The Nutritionist 2018

Transcription

1 The Nutritionist 2018 Multi-Language Advanced Nutrition Webinars Live and Recorded Ruminant Nutrition Webinars More information at

2 9 May :00 pm EDT Dr Phil Cardoso University of Illinois Transition Nutrition in relation to reproductive health

3 Transition Nutrition in Relation to Reproductive Health Phil Cardoso, DVM, MS, PhD

4 So, What do we want from this cow?

5 We should feed and manage dry and transition cows to: 1. minimize health disorders, 2. maximize production and reproduction

6 Conception Rate, % Milk Production, lbs Evolution of Milk Production and Reproduction in the Last 50 years Walsh,S.W. et al., 2011

7 Fertility and high milk production: Are they biologically compatible? Quartile Milk yield (kg/d) Estrual cyclic. by d 65, % Pregnant at d 30 post-ai, % Pregnant at d 58 post-ai, % Pregnancy loss d 30 to 58, % P ,396 cows on 4 TMR-fed farms in California Santos et al., 2009

8 Reproduction: Early Embryonic Loss

9 Reproduction: Early Embryonic Loss Reference Cows Days 1 st Check Days last Check Days Loss % Loss/ Day % Chebel et al., 2002a Moreira et al., 2000a Chebel et al., 2002b 1, Stevenson et al., Santos et al., 2002b Santos et al., 2002a Cerri et al., Juchem et al., Daily embryonic loss in the first 50 days of pregnancy = 0.9%

10 Reproduction is affected by events occurring earlier in lactation Adapted from Ribeiro et al., J Dairy Sci 2013

11 Reproduction is affected by events occurring earlier in lactation Health problem Pregnant at day 30, % P-value No clinical disease Single clinical disease 56.5 <0.01 Multiple clinical disease 40.8 <0.01 No subclinical disease Single subclinical disease Multiple subclinical disease 52.2 < multiparous cows in 2 farms Multiple factors affecting development of pre-antral follicles Adapted from Ribeiro et al., J Dairy Sci 2013

12 Reproduction is affected by events occurring earlier in lactation Health problem Pregnant at day 30, % P-value No clinical disease Single clinical disease 56.5 <0.01 Multiple clinical disease 40.8 <0.01 No subclinical disease Single subclinical disease Multiple subclinical disease 52.2 < multiparous cows in 2 farms Multiple factors affecting development of pre-antral follicles Adapted from Ribeiro et al., J Dairy Sci 2013

13 The Growth of the Follicle Starts Prior to Calving Calving = d 0 VWP = 70 d AI d h Follicular growth> 100 days Hansen, 2013

14 Factors Affecting Pregnancy in Dairy Cows 7. Maternal recognition of pregnancy (alter uterine prostaglandin secretion - Day 16 to 18) 1. Minimize BCS loss & resolve postpartum uterine infection 2. Detect heat & inseminate at the correct time (Day 0) 6. Have a large embryo producing adequate quantities of Interferon tau (Day 14 to 18) 5. Have early & appropriate uterine histotroph production (Day 6 to 13) 3. Ovulation & fertilization of a high quality oocyte (Day 1) 4. Have an early increase in P4 secretion (Day 3 to 7) Walsh et al., 2011

15 Factors Affecting Pregnancy in Dairy Cows 7. Maternal recognition of pregnancy (alter uterine prostaglandin secretion - Day 16 to 18) 1. Minimize BCS loss & resolve postpartum uterine infection 2. Detect heat & inseminate at the correct time (Day 0) 6. Have a large embryo producing adequate quantities of Interferon tau (Day 14 to 18) 5. Have early & appropriate uterine histotroph production (Day 6 to 13) 3. Ovulation & fertilization of a high quality oocyte (Day 1) 4. Have an early increase in P4 secretion (Day 3 to 7) Walsh et al., 2011

