Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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1 Protein nutrition of farmed tilapia: searching for unconventional sources Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
2 Tilapia culture Rank third in the world, in terms of production, after carps and Salmonids. One of the fastest growing farming activities, annual growth rate of 13.4% during Practiced in about countries. The production increased from 383,654 mt in 1990 to 1,505,804 mt in % of total farmed finfish production in 2002.
3 Nutrition: > 50% of operating costs. Protein represents 50% of feed cost. The selection of proper quantity and quality of dietary protein is a must Tilapia: - herbivorous / omnivorous - low on the food chain - Produce high quality protein from low quality food The challenge Develop commercial, cost effective tilapia feeds using locally available, cheap and unconventional resources.
4 Protein requirements Extensively studied Results are varying, sometimes contradictory!! Why? Indoor studies Short- term (4-8 weeks) Sometimes imbalanced diets (Casein vs casein/gelatin) Ignored cost/benefit analysis
5 Protein requirements Species and life stage Weight (g) Protein source Requirement O. niloticus Fry FM 45% 0.51 FM FM 40 Fingerlings 2.4 Casein/Gelatin Casein FM FM 30 Broodstock FM/SBM 40 FM 45 Casein/Gelatin 35-40
6 Species and life stage Weight (g) Protein source Requirement O. mossambicus Fry FM FM O. aureus SBM or FM Casein/albumen Casein/albumen 34 T. zillii Casein Casein/Gelatin O. niloticus X O. aureus FM+CSM FM SBM 28 O. niloticus X O. hornorum O. mossambicus X O. hornorum
7 Amino Acid Lysine Arginine Histidine Threonine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Methionine Cystine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Essential Amino acid requirements of tilapia Requirement O. mossamicus (1.62) 3.80 (1.52) 1.33 (0.53) O. mossambicus (1.51) 2.82 (1.13) 1.05 (0.42) 2.93 (1.17) 2.20 (0.88) 3.40 (1.35) 2.01 (0.80) 0.99 (0.40) 2.50 (1.00) 0.43 (0.17) O. niloticus (1.43) 4.20 (1.18) 1.72 (0.48) 3.75 (1.05) 2.80 (0.78) 3.39 (0.95) 3.11 (0.87) 2.68 (0.75) (1.05) (0.28) O. niloticus 4 1 Jackson and Capper (1982); 2 Jauncey et al. (1983); 3 Santiago and Lovell (1988); 4 Fagbenro (2000)
8 Major protein sources Animal protein sources: Fish meal Fishery by-products Terrestrial animal by-products Plant protein sources: Oilseed plants Soybean Meal Cottonseed meal/cake Other oilseed by-products Aquatic plants Grain legumes Single-cell proteins
9 Ingredient Fish meal Fish silage PBM BM HFM MBM SBM CSM Shortage in supply, increased prices, competition free amino acids deficient in EAA (Lys) deficient in Isol deficient in Lys and Met deficient in Met Limitations deficient in Met, Lys, Cys antinutrients: protease (trypsin) inhibitor phytohaemagglutinin anti-vitamins deficient in Cys, Lys and Met gossypol
10 Protein sources tested and recommended for tilapia Source (specification) levels (%) levels (%) Species (weight, g) tested recommended Animal sources: Shrimp meal O. niloticus (20), Red tilapia PBM Hybrids (195) PBM+HFM O. niloticus (1.4) MBM O. niloticus (20), Red tilapia MBM + BM (2:3) 0- O. mossambicus (1) BM 0- O. mossambicus (1) BM < O. niloticus (20) BM < Red tilapia (9) BM O. niloticus (3.9) HFM 0-66 O. niloticus (0.01) Animal by-products 0- O. niloticus (0.1) Chicken offal silage O. niloticus (10.8)
11 Oilseed plants SBM +/-Met O. niloticus (0.8) SBM +/- Met 0- O. aureus ( ) SBM 0-75 O. mossambicus (50) SBM +/- Met 0-67 Hybrids (4.47) Soy protein concentrate 0- O. niloticus (3.2) SBM + EAA+ DCP+oil 0- Hybrids (84) SBM + DCP+oil 0- Hybrids (169) CSM +/- lys O. niloticus (20) CSM 0-50 O. mossambicus (12) CSM Hybrids (195) CSM 0-80 T. zillii (1.5)
12 Sesameseed meal T. zillii (2.4) Groundnut cake 0-25 O. mossambicus (30) Rapeseed meal O. mossambicus ( ) Copra meal O. mossambicus (31) Defatted cocoa cake T. guineensis (52) Palm kernel cake 0-60 O. niloticus (2.5) Palm kernel cake O. mossambicus (8.4) Macadamia press cake 0-50 O. niloticus (7.5-12) Macadamia press cake T. guineensis (N.A.) Sunflower meal T. rendalli (0.93)
13 Aquatic plants Spirulina 0-40 O. mossambicus (0.3) Azolla pinnata 0- <25 O. niloticus (4-40) Hydrodictyon 0-20 O. niloticus (1), T. zillii (1) Eleocharis ochrostachys O. niloticus (7) Potamogeton O. niloticus (14.5) Ceratopyhllum demersum O. niloticus (7-14.5) Duckweed Tilapia sp (not given) Duckweed (Wolffia) O. niloticus (0.4) Duckweed (Lemna) O. niloticus (14.5) Duckweed (Spirodela) 0-30 O. niloticus ( ) Yeast O. niloticus (N.A)
