Oilseed Meal Processing and Feeding Trials. William Gibbons Michael Brown, Jill Anderson South Dakota State University

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1 Oilseed Meal Processing and Feeding Trials William Gibbons Michael Brown, Jill Anderson South Dakota State University

2 Projects Oilseed meal processing Aquaculture trials Dairy cattle trials

3 Oilseed Meal Processing Reduce glucosinolates Reduce oligosaccharides, fiber, pectin Increase protein and limiting amino acids Allow for increased feeding rates and animal performance Hypothesis: A fungal consortium will metabolize undesirable components into protein rich cell mass

4 Percentage 50% (dm) Hexane Extracted Canola Meal Protein (% dw) Residual Sugars (% w/w) Fungal Culture Protein Maximum (% dw) Protein Increase (% dw) HE Control 36.1±0.8 A. pullulans (NRRL-58522) 41.0± ±4.8 A. pullulans (NRRL-42023) 39.7± ±1.5 A. pullulans (NRRL-Y ) 41.3± ±0.6 P. kudriavzevii 39.7± ±0.2 T. reesei (NRRL-3653) 44.4± ±4.7 F. venenatum (NRRL ) 40.2± ±5.8 M. circinelloides 40.7± ± Fungal Cultures

5 Percentage 50% (dm) Cold Pressed Canola Meal Protein (% dw) Residual Sugars (% w/w) Fungal Culture Protein Maximum (% dw) Protein Increase (% dw) CP Control 38.6±0.7 A. pullulans (NRRL-58522) 45.2± ±1.9 A. pullulans (NRRL-42023) 43.7± ±4.1 A. pullulans (NRRL-Y ) 44.6± ±0.6 P. kudriavzevii 42.2± ±0.3 T. reesei (NRRL-3653) 47.5± ±3.9 F. venenatum (NRRL ) 44.4± ±4.9 M. circinelloides 43.0± ± Fungal Cultures

6 Total Glucosinolate Reduction in Canola Meal Glucosinolates Hexane Extracted Cold Pressed Fungal Culture Total GLS (mg/g) Reduction Total GLS (mg/g) Reduction Raw Meal 17.4± ±1.0 Process Control 6.0± ± ± ±1.3 A. pullulans (NRRL-58522) 1.7± ± ± ±3.7 A. pullulans (NRRL-42023) 1.0± ± ± ±23.9 A. pullulans (NRRL-Y ) 1.6± ± ± ±4.4 P. kudriavzevii 5.4± ± ± ±1.3 T. reesei (NRRL-3653) 0.4± ± ± ±0.7 F. venenatum (NRRL ) 2.3± ± ± ±6.7 M. circinelloides 4.2± ± ± ±4.4 Autoclaving reduced GLS by 50-66% Microbial conversion reduced GLS by 53-98%

7 Conclusions Greatest improvement in canola meal quality T. reesei A. pullulans (NRRL-58522) A. pullulans (Y ) Submerged incubation has shown similar results Future work Pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis Nitrogen supplementation Expanding to carinata and camelina meals

8 Preliminary Carinata and Camelina Conversion Trials Treatment Carinata Camelina Protein GSL (mg/g) Protein GSL (mg/g) Cold Pressed Cold Pressed & Microbially Converted Cold Pressed & Extruded Cold Pressed, Extruded, & Microbially Converted Microbial conversion via A. pullulans

9 Preliminary Carinata and Camelina Conversion Trials Treatment Carinata Camelina Protein GSL (mg/g) Protein GSL (mg/g) Solvent Extracted Solvent Extracted & Microbially Converted Solvent Extracted & Extruded Solvent Extracted, Extruded, & Microbially Converted Microbial conversion via A. pullulans

10 Aquafeed Development & Fish Performance Trials

11 Production (million ton) Aquaculture Trials Wild Catch Farmed Fish FAO (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department) State of world fisheries and aquaculture Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Year

12 Process effects on carinata composition CP = cold pressed, EX= extruded, SE = solvent extraction, FE = microbial conversion Process DM Crude Protein Crude Lipid Crude Fiber Crude Ash NFE Total Glucosinolate (µmoles/g) CP CP, EX CP, SE CP, EX, SE CP, FE CP, EX, FE CP, SE, FE CP, EX, SE, FE

13 Process effects on camelina composition CP = cold pressed, EX= extruded, SE = solvent extraction, FE = microbial conversion Process DM Crude Protein Crude Lipid Crude Fiber Crude Ash NFE Total Glucosinolate (µmoles/g) CP CP, EX CP, SE CP, EX, SE CP, FE CP, EX, FE CP, SE, FE CP, EX, SE, FE