16 Transition Period Periparturient Period Reproduction Gestating, lactating state

17 Incidence per Lactation Range Cost ($) per Case Culling Risk Displaced Abomasum 3 to 5% $ % Ketosis 5 to 14% $117 to % Lameness 10 to 48% $177 to % Mastitis 12 to 40% $155 to % Metritis 2 to 37% $300 to % Retained Placenta 5 to 15% $206 to % Adapted Adapted from from Dr. Dr. Wallace, 2016, Zoetis Animal Health

18 Net energy (NE L ) requirements 2 days before and 2 days after calving 725-kg Cow 570-kg Heifer Units Pre Post Pre Post Total (Mcal/d) Calculated from NRC (2001). Assumes milk production of 25 kg/d for cow and 20 kg/d for heifer, each containing 4% fat. Courtesy of J.K. Drackley

19 Net energy (NE L ) requirements 2 days before and 2 days after calving 725-kg Cow 570-kg Heifer Units Pre Post Pre Post Total (Mcal/d) Typical intake Calculated from NRC (2001). Assumes milk production of 25 kg/d for cow and 20 kg/d for heifer, each containing 4% fat. Courtesy of J.K. Drackley

20 60 50 Metabolizable Energy %* 59 %** (ME; Mcal/day) required and ME (Mcal/day) Required Consumed Lactation consumed at 7 days in milk From CNCPS V6 Assumes BW 700 kg, 15.5 kg DMI, 30 kg milk 3.8% fat, 3.2% prot.; * Percent of required; ** Percent of consumed Adapted from J.K. Drackley

21 ME and metabolizable protein (MP; g/d) required and consumed at 7 days in milk %* 59 %** %* 63 %** ME (Mcal/day) 0 MP (grams/day) Required Consumed Lactation Required Consumed Lactation From CNCPS V6 Assumes BW 700 kg, 15.5 kg DMI, 30 kg milk 3.8% fat, 3.2% prot.; * Percent of required; ** Percent of consumed Adapted from J.K. Drackley

22 What drives negative energy balance?

23 Post-calving energy balance is not correlated with milk yield r = P = 0.90 Drackley, 2006

24 Post-calving energy balance is not correlated with milk yield r = P = 0.90 If correlated expect this Drackley, 2006

25 Post-calving energy balance is not correlated with solids-corrected milk (SCM) r = P = 0.80 Drackley, 2006

26 Post-calving energy balance is highly correlated with DMI r = 0.80 P < Drackley, 2006

27 Dry Matter Intake (DMI)

28 Typical Gestation-Lactation Cycle for Dairy Cattle Body stores used for milk production DMI, Energy Balance Body stores regained for next lactation Dry period Mammary Involution/ Regeneration Month

29 Typical Gestation-Lactation Cycle for Dairy Cattle Body stores used for milk production DMI, Energy Balance Body stores regained for next lactation Dry period Mammary Involution/ Regeneration Month

30 Cows fed even moderate-energy diets during the dry period easily over-consume energy relative to requirements DMI (kg) % of NEL reqt. Diets ~1.50 Mcal NEL per kg 10 Ad lib diets 5 81% of NEL reqt. Restricted diets Weeks relative to calving Douglas et al., 2006

31 Liver total lipid, % Serum BHBA, mg/dl Body Condition Score NEFA, ueq/dl Controlled Energy Diets Prepartum Resulted in Better Metabolic Status Postpartum High straw, low energy Overfed Restricted High straw, low energy Overfed Restricted intake Week relative to parturition Overfed High straw, low energy Restricted intake Day relative to parturition Overfed High straw, low energy Restricted intake Days relative to calving Days relative to calving Janovick and Drackley, 2010 Janovick and Drackley, 2010; Janovick et al., 2011

32 Meta-analysis Database 7 experiments from University of Illinois (6 published) 408 cows 354 2nd lactation or greater 54 1st lactation Fed similar lactation diets according to NRC recommendations Lactating cows housed in tie stalls, milked 2x daily Individual cow information compiled into common database Cardoso et al., 2013