14 Grain legumes Leucaena leaf meal (LLM) <25 O. mossambicus (50) O. mossambicus LLM O.aureus (43-50) Cassava leaf meal 20- < O. niloticus ( ) Green gram legume O. niloticus (2.92) Jack bean meal O. mossambicus ( ) Alfalfa LPC O. mossambicus (0.3) Cowpea LPC O. niloticus (0.16) Corn gluten + SBM O. niloticus (30) Corn distillers' grains Tilapia (0.4) Pito brewery waste 0- T. busumana (1.5) Cocoa husks O. niloticus (...) Coffee pulp O. aureus (9-50) Toasted lima bean+ Met O. niloticus (5)
15 Production of natural food in tilapia fish ponds. After El-Sayed, Carbon source (rice bran, wheat bran, wood, Grass cuttings, etc.) C:N ratio = 15:1 Reduce dietary protein Improve fish growth Reduce water exchange Reduce ammonia Reduce cost Aeration Aerobic decomposition Nitrogen fixation (Azotobacter) Bacterial growth (Microbial mat) Intensive Tilapia ponds
16 The use of unconventional protein sources 1- Amino acid vs mineral supplementation? 1. Is EAA supplementation necessary?? 2. Can certain minerals meet the deficient EAA?? 1. Sesame meal + Lys or Zinc or both 2. SBM + Met or Phosphorus 3. CSM + Lys
17 Ingredients Test diets (cont.) Casein Gelatin Dextrin Sesame meal L-Lys Zn SO 4 (mg/g) α-cell SB oil Fish oil Vit & min mix
18 fish wt (g) diet 1 diet 2 (lys) diet 3 (zinc) diet 4 (lys+zinc) diet 5 (control) Time (weeks) Growth of T. zillii fed sesame seed based-diets
19 Growth of Nile tilapia fed CSM +/- Lysine supplementation Protein source FM Decorticated CSM Decorticated CSM + Lys Corticated CSM Corticated CSM + Lys IW FW 198 a 138 b 144 b 106 c 112 c
20 Weight (g/fish) FM DC DC+ Lys CC CC + Lys Time (days) Growth of Nile tilapia fed cottonseed-based diets
21 Cost / benefit analyses 1. High quality protein diet may not be cost effective 2. Low quality protein diet may lead to poor growth, but more profitable. 3. Cost/benefit analyses of the feed is necessary 4. Consumer target
22 Performance of Nile tilapia fed CSM-based diets Protein source IW FW Incidence cost Profit index FM a 1.07 a 3.23 a DC b 0.77 b 4.50 b DC + Lys b 0.76 b 4.59 b CC c 0.66 b 5.32 c CC + Lys c 0.62 bc 5.60 c
23 6 5 ADG PI FM DC DC+Lys CC CC+Lys Growth rates and profit index of Nile tilapia fed CSM-based diet
24 Animal protein based-diets fed to Nile tilapia for 150 days. Ingredient FM 35.0 Shrimp meal 50.0 Blood meal Meat & bone M Poultry by- product 47.0 Wheat bran Starch Sardine oil SB oil Vit & min. mix Phosphorus Α-Cell Crude protein
25 Weight (g/fish) FM SM BM MBM PBM BM+MBM Time (days) Growth of Nile tilapia fed different animal protein sources
26 Performance of Nile tilapia fed all-animal protein sources Protein IW FW Incidence cost Profit index FM a 4.8 a 1.7 a SM a 3.4 b 2.3 b BM b 4.0 c 2.0 b MBM ac 3.6 b 2.2 b PBM ac 3.5 b 2.3 b BM+MBM bc 4.1 c 1.9 c
27 Improving protein quality Phytase supplementation Many plant protein sources contain high levels of phytic acid. phytic acid binds with divalent minerals forming waterinsoluble salts. The inclusion of bacterial phytase: 1. reduces phytic acid activity 2. improves the utilization of plant protein sources. 3. reduces the effect of antinutritional factors. 4. protects amino acids from degradation. 5. decreases leaching of water soluble components.
28 Protein digestibility Problems: interchangeable and inconsistent use of terminology. use of ME and DE values interchangeably use varying energy values for the same ingredient under the same terminology. Use of energy values reported for other fish species
29 Digestibility of some protein sources by tilapia Fish meal: (58) 86 (80) 92 Sardine 87 (80 Anchovy (86) Fish silage 85 (83) MBM 92.2 Poultry offal 74 (59) Shrimp meal (59) Silkworm pupa 91.1 Brewers grains 62 (42) 63 (30) 63 (30) Copra meal Corn gluten CSM 90 Groundnut meal 79 (72.5) SBM (56) (57) 93 Sunflower SC 86-89
30 Conclusions Studies should be long enough!!, 2-3 months? Applied in the field, if possible Use GE, if DE is not available Supplementation of certain minerals may meet the requirement of deficient EAA EAA supplementation may not be necessary More work needed (case by case..) Supplementing plant proteins with Phytase may be necessary
31 Thank you
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