BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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1 BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.
2 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE SALIVARY GLANDS PANCREAS LIVER GALLBALDDER FUNCTION TO BREAKDOWN FOOD INTO SIMPLE NUTRIENTS WHICH CAN BE ABSORBED (PRIMARILY FOR ENERGY) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
3 Let s Review Organic Molecules from Chapter 2 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
4 Macromolecule ORGANIC MOLECULES Atoms Monomers Specific Monomer(s) With function Specific Polymer (s) With Function Other info Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
5 ORGANIC MOLECULES Macromolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Atoms C, H, O C, H, O (much less O) Monomers Monosaccharides Triglycerides = glycerol and 3 fatty acids Specific Monomer(s) With function Specific Polymer (s) With Function Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Energy 1. Disaccharides: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose: Energy 2. Polysaccharides: Glycogen (animals) Starch (plants): Energy 1.TG = energy. 2. Phospholipid = cell membrane component. 3. Steroids = cell membranes and chemical messengers. N/A C, H, O, N, S C, H, O, N, P Amino acids Nucleic acids = pentose sugar, phosphate, & base 20 different with same basic structure; differ in R groups or sidechains Proteins with many functions: ENZYMES, antibodies, structural, transport, chemical messengers, storage N/A 1. DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid directs protein synthesis. 2. RNA, Ribonucleic Acids assists DNA in protein synthesis Other info Saturated (all single bonds) vs. unsaturated fats (1 or more double bond) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
6 DIGESTIVE ORGANS ALIMENTARY CANAL MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath ACCESSORY ORGANS SALIVARY GLANDS PANCREAS LIVER GALLBLADDER
7 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
8 DIGESTIVE PROCESSES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
9 ALIMENTARY CANAL FROM MOUTH TO ANUS CHARACTERISTIC WALL STRUCTURE SPHINCTER MUSCLES BETWEEN ORGANS MOVEMENT OF FOOD BY PERISTALSIS
10 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
11 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
12 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
13 SPHINCTER MUSCLES PREVENT REGURGITATION OF FOOD GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER PYLORIC SPHINCTER ILEOCECAL VALVE ANAL SPHINCTERS INTERNAL EXTERNAL Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
14 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
15 MOVEMENTS THROUGH THE ALIMENTARY CANAL MIXING PERISTALSIS
16 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
17 INNERVATION OF THE TUBE Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic activates digestion Sympathetic slows digestion Postganlionic Networks Submucosal plexus controls secretions Myenteric plexus controls peristalsis Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
18 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath submucosal myenteric
19 ORGANS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
20 THE MOUTH SITE OF MECHANICAL DIGESTION; THE FIRST SITE OF CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTON: SALIVARY AMYLASE
21 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
22 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
23 Taste Sensations Four Primary Taste Sensations sweet stimulated by carbohydrates Tip of tongue sour stimulated by acids Lateral tongue salty stimulated by salts Perimeter of tongue bitter stimulated by many organic compounds Posterior tongue Spicy foods activate pain receptors Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath 12-22
24 BITTER S A L T Y sour sour S A L T Y A L O N sweet A L O N Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
25 SALIVARY GLANDS SECRETE SALIVA, A WATERY FLUID CONTAINING SALIVARY AMYLASE INTO FOOD IN MOUTH; SALIVARY AMYLASE CHEMICALLY BREAKS POLYSACCHARIDES (GLYCOGEN AND STARCH) INTO DISACCHARIDES
26 Mostly serous Mostly mucous Serous + mucous Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
27 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
28 THE TEETH BEGIN THE MECHANICAL BEAKDOWN OF FOOD
29 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
30 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
31 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
32 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
33 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
34 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
35 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
36 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
37 THE PHARYNX The throat: Common passageway for food (digestive system) and air (respiratory system)
38 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
39 DEGLUTITION SWALLOWING
40 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
41 THE ESOPHAGUS CARRIES THE SWALLOWED BOLUS OF FOOD TO THE STOMACH THROUGH PERISTALSIS
42 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
43 THE STOMACH THE FIRST SITE OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF PROTEINS THROUGH THE ENZYME PEPSIN, WHICH BREAKS PROTEINS INTO PEPTIDES.