33 Prepartum plane of nutrition High Energy (HE): cows fed ad libitum, target NEL intake >100% of NRC requirement Controlled Energy (CE): cows either limit fed (NEL 80% of NRC) or fed high fiber diet for ad libitum intake (NEL ~100% NRC) Compared effects in far-off and close-up periods Cardoso et al., 2013

34 NEL intake (Mcal/d) was higher during the first 4 wk postpartum for cows fed controlled energy diet prepartum Cardoso et al., 2013

35 Dry Matter Intake (cow/day) Close-up (3 weeks before calving) < 10 kg (22 lbs) 10 to 13 kg (22 to 28 lbs) > 13 kg (28 lbs)

36 Body Condition Score (BCS)

37 BCS at drying off: BCS at calving: BCS at breeding:

38 Body condition score Changes Fat in BCS in 4.0 Thin cows fed 3.5 to be fat 3.0 or thin at calving Weeks relative to calving *Thin cows had greater DMI and milk production Redrawn from Garnsworthy, 1990

39 Body condition score Changes Fat in BCS in 4.0 Thin cows fed 3.5 to be fat 3.0 or thin at calving Weeks relative to calving *Thin cows had greater DMI and milk production Redrawn from Garnsworthy, 1990

40 Body condition score Changes Fat in BCS in 4.0 Thin cows fed 3.5 to be fat 3.0 or thin at calving Weeks relative to calving *Thin cows had greater DMI and milk production Redrawn from Garnsworthy, 1990

41 BCS at calving for neutral BCS change over the first weeks of lactation was greater in older studies studies studies Redrawn from Garnsworthy, 1990

42 Thin cows before calving mobilize more protein after calving BCS BCS 3.75 BCS 2.5 Pires et al., 2013

43 Thin cows before calving mobilize more protein after calving BCS BCS 3.75 BCS 2.5 Thin cows mobilized less body fat but had more intense muscle protein catabolism. - Need more protein for thin cows? Pires et al., 2013

44 BCS at drying off: BCS at calving: BCS at breeding:

45 Hoards Dairyman May 10, 2015 It s the change that matters

46 Calving-to-pregnancy interval for cows that gained, maintained, or lost BCS between calving and 21 d postpartum Carvalho et al., 2014

47 Body condition score (BCS) loss from wk 1 to wk 6 from cows receiving different treatments * P = prepartum Cardoso et al., 2013

48 Association of cows receiving different treatments prepartum and days to pregnancy (DTP) CE HE P = 0.04 DTP Cardoso et al., 2013

49 Association of cows receiving different treatments prepartum and days to pregnancy (DTP) CE HE P = DTP Cardoso et al., 2013

50 Association of cows receiving different treatments prepartum and days to pregnancy (DTP) CE HE P = DTP Cardoso et al., 2013

51 The right diet

52 Cows can consume enough energy to meet requirements during transition period from a variety of diets Dietary NEL (Mcal/kg) DMI (kg) for 15 Mcal 1.30 (high straw) 0.59 Mcal/lb (typical close-up) 0.72 Mcal/lb lbs 20.7 lbs Dry cows will easily consume more energy than they require Adapted from J.K. Drackley

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54 Diets Ingredients Dry Period Ingredient, % DM CE HE Lactation Alfalfa hay Alfalfa silage Corn silage Wheat straw Cottonseed Concentrate MIX Water

55 Composition of control energy and high energy Control (low) Energy High Energy Mean SD Mean SD DM, % CP, % ADF, % NDF, % diet in dry matter basis Lignin, % NFC, % TDN, % NEL, Mcal/kg Mcal/lb Pineda et al., unpublished

56 Overfeeding can cause similar changes even in cows that are not visibly fat

57 Adipose tissue depots in non-lactating non-pregnant cows after 57 d on diets Variable LE HE SEM Initial BCS Final BCS Post-blood BW, kg Adipose tissue site Omental, kg ** 1.3 Mesenteric, kg ** 2.4 Perirenal, kg * 1.2 n = 9 per diet; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05 Drackley et al., 2014

