). World Anim. Rev.. 25: 2-7. Malik. R. et al. (1991). J. Dairy Sci.. 44: MandaI. AB. eta!. (1989). IndianJ. Anim. Nutr.. 6:

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