44 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
45 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
46 GASTRIC MUCOSA GASTRIC PITS ARE LINED BY GASTRIC GLANDS GASTRIC GLANDS SECRETE GASTRIC JUICE GASTRIN GLANDS ARE COMPOSED OF FOUR TYPES OF CELLS CHIEF CELLS SECRETE THE ENZYME PEPSIN PARIETAL CELLS SECRETE HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND INTRINSIC FACTOR MUCOUS/GOBLET CELLS SECRETE MUCUS G-CELLS SECRETE THE HORMONE Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath GASTRIN
47 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
48 G-cell Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
49 SEM of Gastric Pit with gastric glands secreting pepsin and HCl Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
50 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
51 REGULATION OF RELEASE OF GASTRIC JUICE WHEN STOMACH FILLS (STRETCHES) THE HORMONE GASTRIN IS SECRETED BY G- CELLS GASTRIN TARGETS THE GASTRIC GLANDS AND INCREASES THE RELEASE OF GASTRIC JUICE GASTRIN ALSO CAUSES INCREASED MIXING AND OVER TIME CONTRACTS THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER AND RELAXES THE PYLORIC SPHINCTER Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
52 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
53 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
54 MINIMAL ABSORPTION OCCURS IN STOMACH (5%) ETHANOL, DRUGS, AND SOME VITAMINS ARE ABSORBED
55 MOVEMENT OF CHYME INTO SMALL INTESTINE AS PERISTALTIC WAVES PUSH GASTRIC CHYME TOWARD PYLORIC SPHINCTER IT RELAXES AND CHYME ENTERS DUODENUM OF SMALL INTESTINE A LITTLE BIT AT A TIME Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
56 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
57 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
58 THE PANCREAS SECRETES PANCREATIC JUICE CONTAINING AMYLASE, PROTEINASES, LIPASES, AND NUCLEASES INTO DUODENUM; THESE ENZYMES BREAK DOWN EACH OF THE MACROMOLECULES WE INGEST & Bicarbonate neutralizes acid
59 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
60 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath (of Vater) (of Oddi)
61 PANCREATIC ENZYMES AMYLASE POLYSACCHARIDES TO DISACCHARIDES LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS PROTEINASES PROTEINS TO PEPTIDES NUCLEASES NUCLEIC ACIDS TO NUCLEOTIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
62 REGULATION OF PANCREATIC SECRETIONS WHEN ACIDIC CHYME ENTERS DUODENUM INTESTINAL MUCOSA SECRETES THE HORMONE SECRETIN INTO BLOODSTREAM SECRETIN TARGETS THE PANCREAS AND STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF PANCRETIC JUICE INTO THE DUODENUM Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
63 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
64 Let s review objectives 1-36
65 THE LIVER PRODUCES BILE WHICH EMULSIFIES FATS IN THE DUODENUM
66 BILE EMULSIFIES FAT INCREASES ITS SURFACE AREA FOR MORE EFFECTIVE DIGESTION BY LIPASES
67 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
68 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
69 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
70 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
71 A PORTAL TRIAD BRANCH FROM HEPATIC ARTERY BRANCH FROM HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN BILE DUCT Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
72 ****( phagocytosis Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
73 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
74 THE GALLBLADDER STORES BILE (PRODUCED IN LIVER) BETWEEN MEALS; BILE IS DEPOSITED BILE INTO THE DUODENUM
75 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
76 Bile Secretion, Storage, and Flow From Liver Common Hepatic Duct Common Bile Duct Sphincter of Oddi Duodenum From Gallbladder Cystic Duct Common Bile Duct Sphincter of Oddi Duodenum Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
77 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
78 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
79 REGULATION OF BILE RELEASE WHEN FATTY CHYME ENTERS THE DUODENUM, THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA RELEASE THE HORMONE CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) INTO THE BLOODSTREAM CCK TARGETS THE GALLBLADDER AND CAUSES IT TO CONTRACT AND RELAXES COMMON BILE DUCT BILE IS DEPOSITED INTO DUODENUM Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
80 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
81 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
82 Let s review objectives 37-48
83 THE SMALL INTESTINE SITE OF COMPLETION OF DIGESTION (DUODENUM) SUCRASE, MALTASE, LACTASE, PEPTIDASES, LIPASE SITE OF ABSORPTION OF SIMPLE NUTRIENTS (JEJUNUM & ILEUM)
84 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
85 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
86 THE SMALL INTESTINE IS SUSPENDED IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY BY MESENTERY
87 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
88 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
89 INTESTINAL MUCOSA LINING IS SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS AND MICROVILLI INTESTINAL VILLI ARE LINED BY INTESTINAL GLANDS INTESTINAL VILLI HAVE A LACTEAL IN THEIR CORE Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
90 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
91 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
92 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
93 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
94 LIGHT MICROGRAPHS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
95 SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM~LOW POWER~ INTESTINAL VILLI Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
96 SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM~HIGH POWER~ SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
97 SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET: DUODENUM ~OIL IMMERSION~ GOBLET CELLS IN SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
98 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL GLANDS IN PEPTIDASES DUODENUM PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS SUCRASE, MALTASE, AND LACTASE DISACCHAARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
99 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
100 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL GLANDS IN PEPTIDASES DUODENUM PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS SUCRASE, MALTASE, AND LACTASE DISACCHAARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
101 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