58 Adipose tissue depots in non-lactating non-pregnant cows after 57 d on diets Variable LE HE SEM Modest Initial overfeeding BCS during 3.00 a normal 3.08 dry 0.25period Final BCS could lead to a >75% increase in visceral Post-blood BW, kg adipose Adipose tissues site that drain directly to liver (the Omental, kg ** 1.3 bad fat deposits in humans) Mesenteric, kg ** 2.4 Perirenal, kg * 1.2 n = 9 per diet; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05 Drackley et al., 2014

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61 Common problems in management Sorting (improper processing, mixing, or DM content)

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64 Dietary Recommendations for Dry Cows NEL: Control energy intake at 14 to 16 Mcal daily [diet ~ 1.30 Mcal/kg (0.60 Mcal/lb) DM] for mature cows Crude protein: 12 14% of DM Metabolizable protein (MP): > 1,200 g/d Starch content: 12 to 16% of DM NDF from forage: 40 to 50% of total DM or 4.5 to 5 kg per head daily (~ % of BW). Target the high end of the range if more higher-energy fiber sources (like grass hay or low-quality alfalfa) are used, and the low end of the range if straw is used (2-5kg). Total ration DM content: <55% (add water if necessary) Minerals and vitamins: follow guidelines (For close-ups, target values are 0.40% magnesium (minimum), % sulfur, potassium as low as possible, a DCAD of near zero or negative, 0.27% phosphorus, and at least 1,500 IU of vitamin E)

65 Dietary Recommendations for Dry Cows NEL: Control energy intake at 14 to 16 Mcal daily [diet ~ 1.30 Mcal/kg (0.60 Mcal/lb) DM] for mature cows Crude protein: 12 14% of DM Metabolizable protein (MP): > 1,200 g/d Starch content: 12 to 16% of DM NDF from forage: 40 to 50% of total DM or 4.5 to 5 kg per head daily (~ % of BW). Target the high end of the range if more higher-energy fiber sources (like grass hay or low-quality alfalfa) are used, and the low end of the range if straw is used (2-5kg). Total ration DM content: <55% (add water if necessary) Minerals and vitamins: follow guidelines (For close-ups, target values are 0.40% magnesium (minimum), % sulfur, potassium as low as possible, a DCAD of near zero or negative, 0.27% phosphorus, and at least 1,500 IU of vitamin E)

66 Protein (N) Utilization by the Ruminant J. Bryant and B. R. Moss, Montana State University

67 Protein (N) Utilization by the Ruminant CP RDP MP RUP AA MP J. Bryant and B. R. Moss, Montana State University

68 Effect of Urea/Saline Infusion on Uterine ph on d 7-8 of the Estrous Cycle Rhoads et al., 2004

69 Effect of Urea/Saline Infusion on Uterine ph on d 7-8 of the Estrous Cycle Rhoads et al., 2004

70 Effect of Urea/Saline Infusion on Uterine ph on d 7-8 of the Estrous Cycle Rhoads et al., 2004

71 Dietary Recommendations for Dry Cows NEL: Control energy intake at 14 to 16 Mcal daily [diet ~ 1.30 Mcal/kg (0.60 Mcal/lb) DM] for mature cows Crude protein: 12 14% of DM Metabolizable protein (MP): > 1,200 g/d Starch content: 12 to 16% of DM NDF from forage: 40 to 50% of total DM or 4.5 to 5 kg per head daily (~ % of BW). Target the high end of the range if more higher-energy fiber sources (like grass hay or low-quality alfalfa) are used, and the low end of the range if straw is used (2-5kg). Total ration DM content: <55% (add water if necessary) Minerals and vitamins: follow guidelines (For close-ups, target values are 0.40% magnesium (minimum), % sulfur, potassium as low as possible, a DCAD of near zero or negative, 0.27% phosphorus, and at least 1,500 IU of vitamin E)