14 Digestibility & palatability of processed carinata and camelina in rainbow trout CP = coldpress, EX= extruded, SE = solvent extraction, FE = microbial conversion Carinata Camelina Diet Treatment Energy Digestibility Protein Digestibility Palatability Energy Digestibility Protein Digestibility Palatability CP CP, EX CP, SE CP, EX, SE CP, FE CP, EX, FE CP, SE, FE CP, EX, SE, FE

15 Completed Culture Investigations Palatability & digestibility of processed meals in rainbow trout Improved with extraction and conversion Digestibility of processed meals in hybrid striped bass (completing marker analysis) trace Current studies Determining the glucosinolate tolerance limit in hybrid striped bass Thyroxine and deiodinase responses, organosomatic indices, and nonspecific immune responses Upcoming studies Initiate long-term performance trials Growth, feed conversion, histology, and organosomatic responses Rainbow trout April 2016 Hybrid striped bass August 2016 Complete palatability trials for hybrid striped bass Summer 2016 Physiological responses of fish to various fish-meal replacement inclusion levels of processed meals Summer 2016

16 Carinata meal: Potential for Dairy Cattle Three research projects: Ensiling with forage to decrease glucosinolates In-situ rumen degradation and in-vitro intestinal digestibility Effects of carinata meal on growth and reproductive development of peripuberal dairy heifers

17 Ensiling Carinata Meal with Forage to Decrease Glucosinolates Two trials: Alfalfa Haylage and Corn Silage Three treatments (DM basis) 0:100, 25:75, and 50:50 Carinata meal : Forage Ensiled for 0, 7, 21, or 60 days (4 reps/trt)

18 Carinata : Alflalfa Haylage Ensiling carinata meal with forage decreased glucosinolate levels Silage fermentation (data not shown) was decreased at higher carinata meal inclusion, but still within normal range Carinata : Corn Silage

19 Ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of carinata and camelina meals compare to other protein sources Rumen in situ (with 3 cannulated dairy cows) and intestinal in vitro on: Camelina meal (Cam), Carinata meal (Car), Canola meal (Can), Linseed meal (LN), DDGS (DG), and Soybean meal (SBM)

20 Nutrient Composition Item 1 Cam Car Can DG LN SBM DM, % Cr. Prot Fat NDF Ash DM basis 2 Cam (camelina meal) was cold-pressed; Car (carinata), Can (canola), LN (linseed), SBM (soybean meal) were solvent extracted

21 % CPD Crude Protein Degradation Rumen Incubation (h) Camelina Meal Canola Meal Carinata Meal DDGS Linseed Meal Soybean Meal

22 Crude protein degradability and digestibility 1 Soluble CP; 2 Potentially degradable CP; 3 Undegradable CP; 4 Rate of CP degradation; 5 Ruminally degradable protein (RDP); 6 Ruminally undegradable protein (RUP); 7 Estimated intestinal digestible protein (IDP) after 12 h rumen incubation and pepsin-pancreatin digestion; 8 Intestinally absorbable digestible protein (IADP) = Rumen undegradable protein (RUP, % of CP) intestinal CP digestion (% of RUP); 9 Total Digestible Protein (TDP) = RDP + IADP. abcd Values with unlike subscripts differ by P < 0.05 using Tukey s Test.

23 Effects of carinata meal on growth, metabolic profile, and reproductive development of dairy heifers (K 24 heifers in RCBD experiment Two treatment diets: Carinata meal (Car) Distillers dried grains (DDGS) Fed 16 weeks (6 to 11 months of age) Used Calan gates to feed heifers individually Groups of six started on the experiment by age and availability, ¾ of heifers completed

24 Diet formulation fed at 2.65% of Body Wt Ingredients, % DM 1 Car DDGS Hay Ground corn DDGS Carinata Meal Soybean Meal Vitamins and Minerals 1 Based on Dairy NRC software (2001)

25 Diet formulation fed at 2.65% of Body Wt Nutrient, % DM 1 CRM DDG DM, % Diet Crude Protein NDF (fiber) Ether Extract Non-fibrous Carbohydrates ME, Mcal/kg DM Based on Dairy NRC software (2001)

26 Preliminary results Item Car DDGS SEM P values # of heifers Body weight, kg ADG, kg/d DM Intake, kg/d Gain: feed kg of gain/ kg DMI

27 Ensiling carinata with forages Conclusions (to date) Ensiling Car with forages decreased the sinigrin concentrations No major detriment to silage fermentation Camelina and carinata are highly degradable in the rumen Comparable protein sources to SBM and linseed meal (LN) for total digestibility Dairy heifers fed carinata meal Preliminary results indicate that heifers fed carinata meal have similar growth and feed efficiency as heifers fed DDGS ¾ of heifers completed Blood metabolites and laboratory work in-progress