102 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL GLANDS IN PEPTIDASES DUODENUM PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS LIPASES TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDE AND TWO FATTY ACIDS SUCRASE, MALTASE, AND LACTASE DISACCHAARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
103 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
104 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
105 ABSORPTION OF SIMPLE NUTRIENTS DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
106 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
107 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
108 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
109 THE LARGE INTESTINE SITE OF REABSORPTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES FROM CHYME STORAGE (OF FECES) INTESTINAL FLORA (BACTERIA) DIGEST SUBSTANCES WE CANNOT = GAS
110 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
111 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
112 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
113 FECES UNDIGESTED AND UNABSORBED MATERIAL COLOR DUE TO BILE PIGMENTS ODOR DUE TO INTESTINAL BACTERIA 75% WATER Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
114 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
115 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
116 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
117 DIGESTIVE PROCESSES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
118 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM List the four major organic macromolecules that we ingest, and explain how each is broken down by various enzymes within the alimentary canal. Be sure to include enzyme names, the location of enzyme action, the breakdown products that result from the enzymatic action, and explain any hormonal control of the breakdown. Finally, explain how and where these simplest food forms are absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
119 FOUR MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
120 MOUTH DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES SALIVARY AMYLASE POLYSACCHARIDES TO DISACCHARIDES DUODENUM PANCREATIC AMYLASE POLYSACCHARIDES TO DISACCHARIDES (SECRETIN) DUODENUM LACTASE, SUCRASE, MALTASE DISACCHARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
121 ABSORPTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE FACILITATED DIFFUSION AND ACTIVE TRANSORT BLOOD STREAM TO LIVER (VIA HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
122 DIGESTION OF LIPIDS DUODENUM (TRIGLYCERIDES) PANCREATIC LIPASE BILE TO EMULSIFY (CCK) TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS (SECRETIN) DUODENUM DUODENAL LIPASE TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
123 ABSORPTION OF FATS DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE SIMPLE DIFFUSION RECOMBINED INTO CYHLOMICRONS ABSORBED INTO LACTEAL INTO LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
124 DIGESTION OF PROTEINS STOMACH PEPSIN (HCl; GASTRIN) PROTEINS TO PEPTIDES DUODENUM PANCREATIC PROTEASES PROTEINS TO PEPTIDES (SECRETIN) DUODENUM DUODENAL PEPTIDASES PEPTIDES TO AMINO ACIDS Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
125 ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS DISTAL SMALL INTESTINE ACTIVE TRANSPORT BLOOD STREAM TO LIVER (VIA HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
126 DIGESTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DUODENUM PANCREATIC NUCLEASES NUCLEIC ACIDS TO NUCLEOTIDES (SECRETIN) Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
127 Short Answer Question for Digestion List the four major organic macromolecules that we ingest, and explain how each is broken down by various enzymes within the alimentary canal. Be sure to include enzyme names, the location of enzyme action, the breakdown products that result from the enzymatic action, and explain any hormonal control of the breakdown. Finally, explain how and where these simplest food forms are absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
128 Site of digestion Digestive Enzymes Macromolecule Start/Endproduct(s) of digestion Mode of Absorption body fluid Hormonal Control
129 Macromolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Site of digestion 1. Mouth 2. Duodenum 3. Duodenum 1. Duodenum 2. Duodenum 1. Stomach 2. Duodenum 3. Duodenum 1. Duodenum Digestive Enzymes 1. Salivary Amylase 2. Pancreatic Amylase 3. Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase 1. Pancreatic Lipases (bile require) 2. Duodenal Lipases (bile required) 1. Pepsin (HCl required) 2. Pancreatic Proteases 3. Peptidases 1. Pancreatic Nucleases Start/Endproduct(s) of digestion 1. Polysaccharides (PS) to Disaccharides (DS). 2. PS to DS 3. DS to Monosaccharides 1. Triglycerides to Monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids 2. Triglycerides to Monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids 1. Proteins to Peptides 2. Proteins to Peptides 3. Peptides to Amino Acids 1. Nucleic Acids to Nucleotides Mode of Absorption body fluid Facilitated Diffusion (and active transport) into blood in mesenteric vein to Hepatic Portal Vein Simple Diffusion, then recombined into chylomicrons absorbed into lymph in lacteal Active Transport into blood in gastric vein to Hepatic Portal Vein NA Hormonal 2. Secretin 2. Secretin and CCK 1. Gastrin 2. Secretin 1. Secretin
130 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
131 Text Figure page 708b Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
132 Text Figure page 708c Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
133 Text Figure page 708d Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
134 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
135 Text Figure page 708f Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
136 Text Figure page 708g Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
137 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
138 Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
139 Text Figure page 708j Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
140 Text Figure page 708k Copyright 2012 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
141 Let s review objectives Good luck studying!
BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB ANALOGY PAGES MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.
BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB ANALOGY PAGES 248-265 MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D. DIGESTIVE ORGANS ALIMENTARY CANAL MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE
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