72 Dietary Recommendations for Dry Cows NEL: Control energy intake at 14 to 16 Mcal daily [diet ~ 1.30 Mcal/kg (0.60 Mcal/lb) DM] for mature cows Crude protein: 12 14% of DM Metabolizable protein (MP): > 1,200 g/d Starch content: 12 to 16% of DM NDF from forage: 40 to 50% of total DM or 4.5 to 5 kg per head daily (~ % of BW). Target the high end of the range if more higher-energy fiber sources (like grass hay or low-quality alfalfa) are used, and the low end of the range if straw is used (2-5kg). Total ration DM content: <55% (add water if necessary) Minerals and vitamins: follow guidelines (For close-ups, target values are 0.40% magnesium (minimum), % sulfur, potassium as low as possible, a DCAD of near zero or negative, 0.27% phosphorus, and at least 1,500 IU of vitamin E)

73 Dietary Recommendations for Dry Cows NEL: Control energy intake at 14 to 16 Mcal daily [diet ~ 1.30 Mcal/kg (0.60 Mcal/lb) DM] for mature cows Crude protein: 12 14% of DM Metabolizable protein (MP): > 1,200 g/d Starch content: 12 to 16% of DM Methionine Lysine NDF from forage: 40 to 50% of total DM or 4.5 to 5 kg per head daily (~ % of BW). Target the high end of the range if more higher-energy fiber sources (like grass hay or low-quality alfalfa) are used, and the low end of the range if straw is used (2-5kg). Total ration DM content: <55% (add water if necessary) Minerals and vitamins: follow guidelines (For close-ups, target values are 0.40% magnesium (minimum), % sulfur, potassium as low as possible, a DCAD of near zero or negative, 0.27% phosphorus, and at least 1,500 IU of vitamin E)

74 A summary of some early lactation cow rumenprotected Lys and Met supplementation experiments 7 experiments that measured production responses to increasing Met, Lys, or both in MP after calving kg/d milk % units milk protein + 79 g/d milk protein % units milk fat + 48 g/d milk fat 5 experiments that measured production responses to increasing Met, or Met + Lys in MP starting before calving kg/d milk % units milk protein g/d milk protein % units milk fat + 82 g/d milk fat Garthwaite et al., 1999

75 Can Methionine Prevent Embryonic Losses?

76 Can Methionine Prevent Embryonic Losses? Culture in Rat Serum Culture in Bovine Serum

77 Cow serum with: Embryo Protein % Abnormal None a 100% Coelho et al., 1989

78 Cow serum with: Embryo Protein % Abnormal None a 100% Amino acids + vitamins b 0% Coelho et al., 1989

79 Cow serum with: Embryo Protein % Abnormal None a 100% Amino acids + vitamins b 0% Amino acids b 0% Coelho et al., 1989

80 Cow serum with: Embryo Protein % Abnormal None a 100% Amino acids + vitamins b 0% Amino acids b 0% Vitamins a 100% Coelho et al., 1989

81 Cow serum with: Embryo Protein % Abnormal None a 100% Amino acids + vitamins b 0% Amino acids b 0% Vitamins a 100% Amino acids w/o methionine a 100% Coelho et al., 1989

82 Cow serum with: Embryo Protein % Abnormal None a 100% Amino acids + vitamins b 0% Amino acids b 0% Vitamins a 100% Amino acids w/o methionine a 100% Methionine b 0% Coelho et al., 1989

83 Cow serum with: Embryo Protein % Abnormal None a 100% Amino acids + vitamins b 0% Amino acids b 0% Vitamins a 100% Amino acids w/o methionine a 100% Methionine b 0% Coelho et al., 1989

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85 Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine or Choline Supplementation on the First Dominant Follicle 72 Holstein cows entering 2 nd or greater lactation Experimental design was a randomized block design Housed in tie stalls with sand bedding Milked 3x per day Fed same basal TMR to meet but not exceed 100% of the energy requirements as outlined by NRC, 2001 From -34 d to calving: prepartum diet From 0 to 30 DIM: fresh cow diet From 31 to 72 DIM: high cow diet Treatments were given as top-dress Acosta et al., 2016

86 Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine or Choline Supplementation on the First Dominant Follicle 1. Rumen-protected methionine (MET; n = 20, received 0.08% of the DM of the diet/d as methionine, Smartamine M, Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA, USA, to a Lys:Met = 2.9:1) 2. Rumen-protected choline (CHO; n = 17, received 60 g/d choline, Reassure, Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY) 3. Both rumen protected methionine and choline (MIX; n = 19, received 0.08% of the DM of the diet/d as methionine to a Lys:Met = 2.9:1 and 60 g/d choline) 4. No supplementation to serve as control (CON; n = 16, fed TMR with a Lys:Met = 3.5:1) Acosta et al., 2016

87 Diets Ingredients Pre-Fresh -21 d to calving Fresh Calving to 30 DIM % DM High 31 to 73 DIM Alfalfa silage Alfalfa hay Corn silage Wheat straw Cottonseed Wet brewers grain Soy hulls Concentrate mix Acosta et al., 2016

88 Diets; chemical composition Item Pre-Fresh -21 d to calving Fresh Calving to 30 DIM % DM High 31 to 73 DIM DM, % CP, % of DM ADF, % of DM NDF, % of DM Lignin, % of DM Starch, % of DM Crude fat, % of DM Acosta et al., 2016

89 Milk Yield and Components MET P-value Parameter With Without SEM MET Parity Time M T Milk composition (%) Fat < Protein 3.32 a 3.14 b 0.05 < < SCC < Lactose <0.01 < Total solids < Other solids <0.01 < MUN Milk production (kg/day) Milk yield a b < Milk fat yield 1.67 a 1.53 b < Milk protein yield 1.51 a 1.33 b 0.05 < < ECM a b 1.05 < < Zhou et al., 2016

90 Milk Yield and Components MET P-value Parameter With Without SEM MET Parity Time M T Milk composition (%) Fat < Protein 3.32 a 3.14 b 0.05 < < SCC < Lactose <0.01 < Total solids < Other solids <0.01 < MUN Milk production (kg/day) Milk yield a b < Milk fat yield 1.67 a 1.53 b < Milk protein yield 1.51 a 1.33 b 0.05 < < ECM a b 1.05 < < Zhou et al., 2016

91 DMI (kg/day) Improved postpartal performance in dairy cows supplemented with rumen-protected methionine during the peripartal period Prepartum With Met Without Met Postpartum Day relative to calving Zhou et al., 2016

92 describes the extent to which time, effort or cost is well used for the intended task or purpose. It is often used with the specific purpose of relaying the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome effectively with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. Wikipedia

93 EFFICIENCY not effectiveness

94 EFFICIENCY In general, efficiency is a measurable concept, quantitatively determined by the ratio of OUTput to INput. not effectiveness

95 Trust Fall

96 Trust Fall Close your eyes and just fall down OK, I will catch you.

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98 Ovulation, first dominant follicle (n = 40) Follicular Aspiration, 16mm (n = 40) Days postpartum US US US US US US US US US US US US US Blood Samples US: Ultrasonography Acosta et al., 2017

99 Follicular Fluid AA Concentration from Cows at the Day of Follicular Aspiration of the Dominant Follicle of the 1 st Follicular Wave Postpartum (~16 mm) Methionine, µm Lysine, µm Histidine, µm P = 0.01 P = 0.88 P = Control Methionine Control Methionine Control Methionine Control: n = 7; Methionine: n = 8 Acosta et al., 2017

100 Serum Methionine Concentration from Cows Fed rumen-protected methionine (MET) or not (CON) Control: n = 7; Methionine: n = 10 Stella et al., 2018

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102 Uterine Cytology 2 Rotate Handle 3 x 1 Pull Tube back

103 Uterine Cytology Polymorphonuclear (PMN)

104 PMN in Uterus of Cows Fed rumen-protected 60 methionine (MET) or not (CON) 50 CON MET PMN (%) Control: n = 36; Methionine: n = 36 DIM Effect DIM CON MET P-Value TRT 0.93 DIM <0.001 TRT*DIM Skenadore et al., 2017

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106 Schematic Representation of Concepts of the Patterns of Immune and Inflammatory Response in Dairy Cows in the Postpartum Period LeBlanc, 2014

107 Rumen-protected methionine improves immunometabolic status in dairy cows during the peripartal period j With Met Without Met j Day relative to calving Zhou et al., 2016

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110 Lipid accumulation (Arbitrary Units) Effect of Methionine Supplementation from -21 DIM to 72 DIM on Lipid Accumulation of Preimplantation Embryos Embryos (n = 37) harvested 7 d after timed AI at 63 DIM from cows fed a control diet or the control diet enriched with rumen-protected methionine Fluorescence intensity of Nike Red staining Smartamine Methionine M P = 0.02 Control Acosta et al., 2016

111 Effect of Supplementation with Smartamine M on Reproduction of Lactating Dairy Cows Cows were fed a basal TMR (6.9% Lys of MP and 1.87% Met of MP) from 30 ± 2 to 128 ± 2 DIM and assigned to two treatments: RPM: Basal TMR top dressed daily with Smartamine M CON: Basal diet top dressed daily with DDG Toledo et al., 2017

112 Effect of Supplementation with Smartamine M on Reproduction of Lactating Dairy Cows RPM cows were top dressed with 50 g (29 g DDG and 21 g of Smartamine M) CON cows were top dressed with 50 g of DDG RPM CON Toledo et al., 2017

113 Animals CONTROL RPM TOTAL Primiparous Multiparous TOTAL Toledo et al., 2017

114 Pregnancy Losses (%) from 28 to 61 days after AI CON P = 0.37 P = 0.03 RPM /39 6/41 10/51 3/49 Primiparous Multiparous Toledo et al., 2017

115 Toledo et al., 2017

116 Amniotic vesicle size Ellipsoid Volume Toledo et al., 2017

117 Amniotic vesicle size Ellipsoid Volume Day 33 n Volume (mm 3 ) ± SEM Primiparous Control ± 38.6 RPM ± 36.9 P-value 0.71 Multiparous Control ± 28.6 RPM ± 46.0 P-value 0.05 Toledo et al., 2017

118 Is Increased ( ) Embryo Lipid Composition Associated with Lower Embryonic Death in Dairy Cows?

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121 Summary Promote high DMI immediately after calving. Rumen-protected methionine increased methionine concentration in serum and follicular fluid of dairy cows. The cow s pregnancy success starts during the transition phase. Amino acid balancing (methionine and lysine) from prefresh to confirmed pregnancy may not only improve milk production and composition, it may also improve embryo quality and reduce early embryo losses.

122 Manage dietary ingredients for Manage for adequate CP (~13% Dry & 16% Lactation) Metabolizable methionine in TMR (30 g/d Dry & 46 g/d Lactation) ~ 15 g/d Dry & 20 g/d Lactation of rumen-protected methionine Metabolizable lysine in TMR (84 g/d Dry & 129 g/d Lactation) ~ 26 g/d Dry & 36 g/d Lactation rumen-protected lysine Balanced for the ratios: Met 2.6% MP; Lys, 7.0% MP (LYS:MET ratio of 2.8:1) Methionine supply relative to energy is ~ g/mcal ME Lysine supply relative to energy is ~ g/mcal ME Pregnancy rate > 20% (go for > 25%; conception rate at first AI > 40%) Embryonic death < 15% (go for < 10%)

123 THANK YOU Phil Cardoso Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois

124 13 June :00 pm EDT Dr Gordie Jones Central Sands Dairy Cow Comfort and Animal Behavior

125 The Beef Nutritionist 2018 May 9, June 13, August 8, September 12, and October 10 1:00 pm EDT

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